Chronic migraine: Current concepts and ongoing treatments

European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences

Volumn 15, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 1401-1420

  Negro, A ^a   Rocchietti March, M ^a   Fiorillo, M ^a   Martelletti, P ^a  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

BOTOX ; Chronic migraine; Drug abuse withdrawal; Medication overuse headache; Onabotulintoxin A; Prophylaxis; Risk factors; Topiramate

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMITRIPTYLINE; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENZODIAZEPINE; BOTULINUM TOXIN A; CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE; DEXAMETHASONE; DIAZEPAM; ERGOT ALKALOID; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; METOCLOPRAMIDE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PARACETAMOL; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; TOPIRAMATE; TRIPTAN DERIVATIVE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; ANALGESIC AGENT;

AGE; ANOREXIA; CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMORBIDITY; DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DIZZINESS; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG DETOXIFICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FATIGUE; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMAN; HYDRATION; INSOMNIA; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; LOADING DRUG DOSE; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; NAUSEA; NECK PAIN; OBESITY; PARESTHESIA; PREVALENCE; PROPHYLAXIS; RELAPSE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SEX DIFFERENCE; SLEEP DISORDER; SOCIAL STATUS; TRANSFORMED MIGRAINE; TREATMENT DURATION; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; ADULT; CHRONIC DISEASE; MIGRAINE; PATHOLOGY; SECONDARY HEADACHE;

ADULT; ANALGESICS; BOTULINUM TOXINS, TYPE A; CHRONIC DISEASE; HEADACHE DISORDERS, SECONDARY; HUMANS; MIGRAINE DISORDERS; RISK FACTORS; SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

EID: 84857018617     PISSN: 11283602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (169)

1. HEADACHE CLASSIFICATION COMMITTEE, OLESEN J, BOUSSER MG, DIENER HC, DODICK D, FIRST M, GOADSBY PJ, GÖBEL H, LAINEZ MJ, LANCE JW, LIPTON RB, NAPPI G, SAKAI F, S CHOENEN J, SILBERSTEIN SD, STEINER TJ. New appendix criteria open for a broader concept of chronic migraine. Cephalal-gia 2006; 26: 742-746.
2. STOVNER LJ, ANDREE C. Prevalence of headache in Europe: a review of the Eurolight project. J Headache Pain 2010; 11: 289-299.
3. LIPTON RB. Tracing transformation: chronic migraine classification, progression, and epidemiology. Neurology 2009; 3;72(5 Suppl): S3-7.
4. STRAUBE A, PFAFFENRATH V, L ADWIG KH, MEISINGER C, HOFFMANN W, F ENDRICH K, VENNEMANN M, BERGER K. Prevalence of chronic migraine and medication overuse headache in Germany-the German DMKG headache study. Cephalalgia 2009; 30: 207-213.
5. LU SR, FUH JL, CHEN WT, JUANG KD, WANG SJ. Chronic daily headache in Taipei, Taiwan: prevalence, follow-up and outcome predictors. Cepha-lalgia 2001; 21: 980-986.
6. ZWART JA, DYB G, HAGEN K, SVEBAK S, STOVNER LJ, HOLMEN J. Analgesic overuse among subjects with headache, neck, and low-back pain. Neurology 2004; 62: 1540-1544. (Pubitemid 38608192)
7. COLAS R, MUNOZ P, T EMPRANO R, GOMEZ C, PASCUAL J. Chronic daily headache with analgesic overuse: epidemiology and impact on quality of life. Neurology 2004; 62: 1338-1342. (Pubitemid 38526046)
8. WIENDELS NJ, KNUISTINGH NEVEN A, ROSENDAAL FR, SPINHOVEN P, Z ITMAN FG, ASSENDELFT WJ, FERRARI MD. Chronic frequent headache in the general population: prevalence and associated factors. Cephalal-gia 2006; 26: 1434-1442.
9. AASETH K, GRANDE RB, KVAERNER KJ, GULBRANDSEN P, LUNDQVIST C, RUSSELL MB. Prevalence of secondary chronic headaches in a population-based sample of 30-44-year-old persons. The Akershus study of chronic headache. Cephalalgia 2008; 28: 705-713. (Pubitemid 351799748)
10. FERRARI A, LEONE S, VERGONI AV, BERTOLINI A, SANCES G, COCCIA C P, OTTANI A, PINETTI D, STERNIERI E. Similarities and differences between chronic migraine and episodic migraine. Headache 2007; 47: 65-72. (Pubitemid 46096059)
11. ALLENA M, KATSARAVA Z, NAPPI G, THE COMOESTAS CONSORTIUM. From drug-induced headache to medication overuse headache. A short epidemio-logical review, with a focus on Latin American countries. J Headache Pain 2009; 10: 71-76.
12. BIGAL ME, LIPTON RB. Excessive acute migraine medication use and migraine progression. Neurology 2008; 71: 1821-1828.
13. JENSEN R, BENDTSEN L. Medication overuse headache in Scandinavia. Cephalalgia 2008; 28: 1237-1239.
14. BIGAL ME, RAPOPORT AM, SHEFTELL FD, TEPPER SJ, LIPTON RB. Transformed migraine and medication overuse in a tertiary headache centre-clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes. Cepha-lalgia 2004; 24: 483-490. (Pubitemid 38748030)
15. WANG SJ, FUH JL, LU SR. Chronic daily headache in Chinese elderly: prevalence, risk factors, and biannual follow-up. Neurology 2000; 54: 314-319.
16. HERSHEY AD. Chronic daily headache in children. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2003; 4: 485-491.
17. ROSSI P, J ENSEN R, NAPPI G, ALLENA M, THE COMOES-TAS CONSORTIUM. A narrative review on the management of medication overuse headache: the steep road from experience to evidence. J Headache Pain 2009; 10: 407-417.
18. BIGAL ME, LIPTON RB. What predicts the change from episodic to chronic migraine? Curr Opin Neurol 2009; 22: 269-276.
19. POMPILI M, SERAFINI G, DI COSIMO D, INNAMORATI M, LESTER D, FORTE D, GIRARDI N, DE FILIPPIS S, TATARELLI R, MARTELLETTI P. Psychiatric comorbidity and suicide risk in patients with chronic migraine. Neu-ropsychiatr Dis Treat 2010; 6: 81-91.
20. POMPILI M, DI COSIMO D, INNAMORATI M, LESTER D, TATARELLI R, MARTELLETTI P. Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with chronic daily headache and migraine: a selective overview including personality traits and suicide risk. J Headache Pain 2009; 10: 283-290.
21. BIGAL ME, LIPTON RB. Concepts and mechanisms of migraine chronification. Headache 2008; 48: 7-15.
22. CASTILLO J, MUÑOZ P, G UITERA V, P ASCUAL J. Kaplan award 1998: epidemiology of chronic daily headache in the general population. Headache 1999; 39: 190-196. (Pubitemid 29190083)
23. STOVNER LJ, ZWART JA, HAGEN K, TERWINDT GM, PAS-CUAL J. Epidemiology of headache in Europe. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13: 333-345.
24. DIENER HC, LIMMROTH V. Medication-overuse headache: a worldwide problem. Lancet Neurol 2004; 3: 475-483. (Pubitemid 38903098)
25. CUPINI LM, CALABRESI P. Medication-overuse headache: pathophysiological insights. J Headache Pain 2005; 6: 199-202. (Pubitemid 41349302)
26. HEADACHE CLASSIFICATION SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONAL HEADACHE SOCIETY. Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias, and facial pain. Cephalalgia 1988; 8(Suppl. 7): 1-96.
27. HEADACHE CLASSIFICATION SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONAL HEADACHE SOCIETY. The international classification of headache disorders, 2nd edn. Cepha-lalgia 2004; 24(Suppl. 1): 1-160.
28. SILBERSTEIN SD, OLESEN J, BOUSSER MG, DIENER HC, DODICK D, FIRST M, GOADSBY PJ, GÖBEL H, LAINEZ MJ, LANCE J W, LIPTON RB, NAPPI G, SAKAI F, S CHOENEN J, STEINER TJ; INTERNATIONAL HEADACHE SOCIETY. The international classification of headache disorders, 2nd edn (ICHD-II). Revised of criteria for 8.2 medication-overuse headache. Cephalalgia 2005; 25: 460-465. (Pubitemid 40769867)
29. EVERS S, MARZINIAK M. Clinical features, pathophysi-ology, and treatment of medication overuse headache. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 391-401.
30. LAKE AE 3RD. Medication overuse headache: biobehavioral issues and solutions. Headache 2006; 46(Suppl 3): S88-97. (Pubitemid 44521780)
31. VARGAS BB, DODICK DW. The face of chronic migraine: epidemiology, demographics and treatment strategies. Neurol Clin 2009; 27: 467-479.
32. BUSE DC, MARCIA FT, RUPNOW FT, LIPTON RB. Assessing and managing all aspects of migraine: migraine attacks, migrainerelated functional impairment, common comorbidities, and quality of life. Mayo Clin Proc 2009; 84: 422-435.
33. SCHER AI, MIDGETTE LA, LIPTON RB. Risk factors for headache chronification. Headache 2008; 48: 16-25.
34. YOKOYAMA M, YOKOYAMA T, F UNAZU K, YAMASHITA T, KONDO S, HOSOAI H, YOKOYAMA A, NAKAMURA H. Associations between headache and stress, alcohol drinking, exercise, sleep, and comorbid health conditions in a Japanese population. J Headache Pain 2009; 10: 177-185.
35. BIGAL ME, LIPTON RB. Putative mechanisms of the relationship between obesity and migraine progression. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2008; 12: 207-212.
36. NAZARI F, S AFAVI M, MAHMUDI M. Migraine and its relation with lifestyle in women. Pain Practice 2010; 10: 228-234.
37. ØDEGÅRD SS, ENGSTRØM M, SAND T, S TOVNER LJ, ZWART JA, HAGEN K. Associations between sleep disturbance and primary headaches: the third Nord-Trøndelag Health Study. J Headache Pain 2010; 11: 197-206.
38. RAINS JC, POCETA S. Headache and sleep disorders: review and clinical implications for headache management. Headache 2006; 46: 1344-1363. (Pubitemid 44556427)
39. PRAKASH S, MEHTA NC, DABHI AS, LAKHANI O, KHILARI M, SHAH ND. The prevalence of headache may be related with latitude: a possible role of vitamin D insufficiency? J Headache Pain 2010; 11: 301-307.
40. KATI BJ, GOLDEN W, C ADY RK, HU XH. GERD prevalence in migraine patients and the implication for acute migraine treatment. J Headache Pain 2009; 10: 35-43.
41. BIGAL ME, LIPTON RB. Overuse of acute migraine medications and migraine chronification. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2009; 13: 301-307.
42. KATSARAVA Z, SCHNEEWEISS S, KURTH T, K ROENER U, FRITSCHE G, EIKERMANN A, DIENER HC, LIMMROTH V. Incidence and predictors for chronicity of headache in patients with episodic migraine. Neurology 2004; 62: 788-790. (Pubitemid 38298959)
43. Bigal ME, Serrano D, Buse D, Scher A, Stewart W F, Lipton RB. Acute migraine medications and evolution from episodic to chronic migraine: a longitudinal population-based study. Headache 2008; 48: 1157-1168.
44. LUNDQVIST C, BENTH JS, GRANDE RB, AASETH K, RUSSELL MB. An adapted Severity of Dependence Scale is valid for the detection of medication overuse: the Akershus study of chronic headache. Eur J Neurol 2010; 18: 512-518.
45. LAKE AE 3RD, RAINS JC, PENZIEN DB, LIPCHIK GL. Headache and psychiatric comorbidity: historical context, clinical implications and research relevance. Headache 2005; 45: 493-506. (Pubitemid 40847172)
46. MENG ID, CAO L. From migraine to chronic daily headache: the biological basis of headache transformation. Headache 2007; 47: 1251-1258. (Pubitemid 47457813)
47. PENZIEN DB, RAINS JC, LIPCHIK GL, NICHOLSON RA, LAKE AE 3RD, HURSEY KG. Future directions in behavioral headache research: applications for an evolving healthcare environment. Headache 2005; 45: 526-534. (Pubitemid 40847176)
48. DE FILIPPIS S, ERBUTO D, GENTILI F, I NNAMORATI M, LESTER D, TATARELLI R, MARTELLETTI P, P OMPILI M. Mental turmoil, suicide risk, illness perception, and temperament, and their impact on quality of life in chronic daily headache. J Headache Pain 2008; 9: 349-357.
49. LEISTAD RB, NILSEN KB, STOVNER LJ, WESTGAARD RH, RØ M, SAND T. Similarities in stress physiology among patients with chronic pain and headache disorders: evidence for a common pathophysio-logical mechanism? J Headache Pain 2008; 9: 165-175.
50. LÓPEZ-MESONERO L, MÁRQUEZ S, PARRA P, G ÁMEZ-LEYVA G, MUÑOZ P, P ASCUAL J. Smoking as a precipitating factor for migraine: a survey in medical students. J Headache Pain 2009; 10: 101-103.
51. ROBBERSTAD L, DYB G, HAGEN K, STOVNER LJ, HOLMEN TL, ZWART JA. An unfavourable lifestyle and recurrent headaches among adolescents The HUNT Study. Neurology 2010; 75:712-717.
52. HAGEN K, THORESEN K, STOVNER LJ. High dietary caffeine consumption is associated with a modest increase in headache prevalence: results from the Head-HUNT Study. J Headache Pain 2009; 10: 153-159.
53. CEVOLI S, SANCISI E, GRIMALDI D, PIERANGELI G, ZANIGNI S, NICODEMO M, CORTELLI P, M ONTAGNA P. Family history for chronic headache and drug overuse as a risk factor for headache chronification. Headache 2009; 48: 412-418.
54. DI LORENZO C, DI LORENZO G, SANCES G, GHIOTTO N, GUASCHINO E, GRIECO GS, SANTORELLI FM, CASALI C, TROISI A, SIRACUSANO A, PIERELLI F. Drug consumption in medication overuse headache is infl uenced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism. J Headache Pain 2009; 10: 349-355.
55. CEVOLI S, MOCHI M, SCAPOLI C, MARZOCCHI N, PIERANGELI G, PINI LA, CORTELLI P, M ONTAGNA P. A genetic association study of dopamine metabolism-related genes and chronic headache with drug abuse. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13: 1009-1013. (Pubitemid 44284910)
56. ZEEBERG P, O LESEN J, JENSEN R. Discontinuation of medication overuse in headache patients: recovery of therapeutic responsiveness. Cephalalgia 2006; 26: 1192-1198. (Pubitemid 44359339)
57. PAMELAIRE K, CREVITS L, GOADSBY PJ, HAUBE H. Practical management of medication overuse headache. Acta Neurol Belg 2006; 106: 43-51. (Pubitemid 44044033)
58. STEINER TJ, MACGREGOR EA, DAVIES PTG FOR THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF HEADACHE. Guidelines for all healthcare professionals in the diagnosis and management of migraine, tension-type, cluster and medication-overuse headache, 3rd edn. 2007; http://216.25.100.131/upload/NS.BASH/BASH- guidelines.2007.pdf. Accessed in April 2008
59. OBERMANN M, KATSARAVA Z. Management of medication overuse headache. Expert Rev Neurother 2007; 7: 1145-1155.
60. HERING R, STEINER TJ. Abrupt outpatient withdrawal of medication in analgesic abusers migraineurs. Lancet 1991; 337: 1142-1443.
61. DIENER HC, MATHEW NT. Drug induced headache. In: Diener HC (ed) Drug treatment of migraine and other frequent headaches, 2000; Vol. 17. Karger Press, Basel, pp. 347-356.
62. KATSARAVA Z, JENSEN R. Medication overuse headache: where are we now? Curr Opin Neurol 2007; 20: 326-330.
63. KATSARAVA Z, FRITSCHE G, MUESSIG M, DIENER HC, LIMM-ROTH V. Clinical features of withdrawal headache following overuse of triptans and other headache drugs. Neurology 2001; 57: 1694-1698. (Pubitemid 33055491)
64. RELJA G, GRANATO A, BRATINA A, ANTONELLO RM, ZOR-ZON M. Outcome of medication overuse headache after abrupt in-patient withdrawal. Cephalalgia 2006; 26: 589-595.
65. KRYMCHANTOWSKI A V, BARBOSA JS. Prednisone as initial treatment of analgesic-induced daily headache. Cephalalgia 2000; 20: 107-113. (Pubitemid 32269517)
66. PAGELER L, KATSARAVA Z, DIENER HC, LIMMROTH V. Prednisone versus placebo in withdrawal therapy following medication overuse headache. Cepha-lalgia 2008; 28: 152-156.
67. FARINELLI I, DIONISI I, MARTELLETTI P. Rehabilitating chronic migraine complicated by medication overuse headaches: how we can prevent relapse? Int Emerg Med 2011; 6: 23-28.
68. TRUCCO M, MEINERI P, R UIZ L, ON BEHALF OF THE '' G RUP-PO NEUROLOGICO OSPEDALIERO INTERREGIONALE PER LO STUDIO DELLE CEFALEE'' ( NEUROLOGICAL HOSPITAL INTERREGIONAL GROUP FOR THE STUDY OF HEADACHES). Preliminary results of a withdrawal and detoxification therapeutic regimen in patients with probable chronic migraine and probable medication overuse headache. J Headache Pain 2010; 6: 334-337. (Pubitemid 41349343)
69. KATSARAVA Z, MUESSIG M, DZAGNIDZE A, FRITSCHE G, DIENER HC, LIMMROTH V. Medication overuse headache: rates and predictors for relapse in a 4-year prospective study. Cephalalgia 2005; 25: 12-15. (Pubitemid 40143787)
70. HAGEN K, JENSEN R, BØE MG, STOVNER LJ. Medication overuse headache: a critical review of end points in recent follow-up studies. J Headache Pain 2010; 11: 373-377.
71. ROSSI P, F ARONI J V, NAPPI G. Short-term effectiveness of simple advice as a withdrawal strategy in simple and complicated medication overuse headache. Eur J Neurol 2011; 18: 396-401.
72. LOVELL B V, MARMURA MJ. New therapeutic developments in chronic migraine. Curr Opin Neurol 2010; 23: 254-258.
73. HAGEN K, ALBRETSEN C, VILMING ST, SALVESEN R, GRØNNING M, HELDE G, GRAVDAHL G, ZWART JA, STOVNER LJ. Management of medication overuse headache: 1-year randomized multicentre open-label trial. Cephalalgia 2009; 29: 221-32.
74. SUHR B, EVERS S, BAUER B, GRALOW I, GROTEMEYER KH, HUSSTEDT IW. Drug-induced headache: longterm results of stationary versus ambulatory withdrawal therapy. Cephalalgia 1999; 19: 44-49. (Pubitemid 29136851)
75. KRYMCHANTOWSKI AV, MOREIRA PF. Outpatient detoxification in chronic migraine: comparison of strategies. Cephalalgia 2003; 23: 982-993. (Pubitemid 37521952)
76. DIENER HC, HAAB J, PETERS C, RIED S, DICHGANS J, PILGRIM A. Subcutaneous sumatriptan in treatment of headache during withdrawal from drug-induced headache. Headache 1991; 31: 205-209.
77. GRAZZI L, ANDRASIK F, U SAI S, BUSSONE G. In-patient vs. day-hospital withdrawal treatment for chronic migraine with medication overuse and disability assessment: results at one-year follow-up. Neurol Sci 2008; 29(suppl 1): 161-163.
78. STRAUBE A, MAY A, KROPP P, K ATSARAVA Z, HAAG G, LAMPL C, SÁNDOR PS, DIENER HC, EVERS S. Therapie primarer chronischer Kopfschmerzen. Schmerz 2008; 22: 531-543.
79. PINI LA, BIGARELLI M, VITALE G, STERNIERI E. Headaches associated with chronic use of analgesic. A therapeutic approach. Headache 1996; 36: 433-439. (Pubitemid 26260749)
80. GRAZZI L, ANDRASIK F, D'AMICO D, USAI S, KASS S, BUS-SONE G. Disability in chronic migraine patients with medication overuse: treatment effects at 1 year follow-up. Headache 2004; 44: 678-683. (Pubitemid 38931899)
81. BØE MG, MYGLAND A, SALVESEN R. Prednisolone does not reduce withdrawal headache. Neurology 2007; 69: 26-31.
82. ROSSI P, D I LORENZO C, FARONI J, CESARINO F, N APPI G. Advice alone vs structured detoxification programmes for medication overuse headache: a prospective, randomized, open-label trial in transformed migraine patients with low medical needs. Cephalalgia 2006; 26: 1097-1110.
83. TRUCCO M, MEINERI P, R UIZ L, GIONCO M ''GRUPPO NEUROLOGICO OSPEDALIERO INTERREGIONALE PER LO STUDIO DELLE CEFALEE'' (NEUROLOGICAL HOSPITAL INTERREGIONAL GROUP FOR THE STUDY OF HEADACHES). Medication overuse headache: withdrawal and prophylactic therapeutic regimen. Headache 2010; 50: 989-997.
84. VALGUARNERA F, T ANGANELLI P. The efficacy of withdrawal therapy in subjects with chronic daily headache and medication overuse following prophylaxis with topiramate and amitriptyline. Neurol Sci 2010; 31(Suppl 1): S175-177.
85. ANDRASIK F, G RAZZI L, USAI S, BUSE DC, BUSSONE G. Non-pharmacological approaches to treating chronic migraine with medication overuse. Neurol Sci 2009; 30(suppl 1): S89-93.
86. ALTIERI M, DI GIAMBATTISTA R, DI CLEMENTE L, FAGIOLO D, TAROLLA E, MERCURIO A, VICENZINI E, TARSITANI L, LENZI GL, BIONDI M, DI PIERO V. Combined pharmacological and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for probable medication overuse headache: a pilot study. Cephalalgia 2009; 29: 293-299.
87. GRAZZI L, ANDRASIK F, D'AMICO D, LEONE M, USAI S, KASS SJ, BUSSONE G. Behavioral and pharmacologic treatment of transformed migraine with analgesic overuse: outcome at 3 years. Headache 2002; 42: 483-490. (Pubitemid 37011820)
88. DE FILIPPIS S, SALVATORI E, COLOPRISCO G, MARTELLETTI P. Chronic daily headache: management and rehabilitation. Clin Ter 2006; 157: 153-157. (Pubitemid 44912063)
89. DIENER HC, SILBERSTEIN SD. MEDICATION OVERUSE HEADACHE. IN: OLESEN J, GOADSBY PJ, RAMADAN NR et al (EDS). The headaches, 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2006; pp. 976-977.
90. ANDRASIK F, G RAZZI L, USAI S, D'AMICO D, KASS S, BUS-SONE G. Disability in chronic migraine with medication overuse: treatment effect at 3 years. Headache 2007; 47: 1277-1281. (Pubitemid 47561505)
91. ZIDVERT-TRAJKOVIC J, PEKMEZOVIC T, J OVANOVIC Z, PAVLOVIC A, MIJAJLOVIC M, RADOJICIC A, STERNIC N. Medication overuse headache: clinical features predicting treatment outcome at 1-year follow-up. Cephalalgia 2007; 27: 1219-1225. (Pubitemid 47631900)
92. BAUMGARTNER C, WESSELY P, B INGÖL C, MALY J, HOLZNER F. Long-term prognosis of analgesic withdrawal in patients with drug-induced headache. Headache 1989; 29: 510-514. (Pubitemid 20318931)
93. DIENER HC, DICHGANS J, SCHOLZ E, GEISELHART S, GERBER WD, BILLE A. Analgesic-induced chronic headache:long-term results of withdrawal therapy. J Neurol 1989; 236: 9-14. (Pubitemid 19113116)
94. SCHNIDER P, A ULL S, BAUMGARTNER C, MARTERER A, WÖBER C, ZEILER K, WESSELY P. Long-term outcome of patients with headache and drug abuse after inpatient withdrawal: five-year follow-up. Cephalal-gia 1996; 16: 481-485. (Pubitemid 26373785)
95. EVERS S, SUHR B, BAUER B, GROTEMEYER KH, HUSSTEDT IW. A retrospective long-term analysis of the epidemiology and features of drug-induced headache. J Neurol 1999; 248: 802-809. (Pubitemid 29467156)
96. FRITSCHE G, EBERL A, KATSARAVA Z, LIMMROTH V, D I-ENER HC. Drug-induced headache: long-term follow-up of withdrawal therapy and persistence of drug misuse. Eur Neurol 2001; 45: 229-235. (Pubitemid 32521040)
97. PINI LA, CICERO A F, SANDRINI M. Long-term follow-up of patients treated for chronic headache with analgesic overuse. Cephalalgia 2001; 21: 878-883. (Pubitemid 34621510)
98. TRIBL GG, SCHNIDER P, W OBER C, AULL S, AUTERITH A, ZEILER K, WESSELY P. Are there predictive factors for long-term outcome after withdrawal in drug-induced chronic daily headaches? Cephalalgia 2001; 21: 691-696. (Pubitemid 32762793)
99. ROSSI P, F ARONI J V, NAPPI G. Medication overuse headache: predictors and rates of relapse in migraine patients with low medical needs. A 1-year prospective study. Cephalalgia 2008; 28): 1196-200.
100. KATSARAVA Z, LIMMROTH V, F INKE M, DIENER HC, FRITSCHE G. Rates and predictors for relapse in medication overuse headache: a 1-year prospective study. Neurology 2003; 60: 1682-1683. (Pubitemid 36618102)
101. BOE MG, SALVESEN R, MYGLAND A. Chronic daily headache with medication overuse: predictors of outcome 1 year after withdrawal therapy. Eur J Neurol 2009; 16: 705-712.
102. ®) for the prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine: a pilot study. Headache 2009; 49: 1466-1478.
103. GENTILE G, MISSORI S, BORRO M, SEBASTIANELLI A, SIM-MACO M, MARTELLETTI P. Frequencies of genetic polymorphisms related to triptans metabolism in chronic migraine. J Headache Pain. 2010; 11: 151-156.
104. SIMMACO M, BORRO M, MISSORI S, MARTELLETTI P. Pharmacogenomics in migraine: catching bio-markers for a predictable disease control. Expert Rev Neurother 2009; 9: 1267-1269.
105. GENTILE G, BORRO M, LALA N, MISSORI S, SIMMACO M, MARTELLETTI P. Genetic polymorphisms related to efficacy and overuse of triptans in chronic migraine. J Headache Pain 2010; 11: 431-435.
106. SAPER JR, HAMEL RL, LAKE AE 3RD. Medication overuse headache (MOH) is a biobehavioural disorder. Cephalalgia 2005; 25: 545-546. (Pubitemid 40896021)
107. RADAT F, C REAC'H C, GUEGAN-MASSARDIER E, MICK G, GUY N, FABRE N, GIRAUD P, N ACHIT-OUINEKH F, LANTÉRI-MINET M. Behavioral dependence in patients with medication overuse headache. A cross-sectional study in consulting patients using the DSM-IV criteria. Headache 2008; 48: 1026-1036. (Pubitemid 351952107)
108. CADY R, SCHREIBER C. Botulinum toxin type A as migraine preventive treatment in patients previously failing oral prophylactic treatment due to compliance issues. Headache 2008; 48: 900-913. (Pubitemid 351795552)
109. D'AMICO D, SOLARI A, USAI S, SANTORO P, B ERNAR-DONI P, F REDIANI F, D E MARCO R, MASSETTO N, BUS-SONE G; PROGETTO CEFALEE LOMBARDIA GROUP. Improvement in quality of life and activity limitations in migraine patients after prophylaxis. A prospective longitudinal multicentre study. Cephalalgia 2006; 26: 691-696.
110. LIPTON RB, BIGAL ME, DIAMOND M, FREITAG F, R EED ML, STEWART WF. Migraine prevalence, disease burden, and the need for preventive therapy. Neurology 2007; 68: 343-349. (Pubitemid 46184209)
111. D'AMICO D, LANTERI-MINET M. Migraine preventive therapy: Selection of appropriate patients and general principles of management. Expert Rev Neurother 2006; 6: 1147-1157. (Pubitemid 44231973)
112. LUCAS C, CHAFFAUT C, ARTAZ MA, LANTÉRI-MINET M. FRAMIG 2000: Medical and therapeutic management of migraine in France. Cephalalgia 2005; 25: 267-279. (Pubitemid 40445811)
113. LINDE M, JONSSON P, H EDENRUD T. Influence of disease features on adherence to prophylactic migraine medication. Acta Neurol Scand 2008; 118:367-372.
114. RAHIMTOOLA H, BUURMA H, TIJSSEN CC, LEUFKENS HG, EGBERTS AC. Migraine prophylactic medication usage patterns in The Netherlands. Cepha-lalgia 2003; 23:293-301. (Pubitemid 36577948)
115. NEGRO A, D'ALONZO L, MARTELLETTI P. Chronic migraine: comorbidities, risk factors, and rehabilitation. Intern Emerg Med. 2010; 5 (Suppl 1): S13-S19.
116. SIMPSON LL. Kinetic studies on the interaction between botulinum toxin type A and the cholinergic neuromuscular junction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1980; 213: 504-508.
117. AOKI KR. Review of a proposed mechanism for the antinociceptive action of botulinum toxin type A. Neurotoxicology 2005; 26: 785-793. (Pubitemid 41427518)
118. AOKI KR. Evidence for antinociceptive activity of botulinum toxin type A in pain management. Headache 2003; 43(Suppl 1): S9-S15. (Pubitemid 36988542)
119. CUI M, KHANIJOU S, RUBINO J, AOKI KR. Subcutaneous administration of botulinum toxin A reduces formalin-induced pain. Pain 2004; 107: 125-133. (Pubitemid 38058707)
120. DURHAM PL, CADY R, CADY R. Regulation of calci-tonin gene-related peptide secretion from trigeminal nerve cells by botulinum toxin type A: Implications for migraine therapy. Headache 2004; 44: 35-42.
121. PURKISS J,WELCH M, DOWARD S, FOSTER K. Cap-saicinstimulated release of substance P from cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons: Involvement of two distinct mechanisms. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59: 1403-1406. (Pubitemid 30177357)
122. WELCH MJ, PURKISS JR, FOSTER KA. Sensitivity of embryonic rat dorsal root ganglia neurons to Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins. Toxicon 2000; 38: 245-258. (Pubitemid 29512196)
123. GAZERANI P, S TAAHL C, DREWES AM, ARENDT-NIELSEN L. The effects of botulinum toxin type A on capsaicin-evoked pain, flare, and secondary hyper-algesia in an experimental human model of trigeminal sensitization. Pain 2006; 122: 315-325. (Pubitemid 44250975)
124. GAZERANI P, P EDERSEN NS, STAAHL C, DREWES AM, ARENDT-NIELSEN L. Subcutaneous botulinum toxin type A reduces capsaicin-induced trigeminal pain and vasomotor reactions in human skin. Pain 2009; 141: 60-69.
125. GAZERANI P, A U S, DONG X, KUMAR U, ARENDTNIELSEN L, CAIRNS BE. Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTA) decreases the mechanical sensitivity of nociceptors and inhibits neurogenic vasodilation in a craniofacial muscle targeted for migraine prophylaxis. Pain 2010; 151: 606-616.
126. ®) for the prophylactic treatment of chronic daily headache: A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Headache 2005; 45: 293-307. (Pubitemid 40530193)
127. FREITAG FG, DIAMOND S, DIAMOND M, URBAN G. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of chronic migraine without medication overuse. Headache 2008; 48: 201-209. (Pubitemid 351192876)
128. ® Migraine Clinical Research Group. Headache 2000; 40: 445-450.
129. BRASHEAR A. Clinical comparisons of botulinum neurotoxin formulations. Neurologist 2008; 14: 289-298.
130. NAUMANN M, ALBANESE A, HEINEN F, M OLENAERS G, RELJA M. Safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A following long-term use. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13(Suppl 4): 35-40. (Pubitemid 44748282)
131. JABBARI B. Botulinum neurotoxins in the treatment of refractory pain. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2008; 4: 676-685.
132. BRIN M F, FAHN S, MOSKOWITZ C, FRIEDMAN A, SHALE HM, GREENE PE, BLITZER A, LIST T, L ANGE D, LOVELACE RE, et al. Localized injections of botulinum toxin for the treatment of focal dystonia and hemifacial spasm. Mov Disord 1987; 2: 237-254.
133. WISSEL J, MÜLLER J, DRESSNANDT J, HEINEN F, N AU-MANN M, TOPKA H, POEWE W. Management of spasticity associated pain with botulinum toxin A. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000; 20: 44-49. (Pubitemid 30628581)
134. SMUTS JA, BAKER MK, SMUTS HM, STASSEN JM, ROSSOUW E, BARNARD PW. Prophylactic treatment of chronic tension-type headache using botu-linum toxin type A. Eur J Neurol 1999; 6(Suppl 4): S99-S102. (Pubitemid 30029048)
135. FREUND B, SCHWARTZ M, SYMINGTON JM. Botulinum toxin: New treatment for temporomandibular disorders. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000; 38: 466-471.
136. CHESHIRE W P, ABASHIAN SW, MANN JD. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome. Pain 1994; 59: 65-69. (Pubitemid 24311170)
137. FOSTER L, CLAPP L, ERICKSON M, JABBARI B. Botu-linum toxin A and chronic low back pain: A randomized, double-blind study. Neurology 2001; 56: 1290-1293. (Pubitemid 32455285)
138. RANOUX D, ATTAL N, MORAIN F, B OUHASSIRA D. Botu-linum toxin typeA induces direct analgesic effects in chronic neuropathic pain. Ann Neurol 2008; 64: 274-283.
139. FARINELLI I, COLOPRISCO G, DE FILIPPIS S, MARTELLETTI P. Long-term benefits of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) in chronic daily headache: a five-year long experience. J Headache Pain 2006; 7: 407-412. (Pubitemid 46085245)
140. BINDER WJ, BRIN M F, BLITZER A, SCHOENROCK LD, POGODA JM. Botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX) for treatment of migraine headaches: an open-label study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 123: 669-676.
141. SCHULTE-MATTLER WJ, LEINISCH E. Evidence based medicine on the use of botulinum toxin for headache disorders. J Neural Transm 2008; 115: 647-651.
142. DODICK DW, MAUSKOP A, ELKIND AH, DEGRYSE R, BRIN M F, SILBERSTEIN SD. Botulinum toxin type a for the prophylaxis of chronic daily headache: Subgroup analysis of patients not receiving other prophylactic medications: A randomized doubleblind, placebocontrolled study. Headache 2005; 45: 315-324. (Pubitemid 40530195)
143. SILBERSTEIN SD, STARK SR, LUCAS SM, CHRISTIE SN, DE-GRYSE RE, TURKEL CC. Botulinum toxin type A for the prophylactic treatment of chronic daily headache: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80: 1126-1137. (Pubitemid 41233350)
144. SAPER JR, MATHEW NT, LODER EW, DEGRYSE R, VAN-DENBURGH AM. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled comparison of botulinum toxin type a injection sites and doses in the prevention of episodic migraine. Pain Med 2007; 8: 478-485. (Pubitemid 47316329)
145. ELKIND AH, O'CARROLL P, B LUMENFELD A, DEGRYSE R, DIMITROVA R. A series of three sequential, randomized, controlled studies of repeated treatments with botulinum toxin type A for migraine prophylaxis. J Pain 2006; 7: 688-696. (Pubitemid 44466688)
146. RELJA M, POOLE AC, SCHOENEN J, PASCUAL J, LEI X, THOMPSON C. A multicentre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of multiple treatments of botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine headaches. Cephalalgia 2007; 27: 492-503. (Pubitemid 46848913)
147. AURORA SK, GAWEL M, BRANDES JL, POKTA S,VANDENBURGH AM. Botulinum toxin type A prophylactic treatment of episodic migraine: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study. Headache 2007; 47: 486-499. (Pubitemid 46625251)
148. SILBERSTEIN SD, GOBEL H, JENSEN R, ELKIND AH, DEGRYSE R, WALCOTT JM, TURKEL C. Botulinum toxin type A in the prophylactic treatment of chronic tension-type headache: A multicentre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Cephalalgia 2006; 26: 790-800. (Pubitemid 43882987)
149. SHUHENDLER AJ, LEE S, SIU M, ONDOVCIK S, LAM K, ALABDULLATIF A, ZHANG X, MACHADO M, EINARSON TR. Efficacy of botulinum toxin type A for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine headaches: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Pharmacotherapy 2009; 29: 784-791.
150. DODICK DW, TURKEL CC, DEGRYSE RE, AURORA SK, SILBERSTEIN SD, LIPTON RB, DIENER HC, BRIN MF; PREEMPT CHRONIC MIGRAINE STUDY GROUP. Onabot-ulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: Pooled results from the double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled phases of the PREEMPT clinical program. Headache 2010; 50: 921-936.
151. AURORA SK, DODICK DW, TURKEL CC, DEGRYSE RE, SILBERSTEIN SD, LIPTON RB, DIENER HC, BRIN MF; PREEMPT 1 CHRONIC MIGRAINE STUDY GROUP. On-abotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: Results from the double-blind, randomized placebocontrolled phase of the PREEMPT 1 trial. Cephalalgia 2010; 30: 793-803.
152. DIENER HC, DODICK DW, AURORA SK, TURKEL CC, DE-GRYSE RE, LIPTON RB, SILBERSTEIN SD, BRIN MF; PREEMPT 2 CHRONIC MIGRAINE STUDY GROUP. Onabotu-linumtoxinA for threatment of chronic migraine: Results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase of the PREEMPT 2 trial. Cephalalgia 2010; 30: 804-814.
153. SILBERSTEIN S, TFELT-HANSEN P, D ODICK D W, LIMMROTH V, L IPTON RB, PASCUAL J, WANG SJ; TASK FORCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL HEADACHE SOCIETY CLINICAL TRIALS SUBCOMMITTEE. Guidelines for controlled trials of prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine in adults. Cephalalgia 2008; 28: 484-495. (Pubitemid 351502554)
154. OLESEN J, TFELT-HANSEN P. Licence for Botox in so-called chronic migraine. Lancet 2010; 27; 376(9755): 1825-1826; discussion 1826.
155. BLUMENFELD A, SILBERSTEIN SD, DODICK DW, AURORA SK, TURKEL CC, BINDER WJ.
156. ® (BOTULINUMTOXINTYPE A) Full Prescribing Information. Irvine, CA: Allergan, Inc.; 2006.
157. RUIZ L, FERRANDI D. Topiramate in migraine progression. J Headache Pain 2009; 10: 419-422.
158. STOVNER LJ, TRONVIK E, HAGEN K. New drugs for migraine. J Headache Pain 2009; 10: 395-406.
159. SILBERSTEIN SD, NETO W, S CHMITT J, JACOBS D; MIGR-001 STUDY GROUP. Topiramate in migraine prevention: results of a large controlled trial. Arch Neu-rol 2004; 61: 490-495. (Pubitemid 38923736)
160. AKERMAN S, GOADSBY PJ. Topiramate inhibits cortical spreading depression in rat and cat: impact in migraine aura. Neuroreport 2005; 16: 1383-1387. (Pubitemid 41225215)
161. STORER RJ, GOADSBY PJ. Topiramate inhibits trigeminovascular neurons in the cat. Cephalal-gia 2004; 24: 1049-1056. (Pubitemid 39577571)
162. FARINELLI I, DE FILIPPIS S, COLOPRISCO G, MISSORI S, MARTELLETTI P. Future drugs for migraine. Int Emerg Med 2009; 4: 367-373.
163. DIENER HC, BUSSONE G, VAN OENE JC, LAHAYE M, SCHWALEN S, GOADSBY PJ, TOPMAT-MIG-201(TOP-CHROME) STUDY GROUP. Topiramate reduces headache days in chronic migraine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 2007; 27: 814-823. (Pubitemid 46961730)
164. SILBERSTEIN SD, LIPTON RB, DODICK DW, FREITAG FG, RAMADAN N, MATHEW N, BRANDES JL, BIGAL M, SAPER J, ASCHER S, JORDAN DM, GREENBERG SJ, HULIHAN J; TOPIRAMATE CHRONIC MIGRAINE STUDY GROUP. Efficacy and safety of topiramate for the treatment of chronic migraine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Headache 2007; 47: 170-180.
165. LÁINEZ MJ, FREITAG FG, PFEIL J, ASCHER S, OLSON WH, SCHWALEN S. Time course of adverse events most commonly associated with topiramate for migraine prevention. Eur J Neurol 2007; 14: 900-906. (Pubitemid 47106778)
166. DIAMOND M, DAHLOF C, PAPADOPOULOS G, NETO W, WU SC. Topiramate improves health-related quality of life when used to prevent migraine. Headache 2005; 45: 1023-1030.
167. ®) for the prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine: A pilot study. Headache 2009; 49: 1466-1478.
168. GÖBEL H. Botulinum toxin in migraine prophylaxis. J Neurol 2004; 251(Suppl 1): I8-11.
169. MATHEW NT. The prophylactic treatment of chronic daily headache. Headache 2006; 46: 1552-1564. (Pubitemid 44722193)