Democracy and governance in the local school system

Journal of Educational Administration and History

Volumn 44, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 21-42

  Hatcher, Richard ^a  

^a BIRMINGHAM CITY UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Democracy; Governance; Local school system; Participative governance

Indexed keywords

EID: 84856996478     PISSN: 00220620     EISSN: 14787431     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00220620.2011.634496     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. D. Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 203-4.
2. M. Fielding and P. Moss, Radical Education and the Common School: A Democratic Alternative (London: Routledge, 2011), 127.
3. Barker, The Pendulum Swings: Transforming School Reform (Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books, 2010).
4. Ibid., 8.
5. Ibid., 79.
6. Ibid., 166.
7. Most recently S. Ranson, 'The Changing Governance of Education', Educational Management Administration and Leadership 36, no. 2 (2008): 201-19
8. S. Ranson, 'Re-constituting Education Governance for Cosmopolitan Society', in Transforming Learning in Schools and Communities: The Remaking of Education for a Cosmopolitan Society, ed. B. Lingard, J. Nixon, and S. Ranson (London: Continuum, 2011), 184-206
9. S. Ranson and C. Crouch, Towards a New Governance of Schools in the Remaking of Civil Society (London: Cf BT Education Trust, 2009)
10. S. Ranson, 'From Partnership to Community Governance', Forum 52, no. 3 (2009): 291-8.
11. D. Forgacs, ed., A Gramsci Reader (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1988).
12. P.D. Thomas, The Gramscian Moment (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2010).
13. J.S. Davies, 'Neoliberalism, Governance and the Integral State' (paper presented at Critical Governance Conference, University of Warwick, December 13-14, 2010).
14. Ranson and Crouch, Towards a New Governance of Schools, 50.
15. Ranson, 'From Partnership to Community Governance', 291.
16. I am not dealing here with the democratisation of individual school governing bodies, though Ranson has addressed this issue:
17. see S. Ranson, 'Configuring School and Community for Learning: The Role of School Governance', London Review of Education 2, no. 1 (2004): 3-15.
18. See also R. Hatcher, 'The Distribution of Leadership and Power in Schools', British Journal of Sociology of Education 26, no. 2 (2005): 253-67
19. C. Dean, A. Dyson, F. Gallannaugh, A. Howes, and C. Raffo, Schools, Governors and Disadvantage (York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2007)
20. Fielding and Moss, Radical Education and the Common School.
21. Ranson, 'From Partnership to Community Governance', 296.
22. Df ES (Department for Education and Skills), Every Child Matters Green Paper (London: The Stationery Office, 2003)
23. Df ES, The Children's Act (London: HMSO, 2004).
24. Ranson, 'From Partnership to Community Governance', 292.
25. Ranson and Crouch, Towards a New Governance of Schools, 292.
26. Ranson, 'From Partnership to Community Governance', 294-295.
27. J.S. Davies, 'Local Governance and the Dialectics of Hierarchy, Market and Network', Policy Studies 26, nos. 3/4 (2005): 311-35, 312.
28. A.M. Kjaer, 'Governance and the Urban Bureaucracy', in Theories of Urban Politics, 2nd ed., ed. J.S. Davies and D.L. Imbroscio (London: Sage, 2009), 141.
29. J.S. Davies, 'Localism', in The Oxford Handbook of British Politics, ed. A. Gamble, C. Hay, M. Flinders, and M. Kenny (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 414.
30. M. Barnes, C. Skelcher, H. Beirens, R. Dalziel, S. Jeffares, and L. Wilson, Designing Citizen-Centred Governance (York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2008), 2.
31. J.S. Davies, 'Re-stating Hegemony: A Critique of Postmodern Governance Theory' (paper presented at City Futures Conference, Madrid, June 4-6, 2009).
32. M. Barnes, J. Newman, and H. Sullivan, Power, Participation and Political Renewal (Bristol: Policy Press, 2007), 31.
33. Ibid., 185.
34. H. Sullivan, 'Subversive Spheres: Neighbourhoods, Citizens and the "New Governance"', in Subversive Citizens, ed. M. Barnes and D. Prior (Bristol: Policy Press, 2009), 54.
35. Davies, 'Neoliberalism, Governance and the Integral State', 10.
36. P. Taylor-Gooby and G. Stoker, 'The Coalition Programme: A New Vision for Britain or Politics as Usual?', The Political Quarterly 82, no. 1 (2011): 4-15.
37. Davies, 'Neoliberalism, Governance and the Integral State', 12.
38. Davies, 'Re-stating Hegemony', 2.
39. Newman and Clarke, Publics, Politics and Power, 181.
40. See also Barnes, Newman, and Sullivan, Power, Participation and Political Renewal, and Barnes and Prior, Subversive Citizens.
41. Newman and Clarke, Publics, Politics and Power, 181.
42. Ibid., 17.
43. Davies, 'Neoliberalism, Governance and the Integral State', 1.
44. Ibid., 16.
45. Ibid., 18.
46. Ibid., 9.
47. Newman and Clarke, Publics, Politics and Power, 181.
48. Ibid., 17.
49. Davies, 'Neoliberalism, Governance and the Integral State', 1.
50. Ibid., 16.
51. Ibid., 18.
52. Ibid., 9.
53. Ranson and Crouch, Towards a New Governance of Schools.
54. Ibid., 44.
55. Ibid., 45.
56. R. Higham, D. Hopkins, and P. Matthews, System Leadership in Practice (Maidenhead: Open University, 2009)
57. T. Moore and M.P. Kelly, 'Networks as Power Bases for School Improvement', School Leadership & Management 29, no. 4 (2009): 391-404
58. C. Chapman, G. Lindsay, D. Muijs, A. Harris, E. Arweck, and J. Goodall, 'Governance, Leadership and Management in Federations of Schools', School Effectiveness and School Improvement 21, no. 1 (2010): 53-74
59. D. Muijs, M. West, and A. Ainscow, 'Why Network? Theoretical Perspectives on Networking', School Effectiveness and School Improvement 21, no. 1 (2010): 5-26.
60. A. Dyson, P. Farrell, K. Kerr, and N. Mearns, '"Swing, Swing Together": Multiagency Work in the New Children's Services', in Radical Reforms: Perspectives on an Era of Educational Change, ed. C. Chapman and H.M. Gunter (London: Routledge, 2009)
61. A. Harris and T. Allen, 'Ensuring Every Child Matters: Issues and Implications for School Leadership', School Leadership and Management 29, no. 4 (2009): 337-52.
62. Higham, Hopkins, and Matthews, System Leadership in Practice
63. R. Hatcher, 'System Leadership, Networks and the Question of Power', Management in Education 22, no. 2 (2008): 24-30.
64. Moore and Kelly, 'Networks as Power Bases for School Improvement'; Muijs, West, and Ainscow, 'Why Network?'
65. R. Hill, Chain Reactions: A Thinkpiece on the Development of Chains of Schools in the English School System (Nottingham: National College, 2010).
66. Ranson and Crouch, Towards a New Governance of Schools, 47.
67. A. Howes and J. Frankham, 'Networking a More Equitable Educational Future? Rhetorics and Realities', in Radical Reforms, ed. C. Chapman and H.M. Gunter (London: Routledge, 2009), 120.
68. R. Hatcher, 'Liberating the Supply-side, Managing the Market', in No Country for the Young: Education from New Labour to the Coalition, ed. R. Hatcher and K. Jones (London: Tufnell Press, 2011).
69. H. Stevenson and B. Carter, 'Teachers and the State: Forming and Re-forming "Partnership"', Journal of Educational Administration and History 41, no. 4 (2009): 311-26, 311.
70. S.J. Ball and C. Maroy, 'Schools' Logics of Action as Mediation and Compromise between Internal Dynamics and External Constraints and Pressures', Compare 39, no. 10 (2009): 99-112
71. A. Hargreaves, 'Labouring to Lead', in Radical Reforms, ed. C. Chapman and H.M. Gunter (London: Routledge, 2009)
72. Higham, Hopkins, and Matthews, System Leadership in Practice (Maidenhead: Open University, 2009)
73. Moore and Kelly, 'Networks as Power Bases for School Improvement'; D.H. Hargreaves, Creating a Self-improving School System (Nottingham: National College, 2010).
74. Department for Communities and Local Government, Communities in Control: Real People, Real Power (London: DCLG, 2008): Chap. 1, 1.1.
75. Barker, The Pendulum Swings, 151, xxiii.
76. Department for Communities and Local Government, Decentralisation and the Localism Bill: An Essential Guide (London: DCLG, 2010), 1.
77. G. Jones and J. Stewart, 'Reflections on the Localism Bill', in The World Will Be Your Oyster? ed. J. Raine and C. Staite (Birmingham: Institute of Local Government Studies, University of Birmingham, 2011), 105.
78. H. Sullivan, 'Neighbourhood Governance: An Opportunity Missed?' in The World Will Be Your Oyster? ed. J. Raine and C. Staite (Birmingham: Institute of Local Government Studies, University of Birmingham, 2011), 37.
79. Department for Education, The Importance of Teaching (London: Df E, 2010).
80. Hill, Chain Reactions. E-ACT, one of the principal Academy chains, has announced that it plans to run 250 schools within five years, The Times Educational Supplement, March 18, 2011.
81. Ranson and Crouch, Towards a New Governance of Schools, 52.
82. Ranson, 'From Partnership to Community Governance', 292.
83. Ibid., 292.
84. J. Newman, 'Participative Governance and the Remaking of the Public Sphere', in Remaking Governance, ed. J. Newman (Bristol: Policy Press, 2005), 131-2.
85. I. Shapiro, 'Enough of Deliberation: Politics is about Interests and Power', in Deliberative Politics, ed. S. Macedo (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999)
86. J. Gastil and P. Levine, eds., The Deliberative Democracy Handbook: Strategies for Effective Civic Engagement in the Twenty-First Century (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2005).
87. Davies, 'Neoliberalism, Governance and the Integral State', 17.
88. M. Barnes, 'Alliances, Contention and Oppositional Consciousness: Can Public Participation Generate Subversion?', in Barnes and Prior, Subversive Citizens, 38.
89. J. Medearis, 'Social Movements and Deliberative Democratic Theory', British Journal of Political Science 35, no. 1 (2005): 53-75, 55.
90. Fielding and Moss, Radical Education and the Common School, 122.
91. Ranson, 'From Partnership to Community Governance', 296.
92. For example, Andy Burnham, Labour's Shadow Education Secretary, in his speech to the Association of School and College Leaders annual conference, 12 March 2011: 'Where locally-elected representatives have the power and profile they need to drive improvements where necessary. [.] I would not seek to close successful Free Schools or reverse academy status for ideological reasons. I am more pragmatic than that. Instead, local areas should judge whether each school is operating in the wider interests of all children in the area, not just those that attend the school. My test will be clear - we should not just look at the results in the individual school but at the effect on results in the wider family of schools.'
93. H. Rao, C. Morrill, and M.N. Zand, 'Power Plays: How Social Movements and Collective Action Create New Organizational Forms', Organizational Behaviour 22 (2000): 239-82.
94. Quoted in Barnes, Newman, and Sullivan, Power, Participation and Political Renewal, 41-42.
95. R. Andrews, R. Cowell, J. Downe, S. Martin, and D. Turner, 'Supporting Effective Citizenship in Local Government: Engaging, Educating and Empowering Local Citizens', Local Government Studies 34, no. 4 (2008): 489-507.
96. G. Smith, Beyond the Ballot: 57 Democratic Innovations from Around the World (London: The Power Inquiry, 2005), 107.
97. C. Copus, 'The Councillor: Governor, Governing, Governance and the Complexity of Citizen Engagement', British Journal of Politics and International Relations 12, no. 4 (2010): 569-89, 588.
98. R. Hatcher, 'Local Government Against Local Democracy: A Case Study of a Bid for Building Schools for the Future Funding for an Academy', in The State and Education Policy: The Academies Programme, ed. H.M. Gunter (London: Continuum, 2011)
99. R. Hatcher and K. Jones, 'Researching Resistance: Campaigns Against Academies in England', British Journal of Educational Studies 54, no. 3 (2006): 329-51.
100. E. Lepine and H. Sullivan, 'Realising the Public Person', Local Government Studies 36, no. 1 (2010): 91-107.
101. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, Local Leadership, Local Choice (London: The Stationery Office, 1999), Para. 3.59.
102. A. Coulson, 'Scrutiny in English Local Government and the Role of Councillors', The Political Quarterly 82, no. 1 (2011): 102-11, 106.
103. The spread of elected mayors with dictatorial powers, as advocated by the Coalition government, would mark a further serious weakening of democracy in local government.
104. See for example J. Rutherford, 'Labour's Good Society', Soundings 46 (2011): 6-12.
105. Power Inquiry, Power to the People: An Independent Inquiry into Britain's Democracy (2006), 11.
106. Smith, Beyond the Ballot: 57 Democratic Innovations from Around the World, 9.
107. J. Subirat, 'The Dilemmas of an Inevitable Relationship: Democratic Innovation and the Technologies of Information and Communication', in Networked Politics: A Reader of Work in Progress (Barcelona seminar for an inquiry into political organisation in an era of movements and networks, 2006), http://www.onlinecreation.info/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/readerbarcelonaii.pdf (accessed February 1, 2011).
108. C.F. Karpowitz and J. Mansbridge, 'Disagreement and Consensus: The Importance of Dynamic Updating in Public Deliberation', in The Deliberative Democracy Handbook: Strategies for Effective Civic Engagement in the Twenty-First Century, ed. J. Gastil and P. Levine (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2005), 237-53
109. P. Levine, A. Fung, and J. Gastil, 'Future Directions for Public Deliberation', in Gastil and Levine, The Deliberative Democracy Handbook, 271-288.
110. Power Inquiry, Power to the People, 235.
111. Ibid., 232.
112. Ibid., 239-240.
113. Ranson, 'From Partnership to Community Governance', 296.
114. Fielding and Moss, Radical Education and the Common School, 125.
115. Ranson, 'From Partnership to Community Governance', 294.
116. M. Farrelly, 'Citizen Participation and Neighbourhood Governance: Analysing Democratic Practice', Local Government Studies 35, no. 4 (2009): 387-400.
117. Ranson, 'From Partnership to Community Governance', 291.
118. RSA, The RSA Area-Based Curriculum: Engaging the Local (London: RSA, 2010), 28.
119. Power Inquiry, Power to the People, 16.
120. Smith, Beyond the Ballot.
121. See also the positive examples in M. Barnes, C. Skelcher, H. Beirens, R. Dalziel, S. Jeffares, and L. Wilson, Designing Citizen-centred Governance.
122. M. Barnes et al., Designing Citizen-centred Governance, 62.
123. See also Smith, Beyond the Ballot, 106.
124. J. Anyon, Radical Possibilities: Public Policy, Urban Education and a New Social Movement (Abingdon: Routledge, 2005)
125. R. Hatcher, 'Participatory Democracy and Education: The Experience of Porto Alegre and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil', Education and Social Justice 4, no. 2 (2002): 47-64
126. Hatcher and Jones, 'Researching Resistance: Campaigns Against Academies in England'.