Geographical variation in ambulance calls is associated with socioeconomic status

Academic Emergency Medicine

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 180-188

  Earnest, Arul ^a   Tan, Say Beng ^a   Shahidah, Nur ^b   Ong, Marcus Eng Hock ^b  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^b SINGAPORE GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMBULANCE; ARTICLE; GEOGRAPHY; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HOUSEHOLD; INCOME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGISTER; RISK ASSESSMENT; SINGAPORE; SOCIOECONOMICS;

AMBULANCES; BAYES THEOREM; CONFIDENCE INTERVALS; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS; HUMANS; MALE; REGISTRIES; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; SINGAPORE; SOCIAL CLASS;

EID: 84856883018     PISSN: 10696563     EISSN: 15532712     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01280.x     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Ong EH, Chan YH, Anantharaman V, Lau ST, Lim SH, Seldrup J,. Cardiac arrest and resuscitation epidemiology in Singapore (CARE I study). Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003; 7: 427-33. (Pubitemid 37296730)
2. Bassil KL, Cole DC, Moineddin R, et al., Temporal and spatial variation of heat-related illness using 911 medical dispatch data. Environ Res. 2009; 109: 600-6.
3. Peters J, Hall GB,. Assessment of ambulance response performance using a geographic information system. Soc Sci Med. 1999; 49: 1551-66. (Pubitemid 29537633)
4. Ahn KO, Shin SD, Cha WC, Jun C, Lee TS, Pirrallo RG,. A model for the association of the call volume and the unavailable-for-response interval on the delayed ambulance response for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using a geographic information system. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010; 14: 469-76.
5. Cudnik MT, Schmicker RH, Vaillancourt C, et al., A geospatial assessment of transport distance and survival to discharge in out of hospital cardiac arrest patients: implications for resuscitation centers. Resuscitation. 2010; 81: 518-23.
6. Lerner EB, Fairbanks RJ, Shah MN,. Identification of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest clusters using a geographic information system. Acad Emerg Med. 2005; 12: 81-4. (Pubitemid 40038644)
7. Warden CR, Daya M, LeGrady LA,. Using geographic information systems to evaluate cardiac arrest survival. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2007; 11: 19-24. (Pubitemid 46005637)
8. Lerner EB, Billittier AJ 4th, Sikora J, Moscati RM,. Use of a geographic information system to determine appropriate means of trauma patient transport. Acad Emerg Med. 1999; 6: 1127-33. (Pubitemid 29521572)
9. Foo CP, Ahghari M, MacDonald RD,. Use of geographic information systems to determine new helipad locations and improve timely response while mitigating risk of helicopter emergency medical services operations. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010; 14: 461-8.
10. Ong ME, Ng FS, Overton J, et al., Geographic-time distribution of ambulance calls in Singapore: utility of geographic information system in ambulance deployment (CARE 3). Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2009; 38: 184-91.
11. Singapore Department of Statistics. Census Statistics, Key Annual Indicators. Available at:. Accessed Nov 26, 2011.
12. Department of Statistics Singapore. Population. Available at:. Accessed Nov 26, 2011.
13. Singapore Civil Defence Force. Annual Report 2010. Singapore: Singapore Civil Defence Force, 2010, p 41.
14. Ministry of Health. Health Facts Singapore. Available at:. Accessed Nov 26, 2011.
15. Singapore Government. Urban Redevelopment Authority. Master Plan 2003. Available at:. Accessed Nov 25, 2011.
16. Elliott P, Wartenberg D,. Spatial epidemiology: current approaches and future challenges. Environ Health Perspect. 2004; 112: 998-1006. (Pubitemid 38931108)
17. Ong ME, Earnest A, Shahidah N, Ng WM, Foo C, Nott DJ,. Spatial variation and geographic-demographic determinants of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the City-State of Singapore. Ann Emerg Med. 2011; 58: 343-51.
18. Carlin BP, Louis TA,. Bayes and Empirical Bayes Methods for Data Analysis. New York, NY: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2000.
19. Besag J, York J, Mollie A,. Bayesian image restoration with two applications in spatial statistics. Ann Inst Stat Math. 1991; 43: 1-59.
20. Earnest A, Morgan G, Mengersen K, Ryan L, Summerhayes R, Beard J,. Evaluating the effect of neighbourhood weight matrices on smoothing properties of conditional autoregressive (CAR) models. Int J Health Geogr. 2007; 6: 54-7.
21. Gelman A,. Prior distributions for variance parameters in hierarchical models. Bayesian Anal. 2005; 1: 1-19.
22. Brooks SP, Gelman A,. Alternative methods for monitoring convergence of iterative simulations. J Comput Graph Stat. 1998; 7: 434-55. (Pubitemid 128635035)
23. Spiegelhalter DJ, Best NG, Carlin BP, Van der Linde A,. Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit (with discussion). J R Stat Soc B. 2002; 64: 583-640.
24. Gerber Y, Koton S, Goldbourt U, et al., Poor neighborhood socioeconomic status and risk of ischemic stroke after myocardial infarction. Epidemiology. 2011; 22: 162-9.
25. Beard JR, Earnest A, Morgan G, et al., Socioeconomic disadvantage and acute coronary events: a spatiotemporal analysis. Epidemiology. 2008; 19: 485-92. (Pubitemid 351543529)
26. Kawakami C, Ohshige K, Kubota K, Tochikubo O,. Influence of socioeconomic factors on medically unnecessary ambulance calls. BMC Health Serv Res. 2007; 7: e120.
27. Govindarajan A, Schull M,. Effect of socioeconomic status on out-of-hospital transport delays of patients with chest pain. Ann Emerg Med. 2003; 41: 481-90. (Pubitemid 36373515)
28. Vaillancourt C, Lui A, De Maio VJ, Wells GA, Stiell IG,. Socioeconomic status influences bystander CPR and survival rates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims. Resuscitation. 2008; 79: 417-23.
29. McCusker J, Karp I, Cardin S, Durand P, Morin J,. Determinants of emergency department visits by older adults: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med. 2003; 10: 1362-70. (Pubitemid 37531858)
30. Siler KF,. Predicting demand for publicly dispatched ambulances in a metropolitan area. Health Serv Res. 1975; 10: 254-63.
31. Reinier K, Thomas E, Andrusiek DL, et al., Socioeconomic status and incidence of sudden cardiac arrest. CMAJ. 2011; 183: 1705-12.
32. Osganian SK, Zapka JG, Feldman HA, et al., Use of emergency medical services for suspected acute cardiac ischemia among demographic and clinical patient subgroups: the REACT trial. Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002; 6: 175-85. (Pubitemid 34274193)
33. Ong ME, Chiam TF, Ng FS, et al., Reducing ambulance response times using geospatial-time analysis of ambulance deployment. Acad Emerg Med. 2010; 17: 951-7.