No case of exercise-associated hyponatraemia in top male ultra-endurance cyclists: The 'Swiss Cycling Marathon'

European Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 112, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 689-697

  Rüst, Christoph Alexander ^a   Knechtle, Beat ^a   Knechtle, Patrizia ^a   Rosemann, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Body mass; Dehydration; Hydration status; Plasma sodium

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BICYCLE; ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; ENDURANCE; HUMAN; HYPONATREMIA; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; SWITZERLAND;

BICYCLING; HUMANS; HYPONATREMIA; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; PREVALENCE; SWITZERLAND; WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE;

EID: 84856515384     PISSN: 14396319     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2024-y     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. CS Almond AY Shin EB Fortescue RC Mannix D Wypij BA Binstadt CN Duncan CN Duncan DP Olson AE Salerno JW Newburger DS Greenes 2005 Hyponatremia among runners in the Boston Marathon N Engl J Med 352 1550 1556 15829535 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjtFGntrs%3D 10.1056/NEJMoa043901 (Pubitemid 40517095)
2. LB Baker TA Munce WL Kenney 2005 Sex differences in voluntary fluid intake by older adults during exercise Med Sci Sports Exerc 37 789 796 15870633 10.1249/01.MSS.0000162622.78487.9C (Pubitemid 40628284)
3. MD Becque VL Katch RJ Moffatt 1986 Time course of skin-plus-fat compression in males and females Hum Biol 58 33 42 3957328 1:STN:280: DyaL287ms1Clsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16177589)
4. FG Beltrami T Hew-Butler TD Noakes 2008 Drinking policies and exercise-associated hyponatraemia: is anyone still promoting overdrinking? Br J Sports Med 42 496 501 10.1136/bjsm.2008.047944
5. J Chorley J Cianca J Divine 2007 Risk factors for exercise-associated hyponatremia in non-elite marathon-runners Clin J Sport Med 17 471 477 17993790 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181588790 (Pubitemid 350098636)
6. JP Dugas TD Noakes 2005 Hyponatraemic encephalopathy despite a modest rate of fluid intake during a 109 km cycle race Br J Sports Med 39 e38 16183759 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MrgvFKgtw%3D%3D 10.1136/bjsm.2005.018820 discussion e38
7. TD Hew JN Chorley JC Cianca JG Divine 2003 The incidence, risk factors and clinical manifestations of hyponatremia in marathon runners Clin J Sport Med 13 41 47 12544163 10.1097/00042752-200301000-00008 (Pubitemid 36142925)
8. Hew-Butler T, Almond C, Ayus JC, Dugas J, Meeuwisse W, Noakes T, Reid S, Siegel A, Speedy D, Stuempfle K, Verbalis J, Weschler L, Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia (EAH) Consensus Panel (2005) Consensus statement of the First International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Cape Town, South Africa. Clin J Sport Med 15:208-213
9. TD Hew-Butler K Sharwood M Collins D Speedy T Noakes 2006 Sodium supplementation is not required to maintain serum sodium concentrations during an Ironman triathlon Br J Sports Med 40 255 259 16505084 1:STN:280: DC%2BD287hs1Gkuw%3D%3D 10.1136/bjsm.2005.022418 (Pubitemid 43384747)
10. T Hew-Butler M Collins A Bosch K Sharwood G Wilson M Armstrong C Jennings J Swart T Noakes 2007 Maintenance of plasma volume and serum sodium concentration despite body weight loss in ironman triathletes Clin J Sport Med 17 116 122 17414479 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3180326836 (Pubitemid 46597529)
11. T Hew-Butler JC Ayus C Kipps RJ Maughan S Mettler WH Meeuwisse AJ Page SA Reid NJ Rehrer WO Roberts IR Rogers MH Rosner AJ Siegel DB Speedy KJ Stuempfle JG Verbalis LB Weschler P Wharam 2008 Statement of the Second International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, New Zealand, 2007 Clin J Sport Med 18 111 121 18332684 10.1097/JSM.0b013e318168ff31 (Pubitemid 351365715)
12. T Hew-Butler JP Dugas TD Noakes JG Verbalis 2010 Changes in plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations in cyclists participating in a 109-km cycle race Br J Sports Med 44 594 597 18628357 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cvpvF2nsg%3D%3D 10.1136/bjsm.2008.049742
13. RA Irving TD Noakes R Buck R van Zyl Smit E Raine J Godlonton RJ Norman 1991 Evaluation of renal function and fluid homeostasis during recovery from exercise-induced hyponatremia J Appl Physiol 70 342 348 2010390 1:STN:280:DyaK3M7osFamtg%3D%3D
14. SA Kavouras 2002 Assessing hydration status Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 5 519 524 12172475 10.1097/00075197-200209000-00010 (Pubitemid 40684647)
15. C Kipps S Sharma DT Pedoe 2011 The incidence of exercise-associated hyponatremia in the London Marathon Br J Sports Med 45 14 19 19622524 10.1136/bjsm.2009.059535
16. B Knechtle P Knechtle T Rosemann O Senn 2009 No dehydration in mountain bike ultra-marathoners Clin J Sport Med 19 415 420 19741316 10.1097/JSM. 0b013e3181b47c93
17. B Knechtle A Wirth P Knechtle T Rosemann 2009 An ultra-cycling race leads to no decrease in skeletal muscle mass Int J Sports Med 30 163 167 19199212 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXksFejsr4%3D 10.1055/s-0028-1104585
18. B Knechtle I Joleska A Wirth P Knechtle T Rosemann O Senn 2010 Intra- and inter-judge reliabilities in measuring the skin-fold thicknesses of ultra runners under field conditions Percept Mot Skills 111 105 106 21058591 10.2466/03.05.PMS.111.4.105-106
19. B Knechtle P Knechtle T Rosemann 2010 No exercise-associated hyponatremia found in an observational field study of male ultra-marathoners participating in a 24-hour ultra-run Phys Sportsmed 38 94 100 21150148 10.3810/psm.2010.12. 1831
20. B Knechtle A Wirth P Knechtle T Rosemann O Senn 2011 Do ultra-runners in a 24-h run really dehydrate? Ir J Med Sci 180 129 134 20512663 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXptFelsw%3D%3D 10.1007/s11845-010-0500-8
21. Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Rosemann T (2011b) Low prevalence of exercise-associated hyponatremia in male 100 km ultra-marathon runners in Switzerland. Eur J Appl Physiol 111(6):1007-1016
22. Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Rosemann T (2011c) No case of exercise-associated hyponatremia in male ultra-endurance mountain bikers in the 'Swiss Bike Masters'. Chin J Physiol. doi: 10.4077/CJP.2011.AMM050
23. Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Rüst CA, Rosemann T, Lepers R (2011d) Finishers and non-finishers in the 'Swiss Cycling Marathon' to qualify for the 'Race across America'. J Strength Cond Res, in press
24. Knechtle B, Gnädinger M, Knechtle P, Imoberdorf R, Kohler G, Ballmer P, Rosemann T, Senn O (2011e) Prevalence of exercise-associated hyponatremia in male ultraendurance athletes. Clin J Sport Med 21(3):226-232
25. M Kruseman S Bucher M Bovard B Kayser PA Bovier 2005 Nutrient intake and performance during a mountain marathon: an observational study Eur J Appl Physiol 94 151 157 15714291 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjslOmt74%3D 10.1007/s00421-004- 1234-y (Pubitemid 41166763)
26. RC Lee Z Wang M Heo R Ross I Janssen SB Heymsfield 2000 Total-body skeletal muscle mass: development and cross-validation of anthropometric prediction models Am J Clin Nutr 72 796 803 10966902 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3cXmsFGrt7w%3D
27. Lee JK, Nio AQ, Ang WH, Johnson C, Aziz AR, Lim CL, Hew-Butler T (2011) First reported cases of exercise-associated hyponatremia in Asia. Int J Sports Med, epub ahead of print
28. S Mettler C Rusch WO Frey L Bestmann C Wenk PC Colombani 2008 Hyponatremia among runners in the Zurich Marathon Clin J Sport Med 18 344 349 18614886 10.1097/JSM.0b013e31817e3515
29. TD Noakes 2003 Overconsumption of fluids by athletes BMJ 327 113 114 12869424 10.1136/bmj.327.7407.113 (Pubitemid 36876197)
30. Noakes TD (2011) Changes in body mass alone explain almost all of the variance in the serum sodium concentrations during prolonged exercise. Has commercial influence impeded scientific endeavour? Br J Sports Med, epub ahead of print
31. TD Noakes N Goodwin BL Rayner T Branken RK Taylor 1985 Water intoxication: a possible complication during endurance exercise Med Sci Sports Exerc 17 370 375 4021781 1:STN:280:DyaL2M3mslWmsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 15066597)
32. TD Noakes K Sharwood D Speedy T Hew S Reid J Dugas C Almond P Wharam L Weschler 2005 Three independent biological mechanisms cause exercise-associated hyponatremia: evidence from 2, 135 weighed competitive athletic performances Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 18550 18555 16344476 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xpt1Ok 10.1073/pnas.0509096102 (Pubitemid 43011263)
33. SA Reid MJ King 2007 Serum biochemistry and morbidity among runners presenting for medical care after an Australian mountain ultramarathon Clin J Sport Med 17 307 310 17620786 10.1097/JSM.0b013e31804c77da (Pubitemid 47051793)
34. S Rose EM Peters-Futre 2010 Ad libitum adjustments to fluid intake in cool environmental conditions maintain hydration status in a three-day mountain bike race Br J Sports Med 44 430 436 18539653 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3czltlSksw%3D%3D 10.1136/bjsm.2008.049551
35. MN Sawka LM Burke ER Eichner RJ Maughan SJ Montain NS Stachenfeld American College of Sports Medicine 2007 American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement Med Sci Sports Exerc 39 377 390 17277604 10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597 (Pubitemid 46204307)
36. K Schenk H Gatterer M Ferrari P Ferrari VL Cascio M Burtscher 2010 Bike Transalp 2008: liquid intake and its effect on the body's fluid homeostasis in the course of a multistage, cross-country, MTB marathon race in the central Alps Clin J Sport Med 20 47 52 20051734 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181c9673f
37. K Sharwood M Collins J Goedecke G Wilson T Noakes 2002 Weight changes, sodium levels, and performance in the South African Ironman Triathlon Clin J Sport Med 12 391 399 12466696 10.1097/00042752-200211000-00012 (Pubitemid 35477440)
38. SM Shirreffs 2003 Markers of hydration status Eur J Clin Nutr 57 S6 S9 14681707 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601895 (Pubitemid 38159622)
39. DB Speedy JG Faris M Hamlin PG Gallagher RG Campbell 1997 Hyponatremia and weight changes in an ultradistance triathlon Clin J Sport Med 7 180 184 9262884 1:STN:280:DyaK2svgvVeltw%3D%3D 10.1097/00042752-199707000-00005 (Pubitemid 27390104)
40. DB Speedy TD Noakes IR Rogers JM Thompson RG Campbell JA Kuttner DR Boswell S Wright M Hamlin 1999 Hyponatremia in ultradistance triathletes Med Sci Sports Exerc 31 809 815 10378907 1:STN:280:DyaK1MzgsFamsA%3D%3D 10.1097/00005768-199906000-00008 (Pubitemid 29262672)
41. Speedy DB, Noakes TD, Kimber NE, Rogers IR, Thompson JM, Boswell DR, Ross JJ, Campbell RG, Gallagher PG, Kuttner JA (2001a) Fluid balance during and after an Ironman triathlon. Clin J Sport Med 11:44-50 (Pubitemid 32062200)
42. DB Speedy TD Noakes C Schneider 2001 Exercise-associated hyponatremia: a review Emerg Med (Fremantle) 13 17 27 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvivVSrsQ%3D%3D 10.1046/j.1442-2026.2001.00173.x (Pubitemid 32268188)
43. DB Speedy JM Thompson I Rodgers M Collins K Sharwood TD Noakes 2002 Oral salt supplementation during ultradistance exercise Clin J Sport Med 12 279 284 12394199 10.1097/00042752-200209000-00004 (Pubitemid 35178270)
44. AD Stewart WJ Hannan 2000 Prediction of fat mass and fat-free mass in male athletes using dual X-ray absorptiometry as the reference method J Sports Sci 18 263 274 10824643 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXns1Gitb4%3D 10.1080/026404100365009 (Pubitemid 30232378)
45. KJ Stuempfle DR Lehmann HS Case S Bailey SL Hughes J McKenzie D Evans 2002 Hyponatremia in a cold weather ultraendurance race Alaska Med 44 51 55 12497664
46. KJ Stuempfle DR Lehmann HS Case SL Hughes D Evans 2003 Change in serum sodium concentration during a cold weather ultradistance race Clin J Sport Med 13 171 175 12792212 10.1097/00042752-200305000-00008 (Pubitemid 36569912)
47. W Van Beaumont 1972 Evaluation of hemoconcentration from hematocrit measurements J Appl Physiol 32 712 713 5038863
48. PC Wharam DB Speedy TD Noakes JM Thompson SA Reid LM Holtzhausen 2006 NSAID use increases the risk of developing hyponatremia during an Ironman triathlon Med Sci Sports Exerc 38 618 622 16679974 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD28Xktl2jtL0%3D 10.1249/01.mss.0000210209.40694.09
49. Winger JM, Dugas JP, Dugas LR (2011) Beliefs about hydration and physiology drive drinking behaviours in runners. Br J Sports Med, epub ahead of print