Deterministic rainfall induced landslide approaches, advantage and limitation

Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering

Volumn 16 U, Issue , 2011, Pages 1619-1650

  Safaei, Mehrdad ^a   Omar, Husaini ^a   Huat, Bujang K ^a   Yousof, Zenoddin B M ^a   Ghiasi, Vahed ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY PUTRA MALAYSIA   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Deterministic; Landslide; Rainfall; Susceptibility

Indexed keywords

EID: 84856581935     PISSN: None     EISSN: 10893032     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Editorial

References (172)

1. AGS. (2007). Guideline for Landslide Susceptibility, Hazard and Risk Zoning for Land Use Management. Australian Geomechanics Society, Australian Geomechanics, 42 (1).
2. Aleotti, P., & Chowdury, R. (1999). Landslide hazard assessment: summary review and new perspectives. Bull. Eng. Geol. Env, 21-44.
3. Alexander, D. E. (2008). A brief survey of GIS in mass-movement studies, with reflections on theory and methods. Geomorphology, 94, 261-267.
4. Atkinson, P. M., & Massari, R. (1998). Generalized linear modelling of susceptibility to landsliding in the central Apennines, Italy. Computers and Geosciences, 24(4), 373-385.
5. Baum, R. L., Coe, J. A., Godt, J. W., Harp, E. L., Reid, M. E., Savage, W. Z., et al. (2005). Regional landslide-hazard assessment for Seattle, Washington, USA. Landslides, 2 (4), 266-279.
6. Begueria, S. (2006). Validation and Evaluation of Predictive Models in Hazard Assessment and Risk Management. Natural Hazards, 37, 315-329.
7. Binaghi, E., Luzi, L., & Madella, P. (1998). Slope instability zonation: a comparison between certainty factor and fuzzy Demster - Shafer approaches. Natural hazards, 17, 77-97.
8. Birkinshaw, S. J., James, P., & Ewen, J. (2010). Graphical User Interface for Rapid Set-up of SHETRAN Physically-Based River Catchment Model. Environmental Modelling & Software, 609-610.
9. Bishop, A. W. (1995). The use of the slip circle in the stability analysis of slopes. Geotechnique, 5 (1), 7-15.
10. Bolt, B. H. (1975). Geological Hazards. Verlag, New York: Springer.
11. Bonham-Carter, G. F., Agterberg, F. P., & Wright, D. F. (1989). Weights of evidence modelling: a new approach to mapping mineral potential. (F. B.-C. Agterberg, Ed.) Statistical Applications in the Earth Science.
12. Borga, M., Dalla Fontana, G., Gregoretti, C., & Marchi, L. (2002). Assessment of shallow landsliding by using a physically based model of hillslope stability. Hydrological Processes, 16, 2833-2851.
13. Capparelli, G., Biondi, D., De Luca, D., & Versace, P. (2009). Hydrological and complete models for forecasting landslides triggered by rainfalls. Proceedings of the First Italian Workshop on Landslides (pp. 162-173). Napoli (Italy): Versace Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy.
14. Carrara, A. (1983). A multivariate model for landslide hazard evaluation. Mathematical Geology, 15, 403-426.
15. Carrara, A. (1988). Landslide hazard mapping by statistical methods: A "Black Box" approach. Workshop on Natural Disaster in European Mediterranean Countries, Perugia, Italy, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Perugia, (pp. 205-224).
16. Carrara, A., & Pike, R. (2008). GIS technology and models for assessing landslide hazard and risk. Geomorphology, 94, 257-260.
17. Carrara, A., & Pike, R. (2008). GIS technology and models for assessing landslide hazard and risk: Editorial. Geomorphology, 94, 257-260.
18. Carrara, A., Cardinali, M., Detti, R., Guzzettid, F., Pasquid, V., & Reichenbach, P. (1991). GIS Techniques and statistical models in evaluating landslide hazard. Earth Surface Processes and Landform, 16:5, 427-445.
19. Carrara, A., Cardinali, M., Guzzetti, F., & Reichenbach, P. (1995). GIS technology in mapping landslide hazard. In A. Carrara, & F. Guzzetti, Geographical Information Systems in Assessing Natural Hazards. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
20. Chen, H., & Lee, C. F. (2003). A dynamic model for rainfall-induced landslides on natural slopes. Geomorphology, 51:4, 269-288.
21. Chowdhury, R., & Flentje, P. (2002). Uncertainties in rainfall-induced landslide hazard, Quarterly. Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 25, 61-69.
22. Chung, C. F., Fabbri, A. G., & van Westen, C. J. (1995). Multivariate regression analysis for landslide hazard zonation. (A. Carrara, & F. Guzzetti, Eds.) Geographical Information Systems in assessing Natural Hazards.
23. Chung, C. J., & Fabbri, A. G. (1999). Probabilistic prediction models for landslide hazard mapping. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing,, 65:12, 1389-1399.
24. Clerici, A., Perego, S., Tellini, C., & Vescovi, P. (2002). A procedure for landslide susceptibility zonation by the conditional analysis method. Geomorphology, Volume 48 (4), 349-364.
25. Corominas, J. (2008). JTC-1 Joint Technical Committee on landslides and engineered slopes, guidelines for landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk zoning for landuse planning, susceotibility. Barcelona, Spain: Technical University of Catalonia.
26. CRED. (2006). Retrieved from International Disaster Database: http://www.cred.be/emdat.
27. Crosta, G. B., & Dal Negro, P. (2003). Observations and modelling of soil slip-debris flow initiation processes in pyroclastic deposits: the Sarno 1998 event. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS), 3(1-2), 53-69.
28. Crosta, G. B., & Frattini, P. (2003). Distributed modelling of shallow landslides triggered by intense rainfall. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 81-93.
29. Crosta, G., & Agliardi, F. (2002). How to obtain alert velocity thresholds for large rockslides. Phys Chem Earth, 1557-1565.
30. Crosta, P. B., & Frattini, P. (2008). Preface Rainfall-induced landslides and debris flows. Hydrol. Process, 25, 473-477.
31. Dai, F. C., & Lee, F. C. (2002). Landslide characteristics and slope instability modelling using GIS, Lantau Island, Hong Kong. Geomorphology, 42, 213-228.
32. Davis, T., & Keller, C. (1997). Modelling uncertainty in natural resource analysis using fuzzy sets and Monte Carlo simulation:slope stability prediction. Int J Geogr Inf Sci, 409-434.
33. Dietrich, W. E., & Montgomery, D. R. (1998). a digital terrain model for mapping shallow landslide potential. http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~geomorph/shalstab/. Accessed on 30th June 2007.
34. Dietrich, W. E., Bellugi, D., & Real de Asua, R. (2001). Validation of the shallow landslide model, SHALSTAB, for forest management. Water science and Application, 2, 195-227.
35. Dietrich, W. E., Reiss, R., Hsu, M. L., & Montgomery, D. R. (1995). A process-based model for colluvial soil depth and shallow landsliding using digital elevation data. Hydrol. Processes, 9, 383-400.
36. Dietrich, W. E., Wilson, C. J., Montgomery, D. R., & McKean, J. (1993). Analysis of erosion thresholds, channel networks, and landscape morphology using a digital terrain model. Journal of Geology, 101, 259-278.
37. Drummond, C., & Holte, R. C. (2006). Cost curves: An improved method for visualizing classifier performance. Machine Learning, 65 (1), 95-130.
38. Dymond, J. R., DeRose, R. C., & Harmsworth, G. R. (1995). Automated mapping of land components from digital elevation data. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 20, 131-137.
39. Dymond, J. R., Jessen, M. R., & Lovell, L. R. (1999). Computer simulation of shallow landsliding in New Zealand hill country. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 1, 122-131.
40. Ewen, J. P. (2000). SHETRAN: distributed river basin flow and transport modeling system. J. Hydrol. Eng, 5, 250-258.
41. Galang, J. (2004). A Comparison of GIS Approaches to slope instability zonation in the central Blue Ridge mountains of Virginia. Virginia: Msc thesis, Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg.
42. Graham, J. (1984). Methods of Stability Analysis. (D. Brunsden, & D. B. Prior, Eds.) Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba,: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
43. Gray, D. H., & Megahan, W. F. (1981). Forest vegetation removal and slope stability in the Idaho Batholith. Research Paper INT.
44. Gritzner, M., Marcus, W., Aspinall, R., & Custer, S. (2001). Assessing landslide potential using GIS, soil wetness modeling, and topographic attributes, Payette River, Idaho. Geomorphology, 37, 149-165.
45. Guzzetti,,. F., Carrara, A., Cardinali, M., & Reichenbach, P. (1999). Landslide hazard evaluation: an aid to a sustainable development. Geomorphology, 31, 181-216.
46. Guzzetti, F., & Tonelli, G. (2004). SICI: an information system on historical landslides and floods in Italy. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 4 (2), 213-232.
47. Guzzetti F. (2003) Landslide hazard assessment and risk evaluation: limits and prospective. In: Jansà A. & Romero R. (eds.), Proceedings 4th Plinius Conference on Mediterranean Storms, Mallorca, Spain, Universitat de Illes Baleares, CD-ROM, ISBN 84-7632-792-7.
48. Guzzetti, F., Cardinali, M., & Reichenbach, P. (1996). The influence of structural setting and lithology on landslide type and pattern. Enviromental and Engineering Geology, 531-555.
49. Guzzetti, F., Cardinali, M., Reichenbach, P., & Carrara, A. (1999). Comparing landslide maps: A case study in the upper Tiber River Basin, central Italy. Environmental Management, 25, 247-363.
50. Guzzetti, F., Carrara, A. B., & Card, B. (1999). Landslide hazard evaluation: a review of current techniques and their application in a multi-scale study Central Italy. Geomorphology, 31, 181-216.
51. Guzzetti, F., Malamud, B. D., Turcotte, D. L., & Reichenbach, P. (2002). Power-law correlations of landslide areas in central Italy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 195(3-4), 169-183.
52. Hammond, C. J., Prellwitz, R. W., & Miller, S. M. (1992). Landslide hazard assessment using Monte Carlo Simulation. Proceedings 6th International symposium on Landslides (pp. 959-964). Christchurch, New Zealand: Balkema publisher.
53. Haneberg, W. C. (2004). A rational probabilistic method for spatially distributed landslide hazard assessment. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, 27-43.
54. Haneberg, W. C. (2005). probabilistic infinite slope analysis user manual PISA:. Version 1.0.
55. Harp, E. L., & Jibson, R. W. (1995). Inventory of landslides triggered by the Northridge, California earthquake. U.S. Geological Survey.
56. Iverson, R. (2000). Landslide triggering by rain infiltration. Water Resource, 36, 1897-19.
57. Jibson, R. W. (1993). Predicting earthquake-induced landslide displacements using Newmark's sliding block analysis. Transportation Research Board Record, 9-17.
58. Jibson, R. W. (2007). Regression models for estimating coseismic landslide displacement. Engineering Geology, 91 (2-4), 209-218.
59. Jibson, R. W., Harp, E. L., & Michael, J. A. (2000). A method for producing digital probabilistic seismic landslide hazard maps. Engineering Geology, 58, 271-289.
60. Jibson, R. W., Harp, E. L., & Michael, J. A. (1998). A method for producing digital probabilistic seismic landslide hazard maps: an example from the Los Angeles, California Area. U.S. Geological Survey.
61. Lee, S., & Min, K. (2002). Landslide susceptibility analysis and verification using a Bayesian probability model. Environmental Geology, 43, 120-131.
62. Lee, S., Hyung, J., Sun, J., & Park, H. J. (2004). Determination and application of the weights for landslide susceptibility mapping using an artificial neural network. Engineering Geology, 289-302.
63. Lin, M. L., & Tung, C. C. (2004). A GIS-Based Potential Analysis of the Landslides Induced by the Chi_Chi Earthquake. Engineering Geology, 71, 63-77.
64. Long, N. T. (2008). Landslide susceptibility mapping of the mountainous area in a Luoi district, Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam. Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering. Virje Universiteit Brussel.
65. Luzi, L., & Pergalani, F. (2000). a correlation between slope failures and accelerometric parameters: the 26 September 1997 earthquake (Umbria-Marche, Italy). Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 20, 301-313.
66. Luzi, L., & Pergalani, F. (1999). Slope instability in static and dynamic conditions for urban planning: the =Oltre Po Pavese' case history (Regione Lombardia -Italy). Natural hazards, 20, 57-82.
67. Maceo-Giovanni, A., Pasuto, A., & Silvano, S. (2000). A critical review of landslide monitoring experiences. Engineering Geology, 55 (3), 133-147.
68. Mackenzie, B., Hooper, J., & Rushton, D. (2009). Spatial Analysis of Shallow Slope Instability Incorporating an Engineering Geological Ground Model.
69. Mandy, L. G., Andrew, M. W., Richard, A., & Stephan, G. C. (2001). Assessing landslide potential using GIS, soil wetness modeling and topographic attributes, Payette River, Idaho. Geomorphology, 37, 149-165.
70. Massonnet, D., & Feigl, K. L. (1998). Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the earth's surface. Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the earth's surface, 36 (4), 441-500.
71. Mertens, J., Madsen, H., Kristensen, M., D, J., & J, F. (2005). Sensitivity of soil parameters in unsaturated zone modelling and the relation between effective, laboratory and in situ estimates. Hydrological Processes, 19, 1611-1633.
72. Metternicht, G., Hurni, L., & Gogu, R. (2005). Remote sensing of landslides: An analysis of the potential contribution to geo-spatial systems for hazard assessment in mountainous environments. Remote Sensing of Environment, 98 (2-3), 284-303.
73. Miles, S. B., & Ho, C. L. (1999). Rigorous landslide hazard zonation using new mark's method and stochastic ground motion simulation. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 18 (4), 305-323.
74. Miller, D. J. (1995). Coupling GIS with physical models to assess deep-seated landslide hazards. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, 263-276.
75. Miller, D., & Sias, J. (1998). Deciphering large landslides: linking hydrological, groundwater and slope stability models through GIS. Hydrological Processes, 12 (6), 923-941.
76. Montgomery, D. R., & Dietrich, W. E. (1994). A physically based model for the topographic control of shallow land sliding. Water Resources Research, 30 (4), 1153-1171.
77. Montgomery, D. R., & Dietrich, W. E. (1989). Source Areas, Drainage Density and Channel Initiation. Water Resources Research, 25 (8), 1907-1918.
78. Montgomery, D. R., & Dietrich, W. E. (1988). Where do channels begin. Nature, 336, 232-234.
79. Montgomery, D. R., Schmidt, K. M., Greenberg, H. M., & Dietrich, W. E. (2000). Forest clearing and regional land sliding. Geology, 28, 311-314.
80. Moon, V., & Blackstock, H. (2004). Methodology for assesing landslide hazard using deterministic stability models. Natural Hazard, 32 (1), 111-134.
81. Morrissey, M. M., Wieczorek, G. F., & Morgan, B. A. (2001). A comparative analysis of hazard models for predicting debris flows in Madison County. Virginia: USGS.
82. Morrissey, M., Wieczorek, G., & Morgan, B. (2001). A comparative analysis of hazard models for predicting debris flows in Madison County. Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey.
83. Nagarajan, R., Mukherjee, A., Roy, A., & Khire, M. V. (1998). temporal remote sensing data and GIS application in landslide hazard zonation of part of Western Ghat, India. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 19 (4), 573-585.
84. Nash, D. (1987). Acomparative review of limit equilibrium methods of stability analysis. In M. G. Anderson, & S. Richards (Eds.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
85. Nash, D. (n.d.). A comparative review of limit eqilibrium methods of stability analysis in slope stability. (M. G. Anderson, & K. S. Richards, Eds.) 11-75.
86. Newmark, N. M. (1965). Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments. Geotechnique, 15 (2), 130-159.
87. Ng, K. C., Fung, K. S., & Shum, W. L. (2004). Applying mobile GIS technology to geotechnical fieldwork. Proceedings of the seminar on recent advances in geotechnical engineering. geotechnical division. Hong Kong Institute of Engineers.
88. Norheim, R. A., Queija, V. R., & Haugerud, R. A. (2002). Comparison of LIDAR and INSAR DEMs with dense ground control. Proceedings of the Environmental Systems Research Institute.
89. Ohlmacher, G. C. (2007). Plan curvature and landslide probability in regions dominated by earth flows and earth slides. Engineering Geology, 91, 117-134.
90. Ohlmacher, G. C., & Davis, J. C. (2003). Using multiple logistic regression and GIS technology to predict landslide hazard in northeast Kansas, USA. Engineering, 69 (3-4), 331-343.
91. Okimura, T., & Kawatani, T. (1998). Mapping of the potential surface failure sites on grante slopes. International geomorphology, 121-138.
92. Pack, R. T. (1995). Statistically-based terrain stability mapping methodology for the Kamloops Forest Region, British Columbia",. Proceedings of the 48th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Canadian Geotechnical Society. Vancouver, B.C.
93. Pack, R. T., Tarboton, D. G., & Goodwin, C. N. (2001b). A stability index approach to terrain stability hazard mapping SINMAP User's Manual. US forestry research.
94. Pack, R. T., Tarboton, D. G., & Goodwin, C. N. (2001a). Assessing terrain stability in a GIS using SINMAP. Presented at the 15th annual GIS conference, GIS. Vancouver, British Columbia.
95. Pack, R. T., Tarboton, D. G., & Goodwin, C. N. (2001). Astability index approach to terrain stability hazard mapping SINMAP user's manual. US forestry research.
96. Pack, R. T., Tarboton, D. G., & Goodwin, C. N. (1998). The SINMAP Approach to Terrain Stability Mapping. Proceedings - International Congress of the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment, (pp. 1157-1165). Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
97. Parise, M. (2001). Landslide mapping techniques and their use in the assessment of the landslide hazard. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part C: Solar, Terrestrial & Planetary Science, 697-703.
98. Pasuto, A., & Soldati, M. (1999). The use of landslide units in geomorphological mapping: an example in the Italian Dolomites. Geomorphology, 30 (1-2), 53-64.
99. Perotto-Baldiviezo, H. L., Thurow, T. L., Smith, C. T., Fisher, R. F., & Wu, X. B. (2004). GISbased spatial analysis and modeling for landslide hazard assessment in steep lands, southern Honduras. Agriculture, and Ecosystems & Environment.
100. Petley, D., Crick, W. O., & Hart, A. B. (2002). The Use of Satellite Imagery In Landslide Studies In High Mountain Areas. Proceedings Asian Conference on Remote Sensing.
101. Prabin, K. (2006). Slope stability analysis using GIS on a regional scale. Belgium: university Gent.
102. Pradhan, B., & Lee, S. (2009). Delineation of landslide hazard areas on Penang Island, Malaysia, by using frequency ratio, logistic regression, and artificial neural network model. Environmental Earth Sciences.
103. Qiu, C., Esaki, T., Xie, M., Mitani, Y., & Wang, C. (2007). spatio-temporal estimation of shallow landslide hazard triggered by rainfall using a three-dimensional model. Environ Geol, 52, 1569-1579.
104. Qui, C., Esaki, T., Xie, M., Mitani, Y., & Wang, C. (2007). Spatio temporal estimation of shallow landslides hazard friggere by rainfall using a three-dimensional model. Environmental Geology, 52, 1569-1579.
105. Rabus, B., Eineder, M., Roth, A., & Bamler, R. (2003). The shuttle radar topography mission-a new class of digital elevation models acquired by spaceborne radar, ISPRS. Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 57 (4), 241-262.
106. Radbruch, D. H. ((1970). Map showing areas of relative amounts of landslides in California. California: U.S. Geol. Survey.
107. Randall, W., Edwin, L., & John, A. (2000). A method for producing digital probabilistic seismic landslide hazard maps. Eng Geol, 58, 271-289.
108. Refice, A., & Capolongo, D. (2002). Probabilistic modeling of uncertainties in earthquakeinduced landslide hazard assessment. Comput Geosci, 28 (6), 735-749.
109. Rickenmann, D. (1999). Empirical relationships for debris flows. Natural, 19, 47-77.
110. Rigon, R., Bertoldi, G., & Over, T. M. (2006). Geotop:A distributed hydrological model with coupled water and energy budgets. Journal of Hydrometeorology,, 371-388.
111. Rizo, V., & Tesauro, M. (2000). SAR interferometry and field data of Randazzo landslide (Eastern Sicily, Italy). Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere, 25 (9), 771-780.
112. Rott, H., Scheuchl, B., Siegel, A., & Grasemann, B. (1999). Monitoring very slow slope movements by means of SAR interferometry: A case study from a mass waste above a reservoir in the Ötztal Alps,. Geophys, 1629-1632.
113. Ruff, M., & Czurda, K. (2008). Landslide susceptibility analysis with a heuristic approach in the Eastern Alps (Vorarlberg, Austria). Geomorphology, 94, 314-324.
114. Savage, W. Z., Godt, W. J., & Baum, R. L. (2004). Modeling time-dependent slope stability. Proceedings IX International Symposium on Landslides, (pp. 23-38). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
115. Sekhar, L., Kuriakose, L. P., & van Beek, C. V. (2009). Parameterizing a physically based shallow landslide model in a data poor region. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 34, 867-881.
116. Shaw, S. C., & Johnson, D. H. (1995). Slope morphology model derived from digital elevation data. Northwest Arc/Info Users Conference, (p. 12). Coeur d'Alene.
117. Sidle, R. (1992). A Theoretical Model of the Effects of Timber harvesting on Slope Stability. Water Resources Research, 28 (7), 1897-1910.
118. Sidle, R. C. (1984). Relative importance of factors influencing landsliding in coastal Alaska. 21st Annual Engng Geol. and Soils Engng Symp (pp. 311-325). Univ. of Idaho, Moscow.
119. Sidle, R. C., & Ochiai, H. (2006). Landslides: processes, prediction, and land use. American Geophysical Union, Water Resour.
120. Sidle, R., Pearce, A., & O'Loughlin, C. (1985). Hillslope Stability and Land Use. Water Resources Monograph 11 Editions, American Geophysical Union.
121. Simoni, S. (2009). A comprehensive approach to landslide triggering. University of Trent.
122. Simoni, S., Zanotti, F., Bertoldi, G., & Rigon, R. (2008). Modelling the probability of occurrence of shallow landslides and channelized debris flows using GEOtop-FS†. Hydrol. Process, 22, 532-545.
123. Singhroy, V., Matter, K., & Gray, A. (1998). Landslide characteristics in Canada using interferometry SAR and combined SAR and TM images. Adv. Space Res, 21, 465-476.
124. Soeters, R., & Van Westen, C. J. (1996). Slope instability recognition, analysis and zonation. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council. Washington D.C., U.S.A: National Academy Press.
125. Squarzoni, C., Delacourt, C., & Allemand, P. (2003). Nine years of spatial and temporal evolution of the La Valette landslide observed by SAR interferometry. Engineering Geology, 68 (1-2), 53-66.
126. Stevenson, P. C. (1977). An empirical method for the evaluation of relative landslide risk. Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol, 16, 69-72.
127. Suzen, M. L., & Doyuran, V. (2004). Data driven bivariate landslide susceptibility assessment using Geographical Information Systems: a method and application to Asarsuyu Catchment, Turkey. Engineering Geolo.
128. Terlien, M. (1998). the determination of statistical and deterministic hydrological landslide triggering thresholds. Environmental Geology, 124_130.
129. Terlien, M., van Asch, T., & Van Westen, C. J. (1995). Deterministic modelling in GIS-based landslide hazard assessment. Geographical Information Systems in Assessing Natural Hazards (pp. 57-77). Kluwer Academic Publishing, the Netherlands.
130. USDA. (2011). Rocky Mountain Research Station. Retrieved from Forestry Sciences Laboratory - Moscow, Idaho: http://forest.moscowfsl.wsu.edu/engr/lisa0.html
131. USGS. (1997). Retrieved from http://pubs.usgs.gov.
132. van Asch, T., Kuipers, B., & van Der Zanden, D. J. (1993). An information system for large scale quantitative hazard analyses of landslide. Zeitsc. für Geomorp, 133-140.
133. Van Beek, L. P. (2002). Assessment of the influence of change PHD thesis. Utrecht: Utrecht University.
134. Van Beek, L. P., & Van Asch, T. J. (2004). Regional assessment of the effects of land-use Change on landslide hazard by means of physically based modelling. Natural Hazards, 31, 289-304.
135. van Dijke, J. J., & van Westen, C. J. (1990). Rockfall hazard: a geomorphologic application of neighbourhood analysis with ILWIS, ITC journal. bulletin de l'ITC, 40-44.
136. Van Westen, C. J. (1993). Application of Geographic Information Systems to Landslide Hazard Zonation. Ph- D Dissertation Technical University Delft. ITC, Enschede, the Netherlands: ITC Publication.
137. Van Westen, C. J. (2004). Geo-information tools for landslide risk assessment - an overview of recent developments. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Landslides, (pp. 39-56). Rio de Janeiro.
138. Van Westen, C. J. (1998). GIS in landslide hazard zonation: a view, with examples from the Andes of Colombia. London: Taylor and Francis.
139. van Westen, C. J. (1993). Remote sensing and geographic information systems for geologic hazard mitigation. ITC journal, 4, 63-71.
140. Van Westen, C. J. (2000). The modeling of landslide hazards using GIS. Surveys in Geophysics, 21 (2-3), 241-255.
141. Van Westen, C. J., & Lulie Getahun, F. (2003). Analyzing the evolution of the Tessina landslide using aerial photographs and digital elevation models. Geomorphology, 54 (1-2), 77-89.
142. Van Westen, C. J., & Terlien, M. (1996). An approach towards deterministic landslide hazard analysis in GIS: a case study from Manizales (Colombia). Earth surface Process. Landforms, 21, 853-868.
143. Van Westen, C. J., Castellanos, E., & Kuriakose, S. L. (2008). Spatial data for landslide susceptibility, hazard, and vulnerability assessment: An overview. Engineering Geology, 112-131.
144. Van Westen, C. J., Rengers, N., Terlien, M. T., & Soeters, R. (1997). Prediction of the occurrence of slope instability phenomena through GIS-based hazard zonation. Geologische Rundschau, 86.
145. Van Westen, C. J., Van Asch, T., & Soeters, R. (2005). Landslide hazard and risk zonation; why is it still so difficult? Bulletin of Engineering geology and the Environment, 65 (2), 167-184.
146. Varnes, D. J. (1984). Landslide Hazard Zonation: A Review of Principles and Practice. United Nations International, Paris.
147. Varnes, D. J. (1978). Slope movements and types and processes, landslides analysis and control. Transportation Research Board Special Report.
148. Varnes, D. J. (1975). Slope movements in the western United States, in Mass Wasting. Geoabstracts, Norwich, 1-17.
149. Wadge, G. (1988). The potential of GIS modelling of gravity flows and slope instabilities. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 2, 143-152.
150. Wadge, G. (1998). The potential of GIS modelling of gravity flows and slope instabilities. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 2, 143-152.
151. Wang, C. (2005). GIS Based landslide Hazard Assessment: An overview. Edward Publishers, 548-567.
152. Wang, Y., Cao, Z., & Au., S.-K. (2010). Efficient Monte Carlo Simulation of parameter sensitivity in probabilistic slope stability analysis. Computers and Geotechnics, 37, 1015-1022.
153. Ward, J., Li, M., & Simons, B. (1982). Mapping landslide hazards in forest Watersheds. journal ofGeotechnical Engineering.
154. Wieczorek, G. F., Wilson, R. C., & Harp, E. L. (1985). Map showing slope stability during earthquakes in San Mateo County California, scale 1:62,500. US Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map.
155. Wieczorek, G. (1984). Preparing a detailed landslide-inventory map for hazard evaluation and reduction. Bulletin Association of Engineering Geologists, 21, 337-342.
156. Wilkinson, P. L. (2002). An integrated hydrological model for rain-induced landslide prediction. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 27, 1285-1297.
157. Wills, C. J. (2000). Landslides in the highway 101 corridor between Wilson Creek and Crescent city, Del Norte County, California. Summary report, California.
158. Wilson, R. C., & Keefer, D. K. (1983). Dynamic analysis of a slope failure from the 6 August 1979 Coyote Lake, California, earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 73, 863-877.
159. Wilson, R. C., & Keefer, D. K. (1993). Relation of Arias Intensity to magnitude and distance in Cali-fornia. USGS.
160. Wong, H. (2001). Recent advances in slope engineering in Hong Kong. Proceedings of the 1st Southeast Asian geotechnical conference, (pp. 641-659). Hong.
161. Wu, W. S. (1995). a distributed slope stability model for steep forested basins. Water resources Research, 2097-2110.
162. Wu, W., & Sidle, R. (1995). A distributed slope stability model for steep forested basins. Water Resources Research, 2097-2110.
163. Xie, M., & Xia, Y. (2004). Systems theory for risk evaluation of landslide hazard. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci, 41 (3).
164. Xie, M., Esaki, T., & Cai, M. (2004a). A GIS-based method for locating the critical 3D slip surface in a slope. Comput Geotech, 31, 267-277.
165. Xie, M., Esaki, T., & Cai, M. (2004b). A time-space based approach for mapping rainfallinduced shallow landslide hazard. Environ Geol, 840-850.
166. Xie, M., Esaki, T., & Cai, M. (2006). GIS-based implentation of three-dimensional limit equilibrium approachof slope stability. Journal of Geotechecnical and GeoEnvironmental Engineering, 132, 656-660.
167. Xie, M., Esaki, T., & Zhou, G. (2004). GIS-Based Probabilistic Mapping of Landslide. Natural Hazards, 265-282.
168. Xie, M., Esaki, T., Zhou, G., & Mitani, Y. ((2003a)). Geographic information systems-based three-dimensional critical slope stability analysis. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng, 129, 1109-1118.
169. Xie, M., Tetsuro, E., & Zhou, G. (2003b). GIS method for slope-unitbased 3D landslide hazard evaluation. J Rock Mech Eng, 22 (6), 969-976.
170. Xie, M., Zhou, G., & Esaki, T. (2001). Landslide hazard assessment using Monte Carlo simulation based on GIS. The 10th International Conference of IACMAG, (pp. 169-173). Arizona
171. Yamaguchi, Y., Tanaka, S., Odajima, T., Kamai, T., & Tsuchida, S. (2003). Detection of a landslide movement as geometric misregistration in image matching of SPOT HRV data of two different dates. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24 (18), 3523-3534.
172. Zhou, G., Esaki, T., Mitani, Y., Xie, M., & Mori, J. (2003). Spatial probabilistic modeling of slope failure using an integrated GIS Monte Carlo simulation approach. Engineering Geology,, 68 (3-4), 373-386.