Erectile dysfunction and diabetes: A review of the current evidence-based medicine and a synthesis of the main available therapies

Diabetes and Metabolism

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-13

  Phe V ^a   Roupret M ^a  

^a PITIÉ SALPÊTRIÈRE HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Diabetes; Endothelial dysfunction; Erectile dysfunction; Intracavernous injection; Penile prosthesis; Phosphodiesterase inhibitors; Review

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; APOLIPOPROTEIN; BENZODIAZEPINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BUTYROPHENONE; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CYCLIC GMP; ENDOTHELIN 1; ENDOTHELIN B RECEPTOR; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; ILLICIT DRUG; INSULIN; LEUPRORELIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; MIRODENAFIL; PAPAVERINE; PLACEBO; PROSTAGLANDIN E1; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SILDENAFIL; TADALAFIL; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; UDENAFIL; UNINDEXED DRUG; VARDENAFIL; YOHIMBINE;

AGING; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ANAMNESIS; ANXIETY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAUSE OF DEATH; CLINICAL EVALUATION; COMORBIDITY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DEPRESSION; DEVICES; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC MICROANGIOPATHY; DIARRHEA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DYSPEPSIA; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FIBROSIS; FLUSHING; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; GOLD STANDARD; HEADACHE; HEART DEATH; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; HYPOGONADISM; INCIDENCE; INFECTION RISK; INFORMATION RETRIEVAL; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MEDLINE; METABOLIC DISORDER; MICROALBUMINURIA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NOSE CONGESTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PENILE PAIN; PENIS DISEASE; PENIS ERECTION; PENIS PROSTHESIS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; POPULATION BASED CASE CONTROL STUDY; PRIAPISM; PROLONGED ERECTION; PROSTATECTOMY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCREENING; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE; SELF ESTEEM; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL SATISFACTION; SIDE EFFECT; SMOKING; SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION; STROKE; SUPPOSITORY; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VACUUM CONSTRICTION DEVICE; VASODILATATION; VISION;

ADULT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PENILE PROSTHESIS; PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITORS; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING CESSATION;

EID: 84856702110     PISSN: 12623636     EISSN: 18781780     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2011.09.003     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Impotence. JAMA 1993;270:83-90.
2. Feldman H.A., Goldstein I., Hatzichristou D.G., Krane R.J., McKinlay J.B. Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol 1994, 151:54-61.
3. Wild S., Roglic G., Green A., Sicree R., King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:1047-1053.
4. De Berardis G., Franciosi M., Belfiglio M., Di Nardo B., Greenfield S., Kaplan S.H., et al. Erectile dysfunction and quality of life in type 2 diabetic patients: a serious problem too often overlooked. Diabetes Care 2002, 25:284-291.
5. Kalter-Leibovici O., Wainstein J., Ziv A., Harman-Bohem I., Murad H., Raz I. Clinical, socioeconomic, and lifestyle parameters associated with erectile dysfunction among diabetic men. Diabetes Care 2005, 28:1739-1744.
6. Siu S.C., Lo S.K., Wong K.W., Ip K.M., Wong Y.S. Prevalence of and risk factors for erectile dysfunction in Hong Kong diabetic patients. Diabet Med 2001, 18(9):732-738.
7. Bacon C.G., Hu F.B., Giovannucci E., Glasser D.B., Mittleman M.A., Rimm E.B. Association of type and duration of diabetes with erectile dysfunction in a large cohort of men. Diabetes Care 2002, 25:1458-1463.
8. Fedele D., Coscelli C., Santeusanio F., Bortolotti A., Chatenoud L., Colli E., et al. Erectile dysfunction in diabetic subjects in Italy. Gruppo Italiano Studio Deficit Erettile nei Diabetici. Diabetes Care 1998, 21:1973-1977.
9. Sasaki H., Yamasaki H., Ogawa K., Nanjo K., Kawamori R., Iwamoto Y., et al. Prevalence and risk factors for erectile dysfunction in Japanese diabetics. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005, 70:81-89.
10. Cho N.H., Ahn C.W., Park J.Y., Ahn T.Y., Lee H.W., Park T.S., et al. Prevalence of erectile dysfunction in Korean men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2006, 23:198-203.
11. Giugliano F., Maiorino M., Bellastella G., Gicchino M., Giugliano D., Esposito K. Determinants of erectile dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Int J Impot Res 2010, 22:204-209.
12. Cheng J.Y.W., Ng E.M.L., Ko J.S.N., Chen R.Y.L. Physical activity and erectile dysfunction: meta-analysis of population-based studies. Int J Impot Res 2007, 19:245-252.
13. Fedele D., Bortolotti A., Coscelli C., Santeusanio F., Chatenoud L., Colli E., et al. Erectile dysfunction in type 1 and type 2 diabetics in Italy. On behalf of Gruppo Italiano Studio Deficit Erettile nei Diabetici. Int J Epidemiol 2000, 29:524-531.
14. Klein R., Klein B.E.K., Moss S.E. Ten-year incidence of self-reported erectile dysfunction in people with long-term type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Complicat 2005, 19:35-41.
15. Esposito K., Giugliano F., Martedì E., Feola G., Marfella R., D'Armiento M., et al. High proportions of erectile dysfunction in men with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2005, 28:1201-1203.
16. Gündüz M.I., Gümüs B.H., Sekuri C. Relationship between metabolic syndrome and erectile dysfunction. Asian J Androl 2004, 6:355-358.
17. Grundy S.M., Cleeman J.I., Daniels S.R., Donato K.A., Eckel R.H., Franklin B.A., et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement: executive summary. Crit Pathw Cardiol 2005, 4:198-203.
18. Wei M., Macera C.A., Davis D.R., Hornung C.A., Nankin H.R., Blair S.N. Total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol as important predictors of erectile dysfunction. Am J Epidemiol 1994, 140:930-937.
19. Giuliano F.A., Leriche A., Jaudinot E.O., de Gendre A.S. Prevalence of erectile dysfunction among 7689 patients with diabetes or hypertension, or both. Urology 2004, 64:1196-1201.
20. Esposito K., Giugliano F., Ciotola M., De Sio M., D'Armiento M., Giugliano D. Obesity and sexual dysfunction, male and female. Int J Impot Res 2008, 20:358-365.
21. Hatzichristou D.G., Pescatori E.S. Current treatments and emerging therapeutic approaches in male erectile dysfunction. BJU Int 2001, 88(Suppl 3):11-17.
22. Anderson R.J., Freedland K.E., Clouse R.E., Lustman P.J. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2001, 24:1069-1078.
23. De Berardis G., Pellegrini F., Franciosi M., Belfiglio M., Di Nardo B., Greenfield S., et al. Clinical and psychological predictors of incidence of self-reported erectile dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Urol 2007, 177:252-257.
24. De Berardis G., Pellegrini F., Franciosi M., Belfiglio M., Di Nardo B., Greenfield S., et al. Longitudinal assessment of quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes and self-reported erectile dysfunction. Diabetes Care 2005, 28:2637-2643.
25. Montorsi F., Briganti A., Salonia A., Rigatti P., Margonato A., Macchi A., et al. Erectile dysfunction prevalence, time of onset and association with risk factors in 300 consecutive patients with acute chest pain and angiographically documented coronary artery disease. Eur Urol 2003, 44:360-364. (discussion 364-5).
26. Thompson I.M., Tangen C.M., Goodman P.J., Probstfield J.L., Moinpour C.M., Coltman C.A. Erectile dysfunction and subsequent cardiovascular disease. JAMA 2005, 294:2996-3002.
27. Inman B.A., Sauver J.L.S., Jacobson D.J., McGree M.E., Nehra A., Lieber M.M., et al. A population-based, longitudinal study of erectile dysfunction and future coronary artery disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2009, 84:108-113.
28. Chew K.K., Finn J., Stuckey B., Gibson N., Sanfilippo F., Bremner A., et al. Erectile dysfunction as a predictor for subsequent atherosclerotic cardiovascular events: findings from a linked-data study. J Sex Med 2010, 7(1 Pt 1):192-202.
29. Greenstein A., Chen J., Miller H., Matzkin H., Villa Y., Braf Z. Does severity of ischemic coronary disease correlate with erectile function?. Int J Impot Res 1997, 9:123-126.
30. Montorsi P., Ravagnani P.M., Galli S., Rotatori F., Veglia F., Briganti A., et al. Association between erectile dysfunction and coronary artery disease. Role of coronary clinical presentation and extent of coronary vessels involvement: the COBRA trial. Eur Heart J 2006, 27:2632-2639.
31. Chiurlia E., D'Amico R., Ratti C., Granata A.R., Romagnoli R., Modena M.G. Subclinical coronary artery atherosclerosis in patients with erectile dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005, 46:1503-1506.
32. Gazzaruso C., Pujia A., Solerte S.B., Amici E.D., Emanuele E., Falcone C., et al. Erectile dysfunction and angiographic extent of coronary artery disease in type II diabetic patients. Int J Impot Res 2006, 18:311-315.
33. Gazzaruso C., Giordanetti S., De Amici E., Bertone G., Falcone C., Geroldi D., et al. Relationship between erectile dysfunction and silent myocardial ischemia in apparently uncomplicated type 2 diabetic patients. Circulation 2004, 110:22-26.
34. Solomon H., Man J.W., Wierzbicki A.S., Jackson G. Relation of erectile dysfunction to angiographic coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2003, 91:230-231.
35. Ma R.C.-W., So W.-Y., Yang X., Yu L.W.-L., Kong A.P.-S., Ko G.T.-C., et al. Erectile dysfunction predicts coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 51:2045-2050.
36. Gazzaruso C., Solerte S.B., Pujia A., Coppola A., Vezzoli M., Salvucci F., et al. Erectile dysfunction as a predictor of cardiovascular events and death in diabetic patients with angiographically proven asymptomatic coronary artery disease: a potential protective role for statins and 5-phosphodiesterase inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 51:2040-2044.
37. Batty G.D., Li Q., Czernichow S., Neal B., Zoungas S., Huxley R., et al. Erectile dysfunction and later cardiovascular disease in men with type 2 diabetes: prospective cohort study based on the Advance (Action in diabetes and vascular disease: preterax and diamicron modified-release controlled evaluation) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010, 56:1908-1913.
38. González-Juanatey J.R., Alegría Ezquerra E., Gomis Barberá R., Salvador Taboada M.J., Grigorian Shamagian L., Casasnovas Lenguas J.A., et al. Erectile dysfunction as a marker of silent cardiovascular disease in type-2 diabetic patients in Spain. The Diva (diabetes and vascular disease) study. Med Clin 2009, 132:291-297.
39. Gazzaruso C., Coppola A., Giustina A. Erectile dysfunction and coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2011, 7:143-147.
40. Montorsi P., Ravagnani P.M., Galli S., Rotatori F., Briganti A., Salonia A., et al. The artery size hypothesis: a macrovascular link between erectile dysfunction and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2005, 96(12B):19M-23M.
41. Vlachopoulos C., Rokkas K., Ioakeimidis N., Stefanadis C. Inflammation, metabolic syndrome, erectile dysfunction, and coronary artery disease: common links. Eur Urol 2007, 52:1590-1600.
42. Solomon H., Man J.W., Jackson G. Erectile dysfunction and the cardiovascular patient: endothelial dysfunction is the common denominator. Heart 2003, 89:251-253.
43. Cellek S., Rodrigo J., Lobos E., Fernández P., Serrano J., Moncada S. Selective nitrergic neurodegeneration in diabetes mellitus-a nitric oxide-dependent phenomenon. Br J Pharmacol 1999, 128:1804-1812.
44. Shin D., Pregenzer G., Gardin J.M. Erectile dysfunction: a disease marker for cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Rev 2011, 19:5-11.
45. Wen Y., Skidmore J.C., Porter-Turner M.M., Rea C.A., Khokher M.A., Singh B.M. Relationship of glycation, antioxidant status and oxidative stress to vascular endothelial damage in diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2002, 4:305-308.
46. Takahashi K., Ghatei M.A., Lam H.C., O'Halloran D.J., Bloom S.R. Elevated plasma endothelin in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1990, 33:306-310.
47. Rees R.W., Ziessen T., Ralph D.J., Kell P., Moncada S., Cellek S. Human and rabbit cavernosal smooth muscle cells express Rho-kinase. Int J Impot Res 2002, 14:1-7.
48. Henis O., Shahar Y., Steinvil A., Finn T., Heruti R., Loewenstein A., et al. Erectile dysfunction is associated with severe retinopathy in diabetic men. Urology 2011, 77:1133-1136.
49. Morello C.M. Etiology and natural history of diabetic retinopathy: an overview. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007, 64(17 Suppl 12):S3-S7.
50. Norgaz T., Hobikoglu G., Aksu H., Guveli A., Aksoy S., Ozer O., et al. Retinopathy is related to the angiographically detected severity and extent of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int Heart J 2005, 46:639-646.
51. Yamasaki H., Ogawa K., Sasaki H., Nakao T., Wakasaki H., Matsumoto E., et al. Prevalence and risk factors of erectile dysfunction in Japanese men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004, 66(Suppl 1):S173-S177.
52. Hecht M.J., Neundörfer B., Kiesewetter F., Hilz M.J. Neuropathy is a major contributing factor to diabetic erectile dysfunction. Neurol Res 2001, 23:651-654.
53. Pegge N.C., Twomey A.M., Vaughton K., Gravenor M.B., Ramsey M.W., Price D.E. The role of endothelial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction in diabetes and in determining response to treatment. Diabet Med 2006, 23:873-878.
54. Debono M., Cachia E., Cassar A., Calleja N., Mallia M., Vassallo J. Is erectile dysfunction a sentinel symptom for cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes?. Andrologia 2008, 40:1-6.
55. Vinik A.I., Maser R.E., Mitchell B.D., Freeman R. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 2003, 26:1553-1579.
56. Bleustein C.B., Arezzo J.C., Eckholdt H., Melman A. The neuropathy of erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 2002, 14:433-439.
57. Corona G., Mannucci E., Petrone L., Ricca V., Balercia G., Mansani R., et al. Association of hypogonadism and type II diabetes in men attending an outpatient erectile dysfunction clinic. Int J Impot Res 2006, 18:190-197.
58. El-Sakka A.I., Sayed H.M., Tayeb K.A. Type 2 diabetes-associated androgen alteration in patients with erectile dysfunction. Int J Androl 2008, 31:602-608.
59. Kapoor D., Aldred H., Clark S., Channer K.S., Jones T.H. Clinical and biochemical assessment of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: correlations with bioavailable testosterone and visceral adiposity. Diabetes Care 2007, 30:911-917.
60. Kapoor D., Clarke S., Channer K.S., Jones T.H. Erectile dysfunction is associated with low bioactive testosterone levels and visceral adiposity in men with type 2 diabetes. Int J Androl 2007, 30:500-507.
61. Brüning J.C., Gautam D., Burks D.J., Gillette J., Schubert M., Orban P.C., et al. Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body weight and reproduction. Science 2000, 289:2122-2125.
62. Al-Hunayan A., Al-Mutar M., Kehinde E.O., Thalib L., Al-Ghorory M. The prevalence and predictors of erectile dysfunction in men with newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BJU Int 2007, 99:130-134.
63. Hermans M.P., Ahn S.A., Rousseau M.F. Erectile dysfunction, microangiopathy and UKPDS risk in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2009, 35:484-489.
64. Aslan Y., Sezgin T., Tuncel A., Tekdogan U.Y., Guler S., Atan A. Is type 2 diabetes mellitus a cause of severe erectile dysfunction in patients with metabolic syndrome?. Urology 2009, 74:561-564.
65. Stampfer M.J., Malinow M.R., Willett W.C., Newcomer L.M., Upson B., Ullmann D., et al. A prospective study of plasma homocyst(e)ine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. JAMA 1992, 268:877-881.
66. Perry I.J., Refsum H., Morris R.W., Ebrahim S.B., Ueland P.M., Shaper A.G. Prospective study of serum total homocysteine concentration and risk of stroke in middle-aged British men. Lancet 1995, 346:1395-1398.
67. Nygård O., Nordrehaug J.E., Refsum H., Ueland P.M., Farstad M., Vollset S.E. Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1997, 337:230-236.
68. Al-Hunayan A., Thalib L., Kehinde E.O., Asfar S. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for erectile dysfunction in men with adult-onset diabetes mellitus. Urology 2008, 71:897-900.
69. Hatzimouratidis K., Amar E., Eardley I., Giuliano F., Hatzichristou D., Montorsi F., et al. Guidelines on male sexual dysfunction: erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. Eur Urol 2010, 57:804-814.
70. Kostis J.B., Jackson G., Rosen R., Barrett-Connor E., Billups K., Burnett A.L., et al. Sexual dysfunction and cardiac risk (the Second Princeton Consensus Conference). Am J Cardiol 2005, 96:313-321.
71. Adeniyi A.F., Adeleye J.O., Adeniyi C.Y. Diabetes, sexual dysfunction and therapeutic exercise: a 20 year review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2010, 6:201-206.
72. Rosen R.C., Wing R.R., Schneider S., Wadden T.A., Foster G.D., West D.S., et al. Erectile dysfunction in type 2 diabetic men: relationship to exercise fitness and cardiovascular risk factors in the Look Ahead trial. J Sex Med 2009, 6:1414-1422.
73. Wing R.R., Rosen R.C., Fava J.L., Bahnson J., Brancati F., Gendrano Iii I.N.C., et al. Effects of weight loss intervention on erectile function in older men with type 2 diabetes in the Look AHEAD trial. J Sex Med 2010, 7(1 Pt 1):156-165.
74. Wessells H., Penson D.F., Cleary P., Rutledge B.N., Lachin J.M., McVary K.T., et al. Effect of intensive glycemic therapy on erectile function in men with type 1 diabetes. J Urol 2011, 185:1828-1834.
75. Lu C.C., Jiann B.P., Sun C.C., Lam H.C., Chu C.H., Lee J.K. Association of glycemic control with risk of erectile dysfunction in men with type 2 diabetes. J Sex Med 2009, 6:1719-1728.
76. Gazzaruso C. Erectile dysfunction and coronary atherothrombosis in diabetic patients: pathophysiology, clinical features and treatment. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2006, 4:173-180.
77. Ferrario C.M., Levy P. Sexual dysfunction in patients with hypertension: implications for therapy. J Clin Hypertens 2002, 4:424-432.
78. Cordero A., Bertomeu-Martínez V., Mazón P., Fácila L., Bertomeu-González V., Conthe P., et al. Erectile dysfunction in high-risk hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockade agents. Cardiovasc Ther 2010, 28:15-22.
79. Corona G., Mannucci E., Forti G., Maggi M. Following the common association between testosterone deficiency and diabetes mellitus, can testosterone be regarded as a new therapy for diabetes?. Int J Androl 2009, 32:431-441.
80. Goldstein I., Young J.M., Fischer J., Bangerter K., Segerson T., Taylor T. Vardenafil, a new phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes: a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled fixed-dose study. Diabetes Care 2003, 26:777-783.
81. Rendell M.S., Rajfer J., Wicker P.A., Smith M.D. Sildenafil for treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Sildenafil diabetes study group. JAMA 1999, 281:421-426.
82. Vardi M, Nini A. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for erectile dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;CD002187.
83. Kloner R., Padma-Nathan H. Erectile dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Impot Res 2005, 17:209-215.
84. Bruzziches R., Greco E.A., Pili M., Francomano D., Spera G., Aversa A. Redefining the role of long-acting phosphodiesterase inhibitor tadalafil in the treatment of diabetic erectile dysfunction. Curr Diabetes Rev 2008, 4:24-30.
85. Fink H.A., Mac Donald R., Rutks I.R., Nelson D.B., Wilt T.J. Sildenafil for male erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162:1349-1360.
86. Price D.E., Gingell J.C., Gepi-Attee S., Wareham K., Yates P., Boolell M. Sildenafil: study of a novel oral treatment for erectile dysfunction in diabetic men. Diabet Med 1998, 15:821-825.
87. Deyoung L, Chung E, Kovac JR, Romano W, Brock GB. Daily Use of Sildenafil Improves Endothelial Function in Type 2 Diabetic Men. J Androl. doi: 10.2164/jandrol.111.013367.
88. Ishii N., Nagao K., Fujikawa K., Tachibana T., Iwamoto Y., Kamidono S. Vardenafil 20-mg demonstrated superior efficacy to 10-mg in Japanese men with diabetes mellitus suffering from erectile dysfunction. Int J Urol 2006, 13:1066-1072.
89. Ziegler D., Merfort F., van Ahlen H., Yassin A., Reblin T., Neureither M. Efficacy and safety of flexible-dose vardenafil in men with type 1 diabetes and erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med 2006, 3:883-891.
90. Fonseca V., Seftel A., Denne J., Fredlund P. Impact of diabetes mellitus on the severity of erectile dysfunction and response to treatment: analysis of data from tadalafil clinical trials. Diabetologia 2004, 47:1914-1923.
91. Buvat J., van Ahlen H., Schmitt H., Chan M., Kuepfer C., Varanese L. Efficacy and safety of two dosing regimens of tadalafil and patterns of sexual activity in men with diabetes mellitus and erectile dysfunction: scheduled use vs. on-demand regimen evaluation (SURE) study in 14 European countries. J Sex Med 2006, 3:512-520.
92. Cheitlin M.D. Should the patient with coronary artery disease use sildenafil?. Prev Cardiol 2003, 6:161-165.
93. Kloner R.A. Assessment of cardiovascular risk in patients with erectile dysfunction: focus on the diabetic patient. Endocrine 2004, 23:125-129.
94. Weinsaft J.W., Hickey K., Bokhari S., Shahzad A., Bedding A., Costigan T.M., et al. Effects of tadalafil on myocardial blood flow in patients with coronary artery disease. Coron Artery Dis 2006, 17:493-499.
95. Reffelmann T., Kloner R.A. Cardiovascular effects of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors. Curr Pharm Des 2006, 12:3485-3494.
96. Sesti C., Florio V., Johnson E.G., Kloner R.A. The phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor tadalafil reduces myocardial infarct size. Int J Impot Res 2007, 19:55-61.
97. Bocchio M., Pelliccione F., Passaquale G., Mihalca R., Necozione S., Desideri G., et al. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5 with tadalafil is associated to an improved activity of circulating angiogenic cells in men with cardiovascular risk factors and erectile dysfunction. Atherosclerosis 2008, 196:313-319.
98. Halcox J.P.J., Nour K.R.A., Zalos G., Mincemoyer R.A., Waclawiw M., Rivera C.E., et al. The effect of sildenafil on human vascular function, platelet activation, and myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 40:1232-1240.
99. Rosano G.M.C., Aversa A., Vitale C., Fabbri A., Fini M., Spera G. Chronic treatment with tadalafil improves endothelial function in men with increased cardiovascular risk. Eur Urol 2005, 47:214-220. [discussion 220-2].
100. Moon DG, Yang DY, Lee CH, Ahn TY, Min KS, Park K, et al. A Therapeutic confirmatory study to assess the safety and efficacy of Zydena®(Udenafil) for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in male patients with diabetes mellitus. J Sex Med. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02268.x.
101. Park HJ, Choi HK, Ahn TY, Park JK, Chung WS, Lee SW, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral mirodenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in diabetic men in korea: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Sex Med. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01888.x.
102. Moore C.R., Wang R. Pathophysiology and treatment of diabetic erectile dysfunction. Asian J Androl 2006, 8:675-684.
103. Vardi Y., Sprecher E., Gruenwald I. Logistic regression and survival analysis of 450 impotent patients treated with injection therapy: long-term dropout parameters. J Urol 2000, 163:467-470.
104. Hatzimouratidis K., Hatzichristou D.G. A comparative review of the options for treatment of erectile dysfunction: which treatment for which patient?. Drugs 2005, 65:1621-1650.
105. Padma-Nathan H., Hellstrom W.J., Kaiser F.E., Labasky R.F., Lue T.F., Nolten W.E., et al. Treatment of men with erectile dysfunction with transurethral alprostadil. Medicated urethral system for erection (Muse) study group. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:1-7.
106. Levine L.A., Dimitriou R.J. Vacuum constriction and external erection devices in erectile dysfunction. Urol Clin North Am 2001, 28:335-341. [ix-x].
107. Price D.E., Cooksey G., Jehu D., Bentley S., Hearnshaw J.R., Osborn D.E. The management of impotence in diabetic men by vacuum tumescence therapy. Diabet Med 1991, 8:964-967.
108. Sidi A.A., Becher E.F., Zhang G., Lewis J.H. Patient acceptance of and satisfaction with an external negative pressure device for impotence. J Urol 1990, 144:1154-1156.
109. Susset J.G., Tessier C.D., Wincze J., Bansal S., Malhotra C., Schwacha M.G. Effect of yohimbine hydrochloride on erectile impotence: a double-blind study. J Urol 1989, 141:1360-1363.
110. Carson C.C., Mulcahy J.J., Harsch M.R. Long-term infection outcomes after original antibiotic impregnated inflatable penile prosthesis implants: up to 7.7 years of follow-up. J Urol 2011, 185:614-618.
111. Montague D.K., Angermeier K.W., Lakin M.M. Penile prosthesis infections. Int J Impot Res 2001, 13:326-328.
112. Wilson S.K., Carson C.C., Cleves M.A., Delk J.R.2nd Quantifying risk of penile prosthesis infection with elevated glycosylated haemoglobin. J Urol 1998, 159:1537-1539. [discussion 1539-40].
113. Wilson S.K., Delk J.R.2nd. Inflatable penile implant infection: predisposing factors and treatment suggestions. J Urol 1995, 153(3 Pt 1):659-661.
114. Jarow J.P. Risk factors for penile prosthetic infection. J Urol 1996, 156(2 Pt 1):402-404.
115. Bishop J.R., Moul J.W., Sihelnik S.A., Peppas D.S., Gormley T.S., McLeod D.G. Use of glycosylated haemoglobin to identify diabetics at high risk for penile periprosthetic infections. J Urol 1992, 147:386-388.
116. Stuckey B.G.A., Jadzinsky M.N., Murphy L.J., Montorsi F., Kadioglu A., Fraige F., et al. Sildenafil citrate for treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with type 1 diabetes: results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2003, 26:279-284.
117. Safarinejad M.R. Oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in diabetic men: a randomized double-blind and placebo-controlled study. J Diabetes Complicat 2004, 18:205-210.
118. Boulton A.J., Selam J.L., Sweeney M., Ziegler D. Sildenafil citrate for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with Type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2001, 44:1296-1301.
119. Sáenz de Tejada I., Anglin G., Knight J.R., Emmick J.T. Effects of tadalafil on erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002, 25:2159-2164.
120. Hatzichristou D., Gambla M., Rubio-Aurioles E., Buvat J., Brock G.B., Spera G., et al. Efficacy of tadalafil once daily in men with diabetes mellitus and erectile dysfunction. Diabet Med 2008, 25:138-146.