Leptospirosis in American Samoa 2010: Epidemiology, environmental drivers, and the management of emergence

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Volumn 86, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 309-319

  Lau, Colleen L ^a   Dobson, Annette J ^a   Smythe, Lee D ^b   Fearnley, Emily J ^a   Skelly, Chris ^a   Clements, Archie C A ^a   Craig, Scott B ^b   Fuimaono, Saipale D ^c   Weinstein, Philip ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b QUEENSLAND HEALTH   (Australia)

^c American Samoa Department of Health   (American Samoa)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ALTITUDE; ARTICLE; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; LEPTOSPIROSIS; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; QUESTIONNAIRE; SEROPREVALENCE; SEROTYPE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AMERICAN SAMOA; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; ENVIRONMENT; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS; HUMANS; LEPTOSPIROSIS; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ODDS RATIO; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISK FACTORS; SEROEPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84857024561     PISSN: 00029637     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0398     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA, Levett PN, Gilman RH, Willig MR, Gotuzzo E, Vinetz JM, 2003. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 757-771. (Pubitemid 37489960)
2. Pappas G, Papadimitriou P, Siozopoulou V, Christou L, Akritidis N, 2008. The globalization of leptospirosis: worldwide incidence trends. Int J Infect Dis 12: 351-357. (Pubitemid 351787864)
3. World Health Organization, 2011. Leptospirosis: an emerging public health problem. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 86: 45-50.
4. Hartskeerl RA, Collares-Pereira M, Ellis WA, 2011. Emergence, control and re-emerging leptospirosis: dynamics of infection in the changing world. Clin Microbiol Infect 17: 494-501.
5. Victoriano AF, Smythe LD, Gloriani-Barzaga N, Cavinta LL, Kasai T, Limpakarnjanarat K, Ong BL, Gongal G, Hall J, Coulombe CA, Yanagihara Y, Yoshida SI, Adler B, 2009. Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific region. BMC Infect Dis 9: 147.
6. Tulsiani SM, Lau CL, Graham GC, Van Den Hurk AF, Jansen CC, Smythe LD, McKay DB, Craig SB, 2010. Emerging tropical diseases in Australia. Part 1. Leptospirosis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 104: 543-556.
7. Berlioz-Arthaud A, Kiedrzynski T, Singh N, Yvon JF, Roualen G, Coudert C, Uluiviti V, 2007. Multicentre survey of incidence and public health impact of leptospirosis in the Western Pacific. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 714-721. (Pubitemid 46722240)
8. Goarant C, Laumond-Barny S, Perez J, Vernel-Pauillac F, Chanteau S, Guigon A, 2009. Outbreak of leptospirosis in New Caledonia: diagnosis issues and burden of disease. Trop Med Int Health 14: 926-929.
9. Katz AR, Buchholz E, Hinson K, Park SY, Effler PV, 2011. Leptospirosis in Hawaii, USA, 1999-2008. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 221-226.
10. Desvars A, Cardinale E, Michault A, 2010. Animal leptospirosis in small tropical areas. Epidemiol Infect 139: 167-188.
11. Cascio A, Bosilkovski M, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Pappas G, 2011. The socio-ecology of zoonotic infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 17: 336-342.
12. Lau CL, Smythe LD, Craig SB, Weinstein P, 2010. Climate change, flooding, urbanization and leptospirosis: fueling the fire? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104: 631-638.
13. Ko AI, Galvao Reis M, Ribeiro Dourado CM, Johnson WD Jr, Riley LW, 1999. Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil. Salvador Leptospirosis Study Group. Lancet 354: 820-825. (Pubitemid 29415587)
14. Lau C, Smythe L, Weinstein P, 2010. Leptospirosis: an emerging disease in travelers. Travel Med Infect Dis 8: 33-39.
15. Johnson MA, Smith H, Joeph P, Gilman RH, Bautista CT, Campos KJ, Cespedes M, Klatsky P, Vidal C, Terry H, Calderon MM, Coral C, Cabrera L, Parmar PS, Vinetz JM, 2004. Environmental exposure and leptospirosis, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 1016-1022. (Pubitemid 38697692)
16. Derne BT, Fearnley EJ, Lau CL, Paynter S, Weinstein P, 2011. Biodiversity and leptospirosis risk: a case of pathogen regulation? Med Hypotheses 77: 339-344.
17. Keesing F, Belden LK, Daszak P, Dobson A, Harvell CD, Holt RD, Hudson P, Jolles A, Jones KE,Mitchell CE, Myers SS, Bogish T, Ostfeld RS, 2010. Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases.Nature 468: 647-652.
18. Reis RB, Ribeiro GS, Felzemburgh RD, Santana FS, Mohr S, Melendez AX, Queiroz A, Santos AC, Ravines RR, Tassinari WS, Carvalho MS, Reis MG, Ko AI, 2008. Impact of environment and social gradient on Leptospira infection in urban slums. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e228.
19. Barcellos C, Sabroza PC, 2000. Socio-environmental determinants of the leptospirosis outbreak of 1996 in western Rio de Janeiro: a geographical approach. Int J Environ Health Res 10: 301-313.
20. Barcellos C, Sabroza PC, 2001. The place behind the case: leptospirosis risks and associated environmental conditions in a flood-related outbreak in Rio de Janeiro. Cad Saude Publica 17 (Suppl): 59-67.
21. Central Intelligence Agency, 2010. The World Factbook: American Samoa (Territory of the US). Available at: http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/ the-world-factbook/geos/aq.html. Accessed April 3, 2011.
22. ProMED-mail, 2004. Leptospirosis, Fatal: USA (American Samoa). ProMED-mail; 19 Aug: 20040820.2307.Available at: http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed March 28, 2011.
23. Winger K, 2004. Leptospirosis: A Seroprevalence Survey on American Samoa. Available at: http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/basch/uhnpscesu/pdfs/sam/ Winger2004AS.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2009.
24. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, 2011. Pago Pago, American Samoa. NOWData: NOAA Online Weather Data. Available at: http://www.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=samoa. Accessed March 27, 2011.
25. American Samoa GIS User Group, 2011. Available at: http://gis.doc.as/. Accessed March 21, 2011.
26. Lim E, Taylor LA, Eakins BW, Carignan KS, Grothe PR, Caldwell RJ, Friday DZ, 2010. Digital Elevation Models of Pago Pago, American Samoa: Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis. Boulder, CO: National Geophysical Data Center, Marine Geology and Geophysics Division.
27. WHO, 2003. Human Leptospirosis: Guidance for Diagnosis, Surveillance and Control.Available at: http://www.who.int/zoonoses/resources/Leptospirosis/en/. Accessed August 8, 2009.
28. Faine S, Adler B, Bolin C, Perolat P, 1999. Leptospira and Leptospirosis. Second edition. Melbourne, Australia: MediSci.
29. Silverman BW, 1986. Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis. New York: Chapman and Hall.
30. Everard CO, Fraser-Chanpong GM, James AC, Butcher LV, 1985. Serological studies on leptospirosis in livestock and chickens from Grenada and Trinidad. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79: 859-864.
31. Simms J, 1997. Animal leptospirosis in the Federated States of Micronesia. Pac Health Dialog 5: 30-37.
32. American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency. Piggery Compliance. Available at: http://asepa.gov/piggery-compliance.asp. Accessed March 2, 2011.