Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents

Drugs

Volumn 72, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 309-325

  Childress, Ann C ^a   Berry, Sally A ^b  

^a Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine Inc   (United States)

^b NextWave Pharmaceuticals   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Adverse drug reactions; Amfetamine mixed salts; Amphetamines; Atomoxetine; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Children; Clonidine; Dexamfetamine; Guanfacine; Lisdexamfetamine; Methylphenidate.

Indexed keywords

AMPHETAMINE; ATOMOXETINE; CLONIDINE; DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE; GUANFACINE; LISDEXAMFETAMINE; METHYLPHENIDATE; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ADOLESCENT; ANOREXIA; APPLICATION SITE DERMATITIS; APPLICATION SITE ERYTHEMA; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY TEMPERATURE; BODY WEIGHT; COMORBIDITY; CONDUCT DISORDER; CONSTIPATION; CONTROLLED DRUG RELEASE; COUGHING; DECREASED APPETITE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DIZZINESS; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSPEPSIA; ECG ABNORMALITY; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; FATIGUE; FEVER; FIRST DEGREE ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK; FOLLICULITIS; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; FUNCTIONAL DISEASE; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; HEADACHE; HEART RATE; HUMAN; IMPULSIVENESS; INSOMNIA; IRRITABILITY; LETHARGY; MENTAL INSTABILITY; MOOD; MOOD DISORDER; NAUSEA; NERVOUSNESS; NIGHTMARE; NOSE CONGESTION; OSMOSIS; OTALGIA; PSORIASIS; PULSE RATE; QUALITY OF LIFE; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; RHINOPHARYNGITIS; SEDATION; SEPARATION ANXIETY; SIDE EFFECT; SINUS BRADYCARDIA; SOCIAL PHOBIA; SOMNOLENCE; SORE THROAT; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SYNCOPE; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TIMED DRUG RELEASE; UNITED STATES; UPPER ABDOMINAL PAIN; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; VOMITING; WEIGHT REDUCTION; XEROSTOMIA;

ADOLESCENT; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS; ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; CONDUCT DISORDER; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; HUMANS; MOOD DISORDERS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84856748892     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: 11791950     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/11599580-000000000-00000     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Task force on DSM-IV. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000
2. Molina BS, Hinshaw SP, Swanson JM, et al. The MTA at 8 years: prospective follow-up of children treated for combined-type ADHD in a multisite study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009 May; 48 (5): 484-500
3. Barkley RA, Fischer M, Edelbrock CS, et al. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: I. An 8-year prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990 Jul; 29 (4): 546-57 (Pubitemid 20235340)
4. Lara C, Fayyad J, de Graaf R, et al. Childhood predictors of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Biol Psychiatry 2009 Jan 1; 65 (1): 46-54
5. Merikangas KR, He JP, Burstein M, et al. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication - Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010 Oct; 49 (10): 980-9
6. Nolan EE, GadowKD, Sprafkin J. Teacher reports of DSM-IV ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms in schoolchildren. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001 Feb; 40 (2): 241-9 (Pubitemid 32111029)
7. Bussing R, Mason DM, Bell L, et al. Adolescent outcomes of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a diverse community sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010 Jun; 49 (6): 595-605
8. Price MN, Hyde JS. When two isn't better than one: predictors of early sexual activity in adolescence using a cumulative risk model. J Youth Adolesc 2009 Sep; 38 (8): 1059-71
9. Brown LK, Hadley W, Stewart A, et al. Psychiatric disorders and sexual risk among adolescents in mental health treatment. J Consult Clin Psychol 2010 Aug; 78 (4): 590-7
10. Barkley RA. Major life activity and health outcomes associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63 Suppl. 12: 10-5 (Pubitemid 36025582)
11. Redelmeier DA, Chan WK, Lu H. Road trauma in teenage male youth with childhood disruptive behavior disorders: a population based analysis. PLoS Med 2010; 7 (11): e1000369
12. Pruitt DB, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Your adolescent: emotional, behavioral, and cognitive development from early adolescence through the teen years. 1st ed. New York: HarperCollins, 1999
13. Biederman J, Petty CR, Monuteaux MC, et al. The longitudinal course of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder in girls with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: findings from a controlled 5-year prospective longitudinal follow- up study. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2008 Dec; 29 (6): 501-7
14. Langley K, Fowler T, Ford T, et al. Adolescent clinical outcomes for young people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2010 Mar; 196: 235-40
15. Gau SS, Chong MY, Yang P, et al. Psychiatric and psychosocial predictors of substance use disorders among adolescents: longitudinal study. Br J Psychiatry 2007 Jan; 190: 42-8 (Pubitemid 46121500)
16. Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E, et al. Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder reduces risk for substance use disorder. Pediatrics 1999 Aug; 104 (2): e20
17. Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Truong NL, et al. Age of methylphenidate treatment initiation in children with ADHD and later substance abuse: prospective follow-up into adulthood. Am J Psychiatry 2008 May; 165 (5): 604-9 (Pubitemid 351705337)
18. Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Spencer T, et al. Do stimulants protect against psychiatric disorders in youth with ADHD? A 10-year follow-up study. Pediatrics 2009 Jul; 124 (1): 71-8
19. Pliszka S. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007 Jul; 46 (7): 894-921
20. Findling RL, Childress AC, Cutler AJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011 Apr; 50 (4): 395-405
21. Spencer TJ, Wilens TE, Biederman J, et al. Efficacy and safety of mixed amphetamine salts extended release (Adderall XR) in the management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adolescent patients: a 4-week, randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Clin Ther 2006 Feb; 28 (2): 266-79
22. Greenhill LL, Muniz R, Ball RR, et al. Efficacy and safety of dexmethylphenidate extended-release capsules in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006 Jul; 45 (7): 817-23 (Pubitemid 43932908)
23. Findling RL, Turnbow J, Burnside J, et al. A randomized, double-blind, multicenter, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, dose-optimization study of the methylphenidate transdermal system for the treatment of ADHD in adolescents. CNS Spectr 2010 Jul; 15 (7): 419-30
24. Wilens TE, McBurnett K, Bukstein O, et al. Multisite controlled study of OROS methylphenidate in the treatment of adolescents with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006 Jan; 160 (1): 82-90 (Pubitemid 43042140)
25. Greenhill LL, Findling RL, Swanson JM. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of modified-release methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2002 Mar; 109 (3): E39
26. Sallee FR, McGough J, Wigal T, et al. Guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009 Feb; 48 (2): 155-65
27. Biederman J,MelmedRD, PatelA, et al.Arandomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2008 Jan; 121 (1): e73-84
28. Wilens T, Bukstein O, Brams M, et al. A controlled trial of extended-release guanfacine and psychostimulants for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012 Jan; 51 (1): 74-85
29. Jain R, Segal S, Kollins SH, et al. Clonidine extended-release tablets for pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011 Feb; 50 (2): 171-9
30. Kollins SH, Jain R, Brams M, et al. Clonidine extendedrelease tablets as add-on therapy to psychostimulants in children and adolescents with ADHD. Pediatrics 2011 Jun; 127 (6): e1406-13
31. Michelson D, Allen AJ, Busner J, et al. Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159 (11): 1896-901 (Pubitemid 35283256)
32. Faraone SV, Buitelaar J. Comparing the efficacy of stimulants for ADHD in children and adolescents using meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010 Apr; 19 (4): 353-64
33. Pennick M. Absorption of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and its enzymatic conversion to d-amphetamine. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2010; 6: 317-27
34. Adderall XR [(mixed salts of a single-entity amphetamine product) dextroamphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, amphetamine sulfate capsules]. US prescribing information. Wayne (PA): Shire US Inc., 2010.
35. Focalin XR (dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride extendedrelease capsules).US prescribing information. East Hanover (NJ): Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 2011.
36. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang G, et al. Mechanism of action of methylphenidate: insights from PET imaging studies. J Atten Disord 2002; 6 Suppl. 1: S31-43
37. BramsM,Muniz R, Childress A, et al. A randomized, doubleblind, crossover study of once-daily dexmethylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: rapid onset of effect. CNS Drugs 2008; 22 (8): 693-704 (Pubitemid 351950099)
38. Silva RR, Muniz R, Pestreich L, et al. Dexmethylphenidate extended-release capsules in children with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008 Feb; 47 (2): 199-208 (Pubitemid 351158788)
39. Silva RR,Muniz R, Pestreich L, et al. Efficacy and duration of effect of extended-release dexmethylphenidate versus placebo in schoolchildren with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2006 Jun; 16 (3): 239-51 (Pubitemid 43902421)
40. Focalin XR ( dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride extendedrelease). US prescribing information. East Hanover (NJ): Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 2010.
41. Daytrana (methylphenidate transdermal system). US prescribing information. Miami (FL): Noven Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2010.
42. Wilens TE, Boellner SW, Lopez FA, et al. Varying the wear time of the methylphenidate transdermal system in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008 Jun; 47 (6): 700-8
43. McGough JJ, Wigal SB, Abikoff H, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, laboratory classroom assessment of methylphenidate transdermal system in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2006 Feb; 9 (3): 476-85 (Pubitemid 43171141)
44. Concerta- (methylphenidate hydrochloride extendedrelease tablets). US prescribing information. Titusville (NJ): McNeil Pediatrics,Division ofOrtho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2010
45. Armstrong RB, Damaraju CV, Ascher S, et al. Time course of treatment effect of concerta (OROS- methylphenidate in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord. Epub 2011 Nov 14.
46. Metadate CD- (methylphenidate hydrochloride USP extended- release capsules). US prescribing information. Smyrna (GA): UCB, Inc., 2010.
47. Shire. Equasym XL- [online]. Available from URL: http://www.shire.com/ shireplc/en/search?value=equasym+XL&type= keyword [Accessed 2011 Dec 10]
48. Newcorn JH, Kratochvil CJ, Allen AJ, et al. Atomoxetine and osmotically released methylphenidate for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: acute comparison and differential response. Am J Psychiatry 2008 Jun; 165 (6): 721-30 (Pubitemid 351810541)
49. Wigal SB, McGough JJ, McCracken JT, et al. A laboratory school comparison of mixed amphetamine salts extended release (Adderall XR) and atomoxetine (Strattera) in school-aged children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord 2005 Aug; 9 (1): 275-89 (Pubitemid 41551759)
50. Hazell PL, Kohn MR, Dickson R, et al. Core ADHD symptom improvement with atomoxetine versus methylphenidate: a direct comparison meta-analysis. J Atten Disord 2011 Nov; 15 (8): 674-83
51. Catapres- (clonidine hydrochloride, USP tablets). US prescribing information. Ridgefield (CT): Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2010
52. Catapres-TTS- (clonidine transdermal therapeutic system). US prescribing information. Ridgefield (CT): Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2010
53. Kapvay- (clonidine hydrochloride extended-release tablets, oral). US prescribing information. Atlanta (GA): Shionogi Pharma Inc., 2010
54. Intuniv (guanfacine extended-release tablets). US prescribing information. Wayne (PA): Shire US Inc., 2009
55. Strattera- (atomoxetine hydrochloride). US prescribing information. Indianapolis (IN): Eli Lilly and Company, 2011.
56. Dittmann RW, Schacht A, Helsberg K, et al. Atomoxetine versus placebo in children and adolescents with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder: a double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial in Germany. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2011 Apr; 21 (2): 97-110
57. Dell'Agnello G, Maschietto D, Bravaccio C, et al. Atomoxetine hydrochloride in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder: a placebocontrolled Italian study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2009 Nov; 19 (11): 822-34
58. Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Newcorn JH, et al. Effect of comorbid symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder on responses to atomoxetine in children with ADHD: a metaanalysis of controlled clinical trial data. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007 Jan; 190 (1): 31-41 (Pubitemid 44885341)
59. Newcorn JH, Spencer TJ, Biederman J, et al. Atomoxetine treatment in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005 Mar; 44 (3): 240-8 (Pubitemid 40299837)
60. Spencer TJ, Abikoff HB, Connor DF, et al. Efficacy and safety of mixed amphetamine salts extended release (adderall XR) in the management of oppositional defiant disorder with or without comorbid attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in school-aged children and adolescents: a 4-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebocontrolled, forced-dose-escalation study. Clin Ther 2006 Mar; 28 (3): 402-18 (Pubitemid 44218954)
61. Geller D, Donnelly C, Lopez F, et al. Atomoxetine treatment for pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid anxiety disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007 Sep; 46 (9): 1119-27 (Pubitemid 47295923)
62. Thurstone C, Riggs PD, Salomonsen-Sautel S, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of atomoxetine for attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder in adolescents with substance use disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010 Jun; 49 (6): 573-82
63. McRae-Clark AL, Carter RE, Killeen TK, et al. A placebocontrolled trial of atomoxetine in marijuana-dependent individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Addict 2010 Nov-Dec; 19 (6): 481-9
64. Bangs ME, Emslie GJ, Spencer TJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and major depression. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2007 Aug; 17 (4): 407-20
65. Allen AJ, Kurlan RM, Gilbert DL, et al. Atomoxetine treatment in children and adolescents with ADHD and comorbid tic disorders. Neurology 2005 Dec 27; 65 (12): 1941-9 (Pubitemid 43970115)
66. Vyvanse- (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate capsules). US prescribing information. Wayne (PA): Shire US Inc., 2011.
67. Pringsheim T, Steeves T. Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; (4): CD007990
68. Deputy SR. Treatment of ADHD in children with tics: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2002 Nov-Dec; 41 (9): 736
69. Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Elia J, et al. Controlled stimulant treatment of ADHD and comorbid Tourette's syndrome: effects of stimulant and dose. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 May; 36 (5): 589-96 (Pubitemid 27184065)
70. Scahill L, Chappell PB, Kim YS, et al. A placebo-controlled study of guanfacine in the treatment of children with tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2001 Jul; 158 (7): 1067-74 (Pubitemid 32623110)
71. McCracken JT, Biederman J, Greenhill LL, et al. Analog classroom assessment of a once-daily mixed amphetamine formulation, SLI381 (Adderall XR), in children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003 Jun; 42 (6): 673-83 (Pubitemid 39625053)
72. Swanson JM, Wigal SB, Wigal T, et al. A comparison of once-daily extended-release methylphenidate formulations in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the laboratory school (the Comacs Study). Pediatrics 2004 Mar; 113 (3 Pt 1): e206-16
73. Biederman J, Boellner SW, Childress A, et al. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and mixed amphetamine salts extended-release in children with ADHD: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover analog classroom study. Biol Psychiatry 2007 Nov 1; 62 (9): 970-6 (Pubitemid 47562371)
74. Wigal SB, Kollins SH, Childress AC, et al. A 13-hour laboratory school study of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in schoolaged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2009; 3 (1): 17
75. Wigal T, Brams M, Gasior M, et al. Effect size of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Postgrad Med 2011 Mar; 123 (2): 169-76
76. Silva R, Muniz R, McCague K, et al. Treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results of a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, crossover study of extended-release dexmethylphenidate and d,l-methylphenidate and placebo in a laboratory classroom setting. Psychopharmacol Bull 2008; 41 (1): 19-33
77. Kelsey DK, Sumner CR, Casat CD, et al. Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, including an assessment of evening and morning behavior: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatrics 2004 Jul; 114 (1): e1-8
78. Hammerness PG, Perrin JM, Shelley-Abrahamson R, et al. Cardiovascular risk of stimulant treatment in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: update and clinical recommendations. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011 Oct; 50 (10): 978-90
79. Murray DW, Arnold LE, Swanson J, et al. A clinical review of outcomes of the multimodal treatment study of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (MTA). Curr Psychiatry Rep 2008 Oct; 10 (5): 424-31
80. Spencer TJ, Kratochvil CJ, Sangal RB, et al. Effects of atomoxetine on growth in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder following up to five years of treatment. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2007 Oct; 17 (5): 689-700
81. Sallee FR, Lyne A, Wigal T, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009 Jun; 19 (3): 215-26
82. Powers RL, Marks DJ, Miller CJ, et al. Stimulant treatment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder moderates adolescent academic outcome. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2008 Oct; 18 (5): 449-59
83. Increasing prevalence of parent-reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children: United States, 2003 and 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010 Nov 12; 59 (44): 1439-43
84. Charach A, Ickowicz A, Schachar R. Stimulant treatment over five years: adherence, effectiveness, and adverse effects. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004 May; 43 (5): 559-67 (Pubitemid 38812367)