Cannabis abuse and vulnerability to psychosis: Targeting preventive services

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 542-549

  Kolliakou, Anna ^a   Fusar Poli, Paolo ^a   Atakan, Zerrin ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cannabis; Intervention; Marijuana; Prevention; Psychosis

Indexed keywords

ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; CANNABIS; CLOZAPINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; ZUCLOPENTHIXOL;

ABSTINENCE; ARTICLE; CANNABIS ADDICTION; CANNABIS SMOKING; CASE MANAGEMENT; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DRUG DEPENDENCE TREATMENT; DRUG EFFICACY; EARLY INTERVENTION; FAMILY THERAPY; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH PROGRAM; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; INTOXICATION; MENTAL HEALTH; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; PEER GROUP; POSITIVE SYNDROME; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOEDUCATION; PSYCHOSIS; PSYCHOTHERAPY; SCHIZOAFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIFORM DISORDER; SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICE; SELF CONCEPT; SELF CONTROL; SELF ESTEEM; SKILL; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

HUMANS; MARIJUANA ABUSE; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 84856514953     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: 18734286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161212799316208     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Swartz MS, Wagner HR, Swanson JW, et al. Substance use in persons with schizophrenia: baseline prevalence and correlates from the NIMH CATIE study. J Nerv Ment Dis 2006; 194(3): 164-72.
2. Ringen PA, Lagerberg TV, Birkenaes AB, et al. Differences in prevalence and patterns of substance use in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychol Med 2008; 38(9): 1241-9.
3. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2010. World Drug Report. UNODC. (http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/ WDR_2010/World_Drug_Report_2010_lores.pdf).
4. Green B, Young R, Kavanagh D. Cannabis use and misuse prevalence among people with psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 2005; 187: 306-13.
5. Home Office, British Crime Survey. HMSO: London 2009/2010
6. Pertwee RG. Pharmacology of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Pharmacol. Ther 1997; 74: 129-80.
7. Zuardi AW, Crippa JA, Hallak JE, Moreira FA, Guimarães FS. Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, as an antipsychotic drug. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39(4): 421-9.
8. Potter DJ, Clark P, Brown MB. Potency of delta 9-THC and other cannabinoids in cannabis in England in 2005: implications for psychoactivity and pharmacology. J Forensic Sci 2008; 53(1): 90-4.
9. Kavanagh DJ, Waghorn G, Jenner L, et al. Demographic and clinical correlates of comorbid substance use disorders in psychosis: multivariate analyses from an epidemiological sample. Schizophr Res 2004; 66(2-3): 115-24.
10. Linszen DH, Dingemans PM, Lenior ME. Cannabis abuse and the course of recent-onset schizophrenic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51(4): 273-9.
11. Sevy S, Robinson DG, Holloway S, et al. Correlates of substance misuse in patients with first-episode schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001; 104(5): 367-74.
12. Barnett JH, Werners U, Secher SM, et al. Substance use in a population-based clinic sample of people with first-episode psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 190: 515-20.
13. Harrison I, Joyce EM, Mutsatsa SH, et al. Naturalistic follow-up of co-morbid substance use in schizophrenia: the West London firstepisode study. Psychol Med 2008; 38(1): 79-88.
14. Andreasson S., Allebeck P., Engstrom A., Rydberg U. Cannabis and schizophrenia. A longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts. Lancet 1987; 2: 1483-6.
15. Zammit S, Allebeck P, Andreasson S, Lundberg I, Lewis G. Self reported cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia in Swedish conscripts of 1969: historical cohort study. BMJ 2002; 325(7374): 1199.
16. van Os J, Bak M, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, de Graaf R, Verdoux H. Cannabis use and psychosis: a longitudinal population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156(4): 319-27.
17. Henquet C, Krabbendam L, Spauwen J, Kaplan C, Lieb R, Wittchen HU et al. Prospective cohort study of cannabis use, predisposition for psychosis, and psychotic symptoms in young people. BMJ 2005; 330(7481): 11.
18. Arseneault L, Cannon M, Poulton R, Murray R, Caspi A, Moffitt TE. Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study. BMJ 2002; 325(7374): 1212-3.
19. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Ridder EM. Tests of causal linkages between cannabis use and psychotic symptoms. Addiction 2005; 100(3): 354-66.
20. McGrath J, Welham J, Scott J, et al. Association between cannabis use and psychosis-related outcomes using sibling pair analysis in a cohort of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67(5): 440-7.
21. Peters ER, Joseph SA, Garety PA. Peters ER, Joseph SA, Garety PA. Measurement of delusional ideation in the normal population: introducing the PDI (Peters et al. Delusions Inventory). Schizophr Bull 1999; 25(3): 553-76.
22. Le Bec PY, Fatséas M, Denis C, Lavie E, Auriacombe M. Cannabis and psychosis: search of a causal link through a critical and systematic review. Encephale 2009; 35(4): 377-85.
23. Mueser KT, Yarnold PR, Rosenberg SD, Swett C Jr, Miles KM, Hill D. Substance use disorder in hospitalized severely mentally ill psychiatric patients: prevalence, correlates, and subgroups. Schizophr Bull 2000; 26(1): 179-92.
24. Grech A, Van Os J, Jones PB, Lewis SW, Murray RM. Cannabis use and outcome of recent onset psychosis. Eur Psychiatry 2005; 20(4): 349-53.
25. Sorbara F, Liraud F, Assens F, Abalan F, Verdoux H. Substance use and the course of early psychosis: a 2-year follow-up of firstadmitted subjects. Eur Psychiatry 2003; 18(3): 133-6.
26. Miles H, Johnson S, Amponsah-Afuwape S, Finch E, Leese M, Thornicroft G. Characteristics of subgroups of individuals with psychotic illness and a comorbid substance use disorder. Psychiatr Serv 2003; 54(4): 554-61.
27. Zammit S, Moore TH, Lingford-Hughes A, et al. Effects of cannabis use on outcomes of psychotic disorders: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 2008; 193(5): 357-63.
28. D'Souza DC, Perry E, MacDougall L, et al. The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29(8): 1558-72.
29. Morrison PD, Zois V, McKeown DA, et al. The acute effects of synthetic intravenous Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on psychosis, mood and cognitive functioning. Psychol Med 2009; 39(10): 1607-16.
30. D'Souza DC, Abi-Saab WM, Madonick S, et al. Delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol effects in schizophrenia: implications for cognition, psychosis, and addiction. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57(6): 594-608.
31. Nelson K, Walsh D, Deeter P, Sheehan F. A phase II study of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for appetite stimulation in cancerassociated anorexia. J Palliat Care 1994; 10(1): 14-8.
32. Hao S, Avraham Y, Mechoulam R, Berry EM. Low dose anandamide affects food intake, cognitive function, neurotransmitter and corticosterone levels in diet-restricted mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 392(3): 147-56.
33. Isaac M, Isaac M, Holloway F. Is cannabis an anti-antipsychotic? The experience in psychiatric intensive care. Hum Psychopharmacol 2005; 20(3): 207-10.
34. Hashibe M, Straif K, Tashkin DP, Morgenstern H, Greenland S, Zhang ZF. Epidemiologic review of marijuana use and cancer risk. Alcohol 2005; 35(3): 265-75.
35. Sidney S. Cardiovascular consequences of marijuana use. J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 42(11 Suppl): S64-70.
36. Hall W, Degenhardt L. Prevalence and correlates of cannabis use in developed and developing countries. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2007; 20(4): 393-7.
37. Yung AR, McGorry PD. The initial prodrome in psychosis: descriptive and qualitative aspects. Psychiatry 1996; 30(5): 587-99.
38. Schultze-Lutter F. Subjective symptoms of schizophrenia in research and the clinic: the basic symptom concept. Schizophr Bull 2009; 35(1): 5-8.
39. Correll CU, Hauser M, Auther AM, Cornblatt BA. Research in people with psychosis risk syndrome: a review of the current evidence and future directions. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010; 51(4): 390-431.
40. Phillips LJ, Curry C, Yung AR, Yuen HP, Adlard S, McGorry PD. Cannabis use is not associated with the development of psychosis in an 'ultra' high-risk group. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2002; 36(6): 800-6.
41. Auther AM et al. Presented at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Biological Psychiatry, 2008, Washington, DC: cited in Correll CU, Hauser M, Auther AM, Cornblatt BA. Research in people with psychosis risk syndrome: a review of the current evidence and future directions. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010; 51(4): 390-431.
42. Corcoran CM, Kimhy D, Stanford A, et al. Temporal association of cannabis use with symptoms in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophr Res 2008; 106(2-3): 286-93.
43. Kristensen K, Cadenhead KS. Cannabis abuse and risk for psychosis in a prodromal sample. Psychiatry Res 2007; 151(1-2): 151-4.
44. Rosenthal RN, Hellerstein DJ, Miner CR. A model of integrated services for outpatient treatment of patients with comorbid schizophrenia and addictive disorders. Am J Addictions 1992; 1(4): 339-48.
45. Ries RK, Comtois KA. Illness severity and treatment services for dually diagnosed severely mentally ill outpatients. Schizophr Bull 1997; 23(2): 239-46.
46. Denis C, Lavie E, Fatséas M, Auriacombe M. Psychotherapeutic interventions for cannabis abuse and/or dependence in outpatient settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 3.
47. Cleary M, Hunt GE, Matheson S, Walter G. Psychosocial treatments for people with co-occurring severe mental illness and substance misuse: systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 3.
48. Baker A, Lewin T, Reichler H, et al. Evaluation of a motivational interview for substance use within psychiatric in-patient services. Addiction 2002; 97(10): 1329-37.
49. Baker A, Lewin T, Reichler H, et al. Motivational interviewing among psychiatric in-patients with substance use disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002; 106(3): 233-40.
50. Martino S, Carroll KM, Nich C, Rounsaville BJ. A randomized psychotic and drug use disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006; 101(10): 1479-92.
51. Edwards J, Elkins K, Hinton M, et al. Randomised controlled trial of a cannabis-focused intervention for young people with firstepisode psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006; 114(2): 109-17.
52. James W, Preston NJ, Koh G, Spencer C, Kisely SR, Castle DJ. A group intervention which assists patients with dual diagnosis reduce their drug use: a randomised controlled trial. Psychol Med 2004; 34(6): 983-90.
53. Barrowclough C, Haddock G, Tarrier N, et al. Randomised controlled trial of motivational interviewing, cognitive behavior therapy, and family intervention for patients with comorbid schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158(10): 1706-13.
54. Addington J, Addington D. Impact of an early psychosis program on substance use. Psychiatr Rehabil J 2001; 25(1): 60-7.
55. Miller R, Caponi JM, Sevy S, Robinson D. The Insight-Adherence- Abstinence triad: an integrated treatment focus for cannabis-using first-episode schizophrenia patients. Bull Menninger Clin 2005; 69(3): 220-36.
56. Dixon L, Haas G, Weiden PJ, Sweeney J, Frances AJ. Drug abuse in schizophrenic patients: clinical correlates and reasons for use. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148(2): 224-30.
57. Schofield D, Tennant C, Nash L, Degenhardt L, Cornish A, Hobbs C. Reasons for cannabis use in psychosis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2006; 40(6-7): 570-4.
58. Green AI, Salomon MS, Brenner MJ, Rawlins K. Treatment of schizophrenia and comorbid substance use disorder. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord 2002; 1(2): 129-39.
59. McEvoy JP, Freudenreich O, Levin ED, Rose JE. Haloperidol increases smoking in patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 1995; 119(1): 124-6.
60. Green AI, Noordsy DL, Brunette MF, O'Keefe C. Substance abuse and schizophrenia: pharmacotherapeutic intervention. J Subst Abuse Treat 2008; 34(1): 61-71.
61. Drake RE, Xie H, McHugo GJ, Green AI. The effects of clozapine on alcohol and drug use disorders among patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2000; 26(2): 441-9.
62. Brunette MF, Drake RE, Xie H, McHugo GJ, Green AI. Clozapine use and relapses of substance use disorder among patients with cooccurring schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Schizophr Bull 2006; 32(4): 637-43.
63. Zimmet SV, Strous RD, Burgess ES, Kohnstamm S, Green AI. Effects of clozapine on substance use in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a retrospective survey. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20(Pt 1): 94-8.
64. Green AI, Burgess ES, Dawson R, Zimmet SV, Strous RD. Alcohol and cannabis use in schizophrenia: effects of clozapine vs. risperidone. Schizophr Res 2003; 60(1): 81-5.
65. Potvin S, Stip E, Lipp O, et al. Quetiapine in patients with comorbid schizophrenia-spectrum and substance use disorders: an openlabel trial. Curr Med Res Opin 2006; 22(7): 1277-85.
66. Rubio G, Martínez I, Ponce G, Jiménez-Arriero MA, López-Muñoz F, Alamo C. Long-acting injectable risperidone compared with zuclopenthixol in the treatment of schizophrenia with substance abuse comorbidity. Can J Psychiatry 2006; 51(8): 531-9.
67. Rubio G, Martínez I, Ponce G, Jiménez-Arriero MA, López-Muñoz F, Alamo C. Long-acting injectable risperidone compared with zuclopenthixol in the treatment of schizophrenia with substance abuse comorbidity. Can J Psychiatry 2006; 51(8): 531-9.
68. Akerele EO, Levin FR. Substance abuse among patients with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Pract 2002; 8(Pt 2): 70-80.
69. Atakan Z. Managing cannabis use in people with severe mental illness what can be done. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2009; 15: 65-71.
70. Ellickson PL, Tucker JS, Klein DJ. Ten-year prospective study of public health problems associated with early drinking. Pediatrics 2003; 111(5 Pt 1): 949-55.
71. Clark HK, Ringwalt CL, Hanley S, Shamblen SR, Flewelling RL, Hano MC. Project SUCCESS' effects on the substance use of alternative high school students. Addict Behav 2010; 35(3): 209-17.
72. Ellickson PL, Tucker JS, Klein DJ, Saner H. Antecedents and outcomes of marijuana use initiation during adolescence. Prev Med 2004; 39(5): 976-84.
73. Tobler, N. Meta-Analysis of 143 adolescent drug prevention programs: Quantitative outcome results of program participants compared to a control or comparison group. J Drug Issues 1986; 16: 537-67.
74. Dukes RL, Stein JA, Ullman JB. Long-term impact of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.). Results of a 6-year follow-up. Eval Rev 1997; 21(4): 483-500.
75. Clark HK, Ringwalt CL, Hanley S, Shamblen SR. Project ALERT's effects on adolescents' prodrug beliefs: a replication and extension study. Health Educ Behav 2010; 37(3): 357-76.
76. Botvin GJ, Griffin KW, Diaz T, Scheier LM, Williams C, Epstein JA. Preventing illicit drug use in adolescents: long-term follow-up data from a randomised control trial of a school population. Addict Behav 2000; 25(5): 769-74.
77. Faggiano F, Vigna-Taglianti F, Burkhart G, et al. The effectiveness of a school-based substance abuse prevention program: 18-month follow-up of the EU-Dap cluster randomised controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 108(1-2): 56-64.
78. Faggiano F, Vigna-Taglianti FD, Versino E, Zambon A, Borraccino A, Lemma P. School-based prevention for illicit drugs' use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 18: 2.
79. Gates S, McCambridge J, Smith LA, Foxcroft DR. Interventions for prevention of drug use by young people delivered in non-school settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 25: 1.
80. Porath-Waller AJ, Beasley E, Beirness DJ. A meta-analytic review of school-based prevention for cannabis use. Health Educ Behav 2010; 37(5): 709-23.
81. Green AI, Drake RE, Brunette MF, Noordsy DL. Schizophrenia and co-occurring substance use disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164(3): 402-8.
82. Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142(11): 1259-64.
83. Gregg L, Barrowclough C, Haddock G. Reasons for increased substance use in psychosis. Clin Psychol Rev 2007; 27(4): 494-510.
84. Kolliakou A, Joseph C, Ismail K, Atakan Z, Murray RM. Why do patients with psychosis use cannabis and are they ready to change their use? Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29(3): 335-46.
85. Bechdolf A, Wagner M, Ruhrmann S, et al. CBT in the early initial prodromal state: 24-months results. Schizophr Res 2008; 102(S2): S3.
86. Ruhrmann S, Paruch J, Bechdolf A, et al. Reduced subjective quality of life in persons at risk for psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2008; 117(5): 357-68.
87. Bucci S, Baker A, Halpin SA, et al. Intervention for cannabis use in young people at ultra high risk for psychosis and in early psychosis. Ment Health Subst Use 2010; 3(1): 66-73.
88. Edwards J, Elkins K, Hinton M, Pitman K, Harrigan S, Athanosopoulos O et al. Cannabis use following initial treatment of first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2001; 49(2 Suppl 1): S12-13.
89. McHugo GJ, Drake RE, Brunette MF, Xie H, Essock SM, Green AI. Methodological issues in research on interventions for cooccurring disorders. Schizophr Bull 2006; 32: 655-65.
90. Mueser KT, Drake EE, Sigmon SC, Brunette M. Psychosocial interventions for adults with severe mental illnesses and cooccurring substance use disorders: A review of specific interventions. J Dual Diagnosis 2005; 1: 57-82.
91. McGorry PD, Nelson B, Amminger GP, Bechdolf A, Francey SM, Berger G. Intervention in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis: a review and future directions. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70(9): 1206-12.
92. McGlashan TH, Zipursky RB, Perkins D, Addington J, Miller T, Woods SW. Randomised, double-blind trial of olanzapine versus placebo in patients prodromally symptomatic for psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163(5): 790-9.
93. Bellack AS, Bennett ME, Gearon JS, Brown CH, Yang Y. A randomised clinical trial of a new behavioral treatment for drug abuse in people with severe and persistent mental illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63(4): 426-32.