Do racial and ethnic minority patients fare worse after SCI?: A critical review of the literature

NeuroRehabilitation

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 275-293

  Gary, Kelli W ^a   Nicholls, Elizabeth ^b   Shamburger, Aisha ^a   Stevens, Lillian F ^b   Arango Lasprilla, Juan C ^b  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

ethnicity; minorities; outcomes; race; Spinal cord injury

Indexed keywords

DEPRESSION; EMPLOYMENT; ETHNIC GROUP; FAMILY FUNCTIONING; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH SERVICE; HOSPITAL CARE; HOSPITAL READMISSION; HUMAN; LENGTH OF STAY; LIFE SATISFACTION; MENTAL HEALTH; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; QUALITY OF LIFE; RACE DIFFERENCE; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD INJURY; WELLBEING;

ETHNIC GROUPS; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HUMANS; MINORITY GROUPS; MINORITY HEALTH; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84856901863     PISSN: 10538135     EISSN: 18786448     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/NRE-2011-0704     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. M.M. Adams and A.L. Hicks, Spasticity after spinal cord injury, Spinal Cord 43 (2005), 577-586. (Pubitemid 41486865)
2. R.J. Alston, Racial identity and cultural mistrust among African-American recipients of rehabilitation services: An exploratory study, Int J Rehab Res 26 (2003), 289-295.
3. R.R. Alves, H.D.A. Alves, R.R.D. Barboza and W.D.M.S. Souto, The influence of religiosity on health, Ciência & Saúde Coletiva [online] 15 (2010), 2105-2111. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v15n4/a24v15n4.pdf ISSN: 1413-8123.
4. J.C. Arango-Lasprilla, J.M. Ketchum, K. Francis, A. Lewis, P. Premuda, P. Wehman and J. Kreutzer, Race, ethnicity, and employment outcomes at 1, 5, and 10 years after spinal cord injury: A longitudinal analysis, PM&R 2 (2010), 901-910.
5. J.C. Arango-Lasprilla, J.M. Ketchum, K. Francis, P. Premuda, T. Stejskal and J. Kreutzer, The influence of race/ethnicity on divorce/separation 1, 2, and 5 years post spinal cord injury, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 90 (2009), 1371-1378.
6. J.C. Arango-Lasprilla, J.M. Ketchum, L.F. Stevens, F. Bal-cazar, P. Wehman, L. Forster and N. Hsu, Ethnicity/racial differences in employment outcomes following spinal cord injury, NeuroRehabilitation 24 (2009), 37-46.
7. W.A. Bauman, R.H. Adkins, A.M. Spungen, P. Maloney, R. Gambino and R.L. Waters, Ethnicity effect on the serum lipid profile in person with spinal cord injury, Arch Phys Med Re-habil 79 (1998), 176-180. (Pubitemid 28084173)
8. C.H. Bombardier, J.S. Richards, J.S. Krause, D. Tulsky and D.G. Tate, Symptoms of major depression in people with spinal cord injury: Implication for screening, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85 (2004), 1749-1756. (Pubitemid 39441132)
9. D.M. Burnett, S.A. Kolakowsky-Hayner, J.M. White and D.X. Cifu, Impact of minority status following traumatic spinal cord injury, NeuroRehabilitation 17 (2002), 187-194. (Pubitemid 35025005)
10. A.S. Burns, D.A. Rivas and J.F. Ditunno, The management of neurogenic bladder and sexual dysfunction after spinal cord injury, Spine 26 (2001), S129-S136. (Pubitemid 34019787)
11. D.D. Cardenas, T.N. Bryce, K. Shem, J.S. Richards and H. El-hefni, Gender and minority differences in the pain experience of people with spinal cord injury, Arch Phys Med Rehab 85 (2004), 1774-1781. (Pubitemid 39441135)
12. D.D. Cardenas, J.M. Hoffman, S. Kirshblum and W. McKin-ley, Etiology and incidence of rehospitalization after traumatic spinal cord injury: A multicenter analysis, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85 (2004), 1757-1763. (Pubitemid 39441133)
13. O. Carter-Pokras and C. Baquet, What is a "health disparity"? Public Health Reports 117 (2002), 426-434.
14. L.G. Castillo and K.A. Caver, Expanding the concept of acculturation in Mexican American rehabilitation psychology: Research and practice, Rehabil Psychol 54 (2009), 351-362.
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC Fact Sheet: Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). Retrieved August 1, 2010, from the World Wide Web: http://www.cdc.gov/ TraumaticBrainInjury/scifacts.html.
16. Y. Chen, M.J. DeVivo and A.B. Jackson, Pressure ulcer prevalence in people with spinal cord injury: Age-period-duration effects, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86 (2005), 1208-1213. (Pubitemid 40797776)
17. Y. Chen, M.J. DeVivo and L.K. Lloyd, Bladder stone incidence in persons with spinal cord injury: determinants and trends, 1973-1996, Urology 58 (2001), 665-670. (Pubitemid 33065690)
18. Y. Chen, M.J. DeVivo and J.M. Roseman, Current trend and risk factors for kidney stones in persons with spinal cord injury: a longitudinal study, Spinal Cord 38 (2000), 346-353. (Pubitemid 30455966)
19. M.A. Cort, Cultural mistrust and use of hospice care: Challenges and remedies, J Palliat Med 7 (2004), 63-71. (Pubitemid 38228846)
20. A. Craig, Y. Tran and J. Middleton, Psychological morbidity and spinal cord injury: A systematic review, Spinal Cord 47 (2009), 108-114.
21. E. Diener, R.A. Emmons, R.J. Larson and S. Griffin, The Satisfaction with Life Scale, Journal of Personality 49 (1985), 71-76.
22. C.M. de la Plata, M. Hewlitt, A. de Oliveira, A. Hudak, C. Harper, S. Shahid and R. Diaz-Arrastia, Ethnic differences in rehabilitation placement and outcome after TBI, J Head Trauma Rehab 22 (2007), 113-121. (Pubitemid 46596645)
23. M.J. DeVivo, Discharge disposition from model spinal cord injury care system rehabilitation programs, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 80 (1999), 785-790.
24. M.J. DeVivo and P.R. Fine, Spinal cord injury: Its short-term impact on marital status, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 66 (1985), 501-504. (Pubitemid 15006083)
25. M.J. DeVivo, P.R. Fine, G.R. Cutter and H.M. Maetz, The risk of bladder calculi in patients with spinal cord injuries, Arch Intern Med 145 (1985), 428-430. (Pubitemid 15140734)
26. M.J. DeVivo, P.R. Fine, G.R. Cutter and H.M. Maetz, The risk of renal calculi in spinal cord injury patients, J Urol 131 (1984), 857-860. (Pubitemid 14105169)
27. M.J. DeVivo, L.N. Hawkins, J.S. Richards and B.K. Go, Outcomes of post spinal cord injury marriages, Arch Phys Med Rehab 76 (1995), 130-138.
28. M.J. DeVivo, P.L. Kartus, S.L. Stover, R.D. Butt and P.R. Fine, Cause of death for patients with spinal cord injuries, Arch Intern Med 149 (1989), 1761-1766. (Pubitemid 19200831)
29. M.J. DeVivo and J.S. Richards, Marriage rates among persons with spinal cord injuries, Rehabil Psychol 41 (1996), 321-339.
30. C.H. Duggan and M. Dijkers, Quality of life after spinal cord injury: A qualitative study, Rehabil Psychol 46 (2001), 3-27. (Pubitemid 32142629)
31. E.A. Eastwood, K.J. Hagglund, K.T. Ragnarsson, W.A. Gordon and R.J. Marino, Medical rehabilitation length of stay and outcomes for persons with traumatic spinal cord injury-1990-1998, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 80 (1999), 1457-1463. (Pubitemid 29526644)
32. T.R. Elliott and R.G. Frank, Depression following spinal cord injury, Arch Phys Med Rehab 77 (1996), 816-823. (Pubitemid 26262383)
33. J.M. Enger, D.L. Howerton and C.R. Cobbs, Internal/external locus of control, self-esteem, and parental verbal interaction of at risk black male adolescents, J Soc Psychol 134 (1994), 269-274.
34. D. Falvo, Medical and Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Illness and Disability (3rd ed.), Salisbury: Jones & Bartlett (2005).
35. D.W. Hess, D.L. Ripley, W.O. McKinley and M. Tewksbury, Predictors for return to work after spinal cord injury: A 3-year multicenter analysis, Arch Phys Med Rehab 81 (2000), 359-363. (Pubitemid 30149287)
36. P.C. Hunt, M.L. Boninger, R.A. Cooper, R.D. Zafonte, S.G. Fitzgerald, M.R. Schmeler, Demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with disparity in wheelchair customizability among people with traumatic spinal cord injury, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85 (2004), 1859-1864. (Pubitemid 39441145)
37. C.S. Ivie and M.J. DeVivo, Prediciting unplanned hospital-izations in persons with spinal cord injury, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 75 (1994), 1182-1188.
38. A. Jackson, M. Dijkers, M. DeVivo and R. Poczatek, A demographic profile of new traumatic spinal cord injuries: Change and stability over 30 years, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85 (2004), 1740-1748. (Pubitemid 39441131)
39. M. James, M.J. DeVivo and J.S. Richards, Post injury employment outcomes among African-American and White persons with spinal cord injury, Rehabil Psychol 38 (1993), 151-164. (Pubitemid 23347204)
40. M.V. Johnston, K. Wood, S. Millis, S. Page and D. Chen, Perceived quality of care and outcomes following spinal cord injury: minority status in the context of multiple predictors, J Spinal Cord Med 27 (2004), 241-251. (Pubitemid 44210648)
41. B. Kemp, J.S. Krause and R. Adkins, Depression among African Americans, Latinos, and Whites with spinal cord injury: An exploratory study, Rehabil Psychol 44 (1999), 235-247.
42. P. Kennedy and B.A. Rogers, Anxiety and depression after spinal cord injury: A longitudinal analysis, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81 (2000), 932-937. (Pubitemid 30460809)
43. P. Kennedy, P. Lude and N. Taylor, Quality of life, social participation, appraisals and coping post spinal cord injury: A review of four community samples, Spinal Cord 44 (2006), 95-105. (Pubitemid 43190353)
44. J.S. Krause, Subjective well-being after spinal cord injury: Relationship to gender, race-ethnicity, and chronologic age, Rehabilitation Psychology 43 (1998), 282-296. (Pubitemid 29048447)
45. J.S. Krause, Dimensions of subjective well-being after spinal cord injury: An empirical analysis by gender and race/ethnicity, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 79 (1998), 900-909. (Pubitemid 28368977)
46. J.S. Krause and C.A. Anson, Employment after spinal cord injury: Relation to selected participant characteristics, Arch Phys Med Rehab 77 (1996), 737-743. (Pubitemid 26262370)
47. J.S. Krause and C.A. Anson, Adjustment after spinal cord injury: Relationship to gender and race, Rehabil Psychol 42 (1997), 31-46. (Pubitemid 27260295)
48. J.S. Krause and L. Broderick, Outcomes after spinal cord injury: Comparisons as a function of gender and race and ethnicity, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85 (2004), 355-362. (Pubitemid 38879359)
49. J.S. Krause, L.E. Broderick and J. Broyles, Subjective well-being among African-Americans with spinal cord injury: An exploratory study between men and women, NeuroRehabili-tation 19 (2004), 81-89. (Pubitemid 38803058)
50. J.S. Krause, L.E. Broderick, L.K. Saladin and J. Broyles, Racial disparities in health outcomes after spinal cord injury: Mediating effects of education and income, J Spinal Cord Med 29 (2006), 17-25.
51. J.S. Krause, J. Coker, S. Charlifue and G.G. Whiteneck, Depression and subjective well-being among 97 American Indians with spinal cord injury: A descriptive study, Rehabil Psychol 44 (1999), 354-372.
52. J.S. Krause, B. Kemp and J. Coker, Depression after spinal cord injury: Relation to gender, ethnicity, aging, and socioe-conomic indicators, Arch Phys Med Rehab 81 (2000), 1099-1109.
53. J.S. Krause, D. Kewman, M.J. DeVivo, F. Maynard, J. Coker, M.J. Roach and S. Ducharme, Employment after spinal cord injury: An analysis of cases from the Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems, Arch Phys Med Rehab 80 (1999), 1492-500. (Pubitemid 29526649)
54. J. Krause, L. Saladin and R. Adkins, Disparities in subjective well-being, participation, and health after spinal cord injury: A 6-year longitudinal study, NeuroRehabilitation 24 (2009), 47-56.
55. J.S. Krause and L.L. Saunders, Risk of hospitalizations after spinal cord injury: Relationship with biographical, injury, educational, and behavioral factors, Spinal Cord 47 (2009), 692-697.
56. J.S. Krause, L. Saunders and D. Staten, Race-ethnicity, education, and employment after spinal cord injury, Rehabil Couns Bull 53 (2010), 78-86.
57. J. Krause, M. Sternberg, J. Maides and S. Lottes, Employment after spinal cord injury: differences related to geographic region, gender, and race, Arch Phys Med Rehab 79 (1998), 615-624. (Pubitemid 28265710)
58. J.S. Krause and J.V. Terza, Injury and demographic factors predictive of disparities in earnings after spinal cord injury, Arch Phys Med Rehab 87 (2006), 1318-1326. (Pubitemid 44470763)
59. N. Lurie, Studying access to care in managed care environment, Health Serv Res 32 (1997), 691-701. (Pubitemid 27521645)
60. J. Malec and R. Neimeyer, Psychologic prediction of duration of inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation and performance of self-care, Arch Phys Med Rehab 64 (1983), 359-363. (Pubitemid 13035643)
61. M.A. Meade, D.X. Cifu, R.T. Seel, W.O. McKinley and J.S. Kreutzer, Medical procedures, complication, and outcomes for patients with spinal cord injury: A multicenter investigation comparing African Americans and whites, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85 (2004), 368-375. (Pubitemid 38879361)
62. M.A. Meade, A. Lewis, M.N. Jackson and D.W. Hess, Race, employment, and spinal cord injury, Arch Phys Med Rehab 85 (2004), 1782-1792. (Pubitemid 39441136)
63. National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (NSCISC), Spinal cord injury facts and figures at a glance, Birmingham, AL, University of Alabama. Retrieved August 1, 2010 from the World Wide Web: https://www.nscisc.uab.edu/.
64. H.W. Neighbors, C. Caldwell, D.R. Williams et al., Race, ethnicity, and the use of services for mental disorders: results from the National Survey of American Life, Archives of General Psychiatry 64 (2007), 485-494. (Pubitemid 46556466)
65. C. Pflaum, G. McCollister, D.J. Strauss, R.M. Shavelle and M.J. DeVivo, Worklife after traumatic spinal cord injury, J Spinal Cord Med 29 (2006), 377-386.
66. J.D. Putzke, B.L. Hicken and J.S. Richards, Race: Predictor versus proxy variable? Outcomes after spinal cord injury, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83 (2002), 1603-1611. (Pubitemid 35304141)
67. J.S. Richards, C.H. Bombadier, D. Tate, M. Dijker, W. Gordon, R. Shewchuk and M.J. DeVivo, Access to the environment and life satisfaction after spinal cord injury, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 80 (1999), 1501-1506. (Pubitemid 29526650)
68. L.K. Saladin and J.S. Krause, Pressure ulcer prevalence and barriers to treatment after spinal cord injury: Comparisons of four groups based on race-ethnicity, NeuroRehabilitation 24 (2009), 57-66.
69. E. Schneider, A. Zaslavsky and A, Epstein, Racial disparities in the quality of care for enrollees in Medicare managed care, J Am Med Assoc 287 (2002), 1288-1294. (Pubitemid 34250483)
70. J. Selander, S.U. Marnetoft, M. Asell, U. Selander and P. Millet, Internal locus of control and vocational rehabilitation, Wo r k 30 (2008), 149-155. (Pubitemid 351541016)
71. L. Shi and D. Singh, Delivering Health Care in America (4th ed.), Boston: Jones & Bartlett (2008).
72. B.D. Smedley, A.Y. Stith and A.R. Nelson, eds, Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2003.
73. R. Suzuki, G. Krahn, M. McCarthy and E. Adams, Understanding health outcomes: physical secondary conditions in people with spinal cord injury, Rehabil Psychol 52 (2007), 338-350. (Pubitemid 47444913)
74. D.G. Tate, M.B. Forchheimer, J.S. Krause, M.A. Meade and C.H. Bombardier, Patterns of alcohol use and abuse in persons with spinal cord injury: Risk factors and correlates, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85 (2004), 1837-1847. (Pubitemid 39441142)
75. F. Terrell and S. Terrell, An inventory to measure cultural mistrust among Blacks, The Western Journal of Black Studies 5 (1981), 180-185.
76. United States Census Bureau, An older and more diverse nation by midcentury. Retrieved August 1, 2010, from http://www.census.gov.proxy.library. vcu.edu/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/012496.html.
77. United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Healthy People. Understanding and Improving Health. 2nd ed.; 2000:8. Retrieved August 1, 2010 from http://www. healthypeople.gov/document/tableofcontents.htm.
78. A.M. Villarruel, Health disparities research: Issues, strategies, and innovations, J Multicult Nurs Health 12 (2006), 4-9.
79. K.B. Waites, K.C. Canupp and M.J. DeVivo, Epidemiology and risk factors for urinary tract infection following spinal cord injury, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 74 (1993), 691-695. (Pubitemid 23203541)
80. R.L. Waters and R.H. Adkins, Firearms versus motor vehicle related spinal cord injury: Preinjury factors, injury characteristics, and initial outcome comparisons among ethnically diverse groups, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 78 (1997), 150-155. (Pubitemid 27078674)
81. R.L. Waters, R.H. Adkins, I. Sie and J. Cressy, Postrehabilita-tion outcomes after spinal cord injury caused by firearms and motor vehicle crash among ethnically diverse groups, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 79 (1998), 1237-1243. (Pubitemid 28467493)
82. A.L. Whaley, Cultural mistrust of White mental health clinicians among African Americans with severe mental illness, Am J Orthopsychiatry 71 (2001), 252-256.
83. G. Whiteneck, M.A. Meade, M. Dijkers, D.G. Tate, T. Bushnik and M.B. Forchheimer, Environmental factors and their role in participation and life satisfaction after spinal cord injury, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85 (2004), 1793-803. (Pubitemid 39441137)
84. G. Whiteneck, D. Tate and S. Charlifue, Predicting community reintegration after spinal cord injury from demographic and injury characteristics, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 80 (1999), 1485-1491. (Pubitemid 29526648)
85. D.R. Williams and S.A. Mohammed, Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research, J Beh Med 32 (2009), 20-47.
86. D.R. Williams, H.W. Neighbors and J.S. Jackson, Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: Findings from community studies, Am J Public Health 98 (2008), S29-S37.