Interpreting risk in international trade

Journal of Risk Research

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 293-312

  Wintle, Bonnie C ^a   Cleeland, Belinda ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b International Risk Governance Council   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Australia; import risk analysis; New Zealand apples; SPS agreement; uncertainty

Indexed keywords

ANALYSIS PROCESS; AUSTRALIA; BIO-SECURITY; DISPUTE SETTLEMENT; FIRE BLIGHT; INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW; NEW ZEALAND; NEW ZEALAND APPLES; PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES; RISK GOVERNANCE; RISK MITIGATION; SPS AGREEMENT; UNCERTAINTY; WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONS;

FACTOR ANALYSIS; FRUITS; LAWS AND LEGISLATION;

INTERNATIONAL TRADE;

EID: 84856865124     PISSN: 13669877     EISSN: 14664461     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.646292     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (63)

1. APAL. 2006. Media release: Growers call for additional inspection to keep out fire blight on New Zealand apples. Melbourne: Apple and Pear Australia.
2. APAL. 2007. The Australian apple and pear industry's appeal to final import risk analysis for apples from New Zealand. Melbourne: Apple and Pear Australia.
3. Biosecurity Australia. 2006. Final import risk analysis report for apples from New Zealand. Canberra: Biosecurity Australia.
4. Biosecurity Australia. 2007. Biosecurity policy determination - importation of apples from New Zealand. Policy Memorandum no. 7. Canberra: Biosecurity Australia.
5. Byron, N. 2001. Risk, the environment and MEAs. In Globalization and the environment: Risk assessment and the WTO, ed. David Robertson and Aynsley Kellow, 27-40. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
6. Cheyne, I. 2007. Gateways to the precautionary principle in WTO law. Journal of Environmental Law 19, no. 2: 155-72.
7. Commonwealth of Australia. 2008. One biosecurity: A working partnership. Report of the quarantine and biosecurity review panel ('Beale Report'). Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.
8. Cottier, T. 2001. Risk management experience in WTO settlement. In Globalization and the environment: Risk assessment and the WTO, ed. David Robertson and Aynsley Kellow, 41-62. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
9. DAFF. 2007. Import risk analysis handbook. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.
10. Derry, G.N. 1999. What science is and how it works. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
11. Eminent Scientists Group. 2006. Report of the Eminent Scientists Group on the import risk analysis of apples from New Zealand. Canberra.
12. Epps, T. 2008. Reconciling public opinion and WTO rules under the SPS agreement. World Trade Review 7, no. 2: 359-92.
13. Finucane, M.L., A. Alhakami, P. Slovic, and S.M. Johnson. 2000. The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 13: 1-17.
14. Goldstein, B., and R.S. Carruth. 2004. The precautionary principle and/or risk assessment in World Trade Organization decisions: A possible role for risk perception. Risk Analysis 24, no. 2: 491-9.
15. Gruszczynski, L. 2006. Science in the process of risk regulation under the WTO agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary measures. German Law Journal 7, no. 4: 371-98.
16. Heimpel Stanton, G. 2000. The WTO dispute resolution system. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
17. Herwig, A. 2008. Whither science in WTO dispute settlement? Leiden Journal of International Law 21: 823-46.
18. Huei-Chih, N. 2007. Can Article 5.7 of the WTO SPS agreement be a model for the precautionary principle? Scripted 4, no. 4: 367-82.
19. IRGC. 2005. Risk governance - towards an integrative approach. White paper no. 1, O. Renn with an annex by P. Graham. Geneva: International Risk Governance Council.
20. IRGC. 2009. Risk governance deficits: An analysis and illustration of the most common deficits in risk governance. Geneva: International Risk Governance Council.
21. Jasanoff, S. 1993. Bridging the two cultures of risk analysis. Risk Analysis 13, no. 2: 123-9.
22. Jasanoff, S. 2000. Technological risk and cultures of rationality. In National Research Council, incorporating science, economics and sociology in developing sanitary and phytosanitary standards in international trade, 65-84. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
23. Kahneman, D., and A. Tversky. 1982. On the study of statistical intuitions. Cognition 11, no. 2: 123-41.
24. Knight, J. 2005. Advance Australia fair? Anatomy and pathology of an 84-year trade dispute. Journal of Public Affairs 5: 112-23.
25. Lindenmayer, D.B., and M.A. Burgman. 2005. Practical conservation biology. Melbourne: CSIRO.
26. Lynch, D., and D. Vogel. 2001. The regulation of GMOs in Europe and the United States: A case study of contemporary European regulatory policies. New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations Press.
27. Neugebauer, R. 2000. Fine-tuning WTO jurisprudence and the SPS agreement: Lessons from the beef hormone case. Law and Policy in International Business 31: 1255-84.
28. Nunn, M. 2001. Allowing for risk in setting standards. In Globalization and the environment: Risk assessment and the WTO, ed. David Robertson and Aynsley Kellow, 95-105. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
29. NZMAF. 2005. Comments by the Government of New Zealand on biosecurity Australia's revised draft import risk analysis report for apples from New Zealand. Wellington: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
30. O'Riordan, T., and J. Cameron. 1994. Interpreting the precautionary principle. London: Earthscan.
31. Peel, J. 2004. Risk regulation under the WTO SPS agreement: Science as an international normative yardstick? Jean Monnet working paper 02/04.
32. Post, D.L. 2006. The precautionary principle and risk assessment in international food safety: How the World Trade Organization influences standards. Risk Analysis 26, no. 5: 1259-73.
33. Regan, H., M. Colyvan, and M.A. Burgman. 2002. A taxonomy and treatment of uncertainty for ecology and conservation biology. Ecological Applications 12: 618-28.
34. Renn, O. 2008. Risk governance: Coping with uncertainty in a complex world. London: Earthscan.
35. Roberts, R.G. 2002. Evaluation of buffer zone size and inspection number reduction on phytosanitary risk associated with fire blight and export of mature apple fruit. Acta Horticulturae 590: 47-53.
36. Roberts, R.G., C.N. Hale, T. van der Zwet, C.E. Miller, and S.C. Redlin. 1998. The potential for spread of Erwinia amylovora and fire blight via commercial apple fruit; a critical review and risk assessment. Crop Protection 17: 19-28.
37. Roberts, R.G., and A.J. Sawyer. 2008. An updated pest risk assessment for spread of Erwinia amylovora and fire blight via commercial apple fruit. Crop Protection 27: 362-8.
38. Shrader-Frechette, K.S. 1985. Risk analysis and scientific method: Methodological and ethical problems with evaluating societal hazards. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
39. Sjöberg, L. 2002. Policy implications of risk perception research: A case of the Emperor's new clothes? Risk Management 4: 11-20.
40. Sunstein, C.R. 2005. Laws of fear - beyond the precautionary principle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
41. Tait, J. 2008. Risk governance of genetically modified crops: European and American perspectives. In Global risk governance: Concept and practice using the IRGC framework, ed. O. Renn and K. Walker, 133-53. Dordrecht: Springer.
42. Tversky, A., and D. Kahneman. 1974. Judgment under uncertainty - heuristics and biases. Science 185, no. 4157: 1124-31.
43. van Asselt, M.B.A., and O. Renn. 2011. Risk governance. Journal of Risk Research 14: 431-49.
44. Walker, V.R. 1998. Keeping the WTO from becoming the 'World Trans-science Organisation': Scientific uncertainty, science policy and fact-finding in the growth hormones dispute. Cornell International Law Journal 31: 251-71.
45. Walker, V.R. 2003. The myth of science as a 'neutral arbiter' for triggering precautions. Boston College International and Comparative Law Review 26, no. 2: 197-228.
46. Winickoff, D., S. Jasanoff, L. Busch, B. Wynne, and R. Grove-White. 2005. Adjudicating the GM food wars: Science, risk and democracy in world trade law. Yale Journal of International Law 30, no. 8: 81-124.
47. WTO. 1994. Agreement on the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures, the results of the Uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiations: The legal texts. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
48. WTO. 1998a. European Communities - measures concerning meat and meat products (hormones). Report of the Appellate Body. WT/DS26/AB/R. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
49. WTO. 1998b. Australia - measures affecting the importation of salmon. Report of the Appellate Body. WT/DS18/AB/R. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
50. WTO. 1999. Japan - measures affecting agricultural products. Report of the Appellate Body. WT/DS76/AB/R. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
51. WTO. 2003. Japan - measures affecting the importation of apples. Report of the Appellate Body. WT/DS245/AB/R. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
52. WTO. 2006. European Communities - measures affecting the approval and marketing of biotech products. Report of the Panel. WT/DS291/R, WT/DS292/R, WT/DS293/R. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
53. WTO. 2008a. Australia - measures affecting the importation of apples from New Zealand. First written submission of Australia. DS367. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
54. WTO. 2008b. Australia - measures affecting the importation of apples from New Zealand. First written submission of New Zealand. DS367. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
55. WTO. 2009a. Australia - measures affecting the importation of apples from New Zealand. Second written submission of Australia. DS367. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
56. WTO. 2009b. Australia - measures affecting the importation of apples from New Zealand. Second written submission of New Zealand. DS367. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
57. WTO. 2009c. Australia - measures affecting the importation of apples from New Zealand. Australia's comments on the experts' replies to questions. DS367. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
58. WTO. 2009d. Australia - measures affecting the importation of apples from New Zealand. Closing statement of Australia for the second substantive meeting. DS367. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
59. WTO. 2009e. Australia - measures affecting the importation of apples from New Zealand. Opening statement of New Zealand for the second substantive meeting. DS367. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
60. WTO. 2009f. European Communities - measures concerning meat and meat products (hormones). Joint communication from the European Communities and the United States. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
61. WTO. 2010a. Australia - measures affecting the importation of apples from New Zealand. Report of the Panel. WT/DS367/R. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
62. WTO. 2010b. Australia - measures affecting the importation of apples from New Zealand. Report of the Appellate Body. WT/DS367/AB/R. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
63. Wynne. 2006. Public engagement as a means of restoring public trust in science - hitting the notes but missing the music? Community Genetics 9: 211-20.