Outbreaks of human monkeypox after cessation of smallpox vaccination

Trends in Microbiology

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 80-87

  Reynolds, Mary G ^a   Damon, Inger K ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR EMERGING AND ZOONOTIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

Congo Basin; Ecological niche; Emerging infectious disease; Immune evasion; Monkeypox; Smallpox vaccine

Indexed keywords

LC16M8 VACCINE; MODIFIED VACCINIA ANKARA VIRUS VACCINE; MONKEYPOX VACCINE; SMALLPOX VACCINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS ANTIBODY;

AFRICA; ANTIBODY DETECTION; ATOPY; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CONGO; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STORAGE; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; EPIDEMIC; GEOGRAPHY; HUMAN; HUMAN MONKEYPOX; INCIDENCE; MONKEYPOX; MONKEYPOX VIRUS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; ORTHOPOXVIRUS; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SMALLPOX; SYMPTOM; T LYMPHOCYTE; UNITED STATES; VACCINATION; VIRUS ATTENUATION; VIRUS STRAIN; VIRUS VIRULENCE; WEST AFRICA;

AFRICA; ANIMALS; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; DISEASE RESERVOIRS; HUMANS; IMMUNE EVASION; MONKEYPOX; MONKEYPOX VIRUS; PHYLOGENY; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; RODENTIA; SMALLPOX; UNITED STATES; VACCINATION; VACCINES, ATTENUATED; VARIOLA VIRUS; VIRAL VACCINES; ZOONOSES;

VARIOLA VIRUS;

EID: 84856683084     PISSN: 0966842X     EISSN: 18784380     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.12.001     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Reed K.D., et al. The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 350:342-350.
2. Hutin Y.J., et al. Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2001, 7:434-438.
3. Meyer H., et al. Outbreaks of disease suspected of being due to human monkeypox virus infection in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2001. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2002, 40:2919-2921.
4. Rimoin A.W., et al. Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107:16262-16267.
5. Damon I.K., et al. Discovery of monkeypox in Sudan. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006, 355:962-963.
6. Formenty P., et al. Human monkeypox outbreak caused by novel virus belonging to Congo Basin clade, Sudan, 2005. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2010, 16:1539-1545.
7. Learned L.A., et al. Extended interhuman transmission of monkeypox in a hospital community in the Republic of the Congo, 2003. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2005, 73:428-434.
8. Jezek Z., et al. Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282 patients. J. Infect. Dis. 1987, 156:293-298.
9. von Magnus P., et al. A pox-like disease in Cynomolgus monkeys. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 1959, 46:156-176.
10. Arita I., et al. Human monkeypox: a newly emerged orthopoxvirus zoonosis in the tropical rain forests of Africa. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1985, 34:781-789.
11. MacNeil A., et al. Transmission of atypical varicella-zoster virus infections involving palm and sole manifestations in an area with monkeypox endemicity. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2009, 48:e6-e8.
12. Jezek Z., et al. Human monkeypox: a study of 2,510 contacts of 214 patients. J. Infect. Dis. 1986, 154:551-555.
13. Jezek Z., et al. Human monkeypox: disease pattern, incidence and attack rates in a rural area of northern Zaire. Trop. Geogr. Med. 1988, 40:73-83.
14. Likos A.M., et al. A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses. J. Gen. Virol. 2005, 86:2661-2672.
15. Fuller T., et al. Using remote sensing to map the risk of human monkeypox virus in the Congo Basin. Ecohealth 2011, 8:14-25.
16. Levine R.S., et al. Ecological niche and geographic distribution of human monkeypox in Africa. PLoS ONE 2007, 2:e176.
17. Hutson C.L., et al. Monkeypox zoonotic associations: insights from laboratory evaluation of animals associated with the multi-state US outbreak. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2007, 76:757-768.
18. Peterson A.T., et al. Native-range ecology and invasive potential of Cricetomys in North America. J. Mammal. 2006, 87:427-432.
19. Lederman E.R., et al. Prevalence of antibodies against orthopoxviruses among residents of Likouala region, Republic of Congo: evidence for monkeypox virus exposure. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2007, 77:1150-1156.
20. Reynolds M.G., et al. A silent enzootic of an orthopoxvirus in Ghana, West Africa: evidence for multi-species involvement in the absence of widespread human disease. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2010, 82:746-754.
21. Karem K.L., et al. Characterization of acute-phase humoral immunity to monkeypox: use of immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of monkeypox infection during the 2003 North American outbreak. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2005, 12:867-872.
22. Hammarlund E., et al. Multiple diagnostic techniques identify previously vaccinated individuals with protective immunity against monkeypox. Nat. Med. 2005, 11:1005-1011.
23. Dubois M.E., Slifka M.K. Retrospective analysis of monkeypox infection. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008, 14:592-599.
24. Reynolds M.G., et al. Spectrum of infection and risk factors for human monkeypox, United States, 2003. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007, 13:1332-1339.
25. Fleischauer A.T., et al. Evaluation of human-to-human transmission of monkeypox from infected patients to health care workers. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005, 40:689-694.
26. Chen N., et al. Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from West Africa and the Congo basin. Virology 2005, 340:46-63.
27. Rimoin A.W., et al. Endemic human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2001-2004. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007, 13:934-937.
28. Huhn G.D., et al. Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005, 41:1742-1751.
29. Reynolds M.G., et al. Clinical manifestations of human monkeypox influenced by route of infection. J. Infect. Dis. 2006, 194:773-780.
30. Sejvar J.J., et al. Human monkeypox infection: a family cluster in the midwestern United States. J. Infect. Dis. 2004, 190:1833-1840.
31. Hutson C.L., et al. Comparison of West African and Congo Basin monkeypox viruses in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e8912.
32. Hutson C.L., et al. Dosage comparison of Congo Basin and West African strains of monkeypox virus using a prairie dog animal model of systemic orthopoxvirus disease. Virology 2010, 402:72-82.
33. Osorio J.E., et al. Comparison of monkeypox viruses pathogenesis in mice by in vivo imaging. PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e6592.
34. Sbrana E., et al. Comparative pathology of north american and central african strains of monkeypox virus in a ground squirrel model of the disease. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2007, 76:155-164.
35. Saijo M., et al. Virulence and pathophysiology of the Congo Basin and West African strains of monkeypox virus in non-human primates. J. Gen. Virol. 2009, 90:2266-2271.
36. Estep R.D., et al. Deletion of the monkeypox virus inhibitor of complement enzymes locus impacts the adaptive immune response to monkeypox virus in a nonhuman primate model of infection. J. Virol. 2011, 85:9527-9542.
37. Liszewski M.K., et al. Structure and regulatory profile of the monkeypox inhibitor of complement: comparison to homologs in vaccinia and variola and evidence for dimer formation. J. Immunol. 2006, 176:3725-3734.
38. Weaver J.R., Isaacs S.N. Monkeypox virus and insights into its immunomodulatory proteins. Immunol. Rev. 2008, 225:96-113.
39. Girgis N.M., et al. The vaccinia virus complement control protein modulates adaptive immune responses during infection. J. Virol. 2011, 85:2547-2556.
40. Rubins K.H., et al. Stunned silence: gene expression programs in human cells infected with monkeypox or vaccinia virus. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e15615.
41. Mohamed M.R., McFadden G. NFkB inhibitors: strategies from poxviruses. Cell Cycle 2009, 8:3125-3132.
42. Karem K.L., et al. Monkeypox-induced immunity and failure of childhood smallpox vaccination to provide complete protection. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2007, 14:1318-1327.
43. Fernandez de Marco M.M., et al. The highly virulent variola and monkeypox viruses express secreted inhibitors of type I interferon. FASEB J. 2010, 24:1479-1488.
44. Jones J.M., et al. Monkeypox virus viral chemokine inhibitor (MPV vCCI), a potent inhibitor of rhesus macrophage inflammatory protein-1. Cytokine 2008, 43:220-228.
45. Montanuy I., et al. Glycosaminoglycans mediate retention of the poxvirus type I interferon binding protein at the cell surface to locally block interferon antiviral responses. FASEB J. 2011, 25:1960-1971.
46. + T cell responses by suppressing cognate T cell activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105:14567-14572.
47. Keasey S., et al. Proteomic basis of the antibody response to monkeypox virus infection examined in cynomolgus macaques and a comparison to human smallpox vaccination. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e15547.
48. Nalca A., et al. Experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) with aerosolized monkeypox virus. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e12880.
49. Goff A., et al. Infection of cynomolgus macaques with a recombinant monkeypox virus encoding green fluorescent protein. Arch. Virol. 2011, 156:1877-1881.
50. Earl P.L., et al. Immunogenicity of a highly attenuated MVA smallpox vaccine and protection against monkeypox. Nature 2004, 428:182-185.
51. Stittelaar K.J., et al. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara protects macaques against respiratory challenge with monkeypox virus. J. Virol. 2005, 79:7845-7851.
52. Earl P.L., et al. Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara provides durable protection against disease caused by an immunodeficiency virus as well as long-term immunity to an orthopoxvirus in a non-human primate. Virology 2007, 366:84-97.
53. Edghill-Smith Y., et al. Smallpox vaccine does not protect macaques with AIDS from a lethal monkeypox virus challenge. J. Infect. Dis. 2005, 191:372-381.
54. Saijo M., et al. LC16m8, a highly attenuated vaccinia virus vaccine lacking expression of the membrane protein B5R, protects monkeys from monkeypox. J. Virol. 2006, 80:5179-5188.
55. Kenner J., et al. LC16m8: an attenuated smallpox vaccine. Vaccine 2006, 24:7009-7022.
56. Kidokoro M., et al. Genetically stable and fully effective smallpox vaccine strain constructed from highly attenuated vaccinia LC16m8. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2005, 102:4152-4157.
57. Gordon S.N., et al. Smallpox vaccine safety is dependent on T cells and not B cells. J. Infect. Dis. 2011, 203:1043-1053.
58. Buchman G.W., et al. A protein-based smallpox vaccine protects non-human primates from a lethal monkeypox virus challenge. Vaccine 2010, 28:6627-6636.
59. Heraud J.M., et al. Subunit recombinant vaccine protects against monkeypox. J. Immunol. 2006, 177:2552-2564.
60. Golden J.W., Hooper J.W. Heterogeneity in the A33 protein impacts the cross-protective efficacy of a candidate smallpox DNA vaccine. Virology 2008, 377:19-29.
61. Hooper J.W., et al. Four-gene-combination DNA vaccine protects mice against a lethal vaccinia virus challenge and elicits appropriate antibody responses in nonhuman primates. Virology 2003, 306:181-195.
62. Hooper J.W., et al. Smallpox DNA vaccine protects nonhuman primates against lethal monkeypox. J. Virol. 2004, 78:4433-4443.
63. Hirao L.A., et al. Multivalent smallpox DNA vaccine delivered by intradermal electroporation drives protective immunity in nonhuman primates against lethal monkeypox challenge. J. Infect. Dis. 2011, 203:95-102.
64. Hooper J.W., et al. Smallpox DNA vaccine delivered by novel skin electroporation device protects mice against intranasal poxvirus challenge. Vaccine 2007, 25:1814-1823.
65. Ronquist F., Huelsenbeck J.P. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 2003, 19:1572-1574.
66. Swofford D.L., et al. Bias in phylogenetic estimation and its relevance to the choice between parsimony and likelihood methods. Syst. Biol. 2001, 50:525-539.
67. Schneider W.H. Smallpox in Africa during colonial rule. Med. Hist. 2009, 53:193-227.
68. Tchokoteu P.F., et al. Variola or a severe case of varicella? A case of human variola due to monkeypox virus in a child from the Cameroon. Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. 1991, 71:123-128.
69. Arita I. The current status of monkeypox: memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull. World Health Org. 1984, 62:703-713.
70. Khodakevich L., et al. Monkey pox virus infection in humans in the Central African Republic. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Filiales 1985, 78:311-320.
71. Meyer A., et al. First appearance of monkey pox in human beings in Gabon. Med. Trop. (Mars.) 1991, 51:53-57.
72. Foster S.O., et al. Human monkeypox. Bull. World Health Org. 1972, 46:569-576.
73. Breman J.G., et al. Human poxvirus disease after smallpox eradication. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1977, 26:273-281.
74. Upton C., et al. Poxvirus orthologous clusters: toward defining the minimum essential poxvirus genome. J. Virol. 2003, 77:7590-7600.