Does insulin-like growth factor 1 genotype influence muscle power response to strength training in older men and women?

European Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 112, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 743-753

  Sood, Suchi ^a   Hanson, Erik D ^a   Delmonico, Matthew J ^b   Kostek, Matthew C ^c   Hand, Brian D ^d   Roth, Stephen M ^a   Hurley, Ben F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^d TOWSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Genetics; Resistance training; Skeletal muscle

Indexed keywords

SOMATOMEDIN C;

ARTICLE; FEMALE; FITNESS; GENETICS; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE STRENGTH; PHYSIOLOGY; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

FEMALE; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PHYSICAL FITNESS; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE;

EID: 84856514903     PISSN: 14396319     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2028-7     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. NE Allen GK Davey TJ Key S Zhang SA Narod 2002 Serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentration in men is not associated with the cytosine-adenosine repeat polymorphism of the IGF-I gene Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 11 3 319 320 11895885 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XivFyhs7g%3D (Pubitemid 34327013)
2. MM Bamman JK Petrella JS Kim DL Mayhew JM Cross 2007 Cluster analysis tests the importance of myogenic gene expression during myofiber hypertrophy in humans J.Appl.Physiol 102 6 2232 2239 17395765 10.1152/japplphysiol.00024.2007 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXnsVKnu70%3D (Pubitemid 47080755)
3. M Barbieri L Ferrucci E Ragno A Corsi S Bandinelli M Bonafe F Olivieri S Giovagnetti C Franceschi JM Guralnik G Paolisso 2003 Chronic inflammation and the effect of IGF-I on muscle strength and power in older persons Am.J.Physiol Endocrinol.Metab 284 3 E481 E487 12419777 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXisFegtLk%3D (Pubitemid 36237535)
4. D Berrigan N Potischman KW Dodd SD Hursting J Lavigne JC Barrett R Ballard-Barbash 2009 Race/ethnic variation in serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in US adults Growth Horm.IGF.Res. 19 2 146 155 18812263 10.1016/j.ghir.2008.08. 005 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjt1SrsLw%3D
5. SE Borst DT Lowenthal 1997 Role of IGF-I in muscular atrophy of aging Endocrine. 7 1 61 63 9449034 10.1007/BF02778065 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXnslemtrs%3D (Pubitemid 127483088)
6. DM Buchner ME Cress BJ de Lateur EH Wagner 1993 Variability in the effect of strength training on skeletal muscle strength in older adults Facts ResGerontol 7 143 153
7. D Callahan E Phillips R Carabello WR Frontera RA Fielding 2007 Assessment of lower extremity muscle power in functionally-limited elders Aging Clin Exp Res 19 3 194 199 17607086 (Pubitemid 47039747)
8. M Calvo G Rodas M Vallejo A Estruch A Arcas C Javierre G Viscor JL Ventura 2002 Heritability of explosive power and anaerobic capacity in humans Eur J Appl Physiol 86 3 218 225 11990730 10.1007/s004210100522 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XksV2gug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 36067474)
9. AR Cappola K Bandeen-Roche GS Wand S Volpato LP Fried 2001 Association of IGF-I levels with muscle strength and mobility in older women J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 9 4139 4146 11549640 10.1210/jc.86.9.4139 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3MXmvFCktLo%3D (Pubitemid 32848526)
10. P Caroni P Grandes 1990 Nerve sprouting in innervated adult skeletal muscle induced by exposure to elevated levels of insulin-like growth factors J Cell Biol 110 4 1307 1317 2157718 10.1083/jcb.110.4.1307 1:CAS:528: DyaK3cXhvFals74%3D
11. YC Chagnon T Rice L Perusse IB Borecki MA Ho-Kim M Lacaille C Pare L Bouchard J Gagnon AS Leon JS Skinner JH Wilmore DC Rao C Bouchard 2001 Genomic scan for genes affecting body composition before and after training in Caucasians from HERITAGE J Appl Physiol 90 5 1777 1787 11299268 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjsFertrc%3D (Pubitemid 32336460)
12. A Cuoco DM Callahan S Sayers WR Frontera J Bean RA Fielding 2004 Impact of muscle power and force on gait speed in disabled older men and women J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 59 11 1200 1206 15602076 10.1093/gerona/59.11.1200 (Pubitemid 40024280)
13. K DeLellis S Ingles L Kolonel R Kean-Cowdin B Henderson F Stanczyk NM Probst-Hensch 2003 IGF1 genotype, mean plasma level and breast cancer risk in the Hawaii/Los Angeles multiethnic cohort Br J Cancer 88 2 277 282 12610514 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600728 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhsV2rtLc%3D (Pubitemid 36255848)
14. MJ Delmonico MC Kostek NA Doldo BD Hand JA Bailey KM Rabon-Stith JM Conway CR Carignan J Lang BF Hurley 2005 Effects of moderate-velocity strength training on peak muscle power and movement velocity: do women respond differently than men? J Appl Physiol 99 5 1712 1718 16002767 10.1152/japplphysiol.01204.2004 (Pubitemid 41547167)
15. MJ Delmonico MC Kostek NA Doldo BD Hand S Walsh JM Conway CR Carignan SM Roth BF Hurley 2007 Alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) R577X polymorphism influences knee extensor peak power response to strength training in older men and women J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 62 2 206 212 17339648 10.1093/gerona/62.2.206 (Pubitemid 47065746)
16. RA Dennis H Zhu PM Kortebein HM Bush JF Harvey DH Sullivan CA Peterson 2009 Muscle expression of genes associated with inflammation, growth, and remodeling is strongly correlated in older adults with resistance training outcomes Physiol Genomics 38 2 169 175 19435833 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00056. 2009 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlakurfN
17. NA Doldo MJ Delmonico JA Bailey BD Hand MC Kostek KM Rabon-Stith KS Menon JM Conway CR Carignan BF Hurley 2006 Muscle-power quality: does sex or race affect movement velocity in older adults? J Aging Phys.Act. 14 4 411 422 17215559 (Pubitemid 44526459)
18. MA Fiatarone EF O'Neill ND Ryan KM Clements GR Solares ME Nelson SB Roberts JJ Kehayias LA Lipsitz WJ Evans 1994 Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people N Engl J Med 330 25 1769 1775 8190152 10.1056/NEJM199406233302501 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3kslCrsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24177611)
19. RA Fielding NK LeBrasseur A Cuoco J Bean K Mizer MA Fiatarone Singh 2002 High-velocity resistance training increases skeletal muscle peak power in older women J Am Geriatr Soc 50 4 655 662 11982665 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50159.x (Pubitemid 34298752)
20. S Giovannini E Marzetti SE Borst C Leeuwenburgh 2008 Modulation of GH/IGF-1 axis: potential strategies to counteract sarcopenia in older adults Mech Ageing Dev 129 10 593 601 18762207 10.1016/j.mad.2008.08.001 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht12nsr7O
21. 2+ in single intact muscle fibres from transgenic mice J.Physiol 552 Pt 3 833 844 12937290 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.048165 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2cXitlSnsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 37428424)
22. MD Grounds 2002 Reasons for the degeneration of ageing skeletal muscle: a central role for IGF-1 signalling Biogerontology 3 1-2 19 24 12014835 10.1023/A:1015234709314 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjsF2mu70%3D (Pubitemid 34284971)
23. JM Hagberg T Rankinen RJ Loos L Perusse SM Roth B Wolfarth C Bouchard 2011 Advances in exercise, fitness, and performance genomics in 2010 Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. 43 5 743 752 21499051 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182155d21
24. M Hameed KH Lange JL Andersen P Schjerling M Kjaer SD Harridge G Goldspink 2004 The effect of recombinant human growth hormone and resistance training on IGF-I mRNA expression in the muscles of elderly men J.Physiol 555 Pt 1 231 240 14565994 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhvFOrt7s%3D (Pubitemid 38313073)
25. BD Hand MC Kostek RE Ferrell MJ Delmonico LW Douglass SM Roth JM Hagberg BF Hurley 2007 Influence of promoter region variants of insulin-like growth factor pathway genes on the strength-training response of muscle phenotypes in older adults J Appl.Physiol 103 5 1678 1687 17761791 10.1152/japplphysiol.00420. 2007 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlyrtr%2FE (Pubitemid 350033853)
26. ED Hanson AT Ludlow AK Sheaff J Park SM Roth 2010 ACTN3 genotype does not influence muscle power Int.J.Sports Med. 31 11 834 838 20830656 10.1055/s-0030-1263116 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhs1Sitr3L
27. M Harrela H Koistinen J Kaprio M Lehtovirta J Tuomilehto J Eriksson L Toivanen M Koskenvuo P Leinonen R Koistinen M Seppala 1996 Genetic and environmental components of interindividual variation in circulating levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-3 J Clin Invest 98 11 2612 2615 8958225 10.1172/JCI119081 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XnsVWntbk%3D (Pubitemid 26415083)
28. CJ Heckman TG Sandercock 1996 From motor unit to whole muscle properties during locomotor movements Exerc.Sport Sci.Rev. 24 109 133 8744248 10.1249/00003677-199600240-00006 1:STN:280:DyaK28zltlKntQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 126422672)
29. Hong Y, Pedersen NL, Brismar K, Hall K, and de FU (1996) Quantitative genetic analyses of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-binding protein-1, and insulin levels in middle-aged and elderly twins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81(5):1791-1797
30. W Huygens MA Thomis MW Peeters RF Vlietinck GP Beunen 2004 Determinants and upper-limit heritabilities of skeletal muscle mass and strength Can.J.Appl.Physiol 29 2 186 200 15064427 10.1139/h04-014 (Pubitemid 38497247)
31. Ivey FM, Roth SM, Ferrell RE, Tracy BL, Lemmer JT, Hurlbut DE, Martel GF, Siegel EL, Fozard JL, Jeffrey ME, Fleg JL, Hurley BF (2000a) Effects of age, gender, and myostatin genotype on the hypertrophic response to heavy resistance strength training. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 55(11):M641-M648 (Pubitemid 32010309)
32. FM Ivey BL Tracy JT Lemmer M NessAiver EJ Metter JL Fozard BF Hurley 2000 Effects of strength training and detraining on muscle quality: age and gender comparisons J.Gerontol.A Biol.Sci.Med.Sci. 55 3 B152 B157 10795719 10.1093/gerona/55.3.B152 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3lsVOgtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30243726)
33. AC Jozsi WW Campbell L Joseph SL Davey WJ Evans 1999 Changes in power with resistance training in older and younger men and women J.Gerontol.A Biol.Sci.Med.Sci. 54 11 M591 M596 10619323 10.1093/gerona/54.11.M591 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FosVensw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30017621)
34. I Kato J Eastham B Li M Smith H Yu 2003 Genotype-phenotype analysis for the polymorphic CA repeat in the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) gene Eur J Epidemiol 18 3 203 209 12800944 10.1023/A:1023379100539 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3sXjtVOrt7Y%3D (Pubitemid 36597137)
35. MC Kostek MJ Delmonico JB Reichel SM Roth L Douglass RE Ferrell BF Hurley 2005 Muscle strength response to strength training is influenced by insulin-like growth factor 1 genotype in older adults J Appl Physiol 98 6 2147 2154 15894537 10.1152/japplphysiol.00817.2004 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXlsFahurg%3D (Pubitemid 40726909)
36. T Kostka 2005 Quadriceps maximal power and optimal shortening velocity in 335 men aged 23-88 years Eur J Appl Physiol 95 2-3 140 145 16032419 10.1007/s00421-005-1390-8 (Pubitemid 41829778)
37. T Kostka LM Arsac MC Patricot SE Berthouze JR Lacour M Bonnefoy 2000 Leg extensor power and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, insulin-like growth factor-I and testosterone in healthy active elderly people Eur J Appl Physiol 82 1-2 83 90 10879447 10.1007/s004210050655 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjtFGmur8%3D (Pubitemid 30312847)
38. JT Lemmer DE Hurlbut GF Martel BL Tracy FM Ivey EJ Metter JL Fozard JL Fleg BF Hurley 2000 Age and gender responses to strength training and detraining Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. 32 8 1505 1512 10949019 10.1097/00005768-200008000-00021 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FkvFSisg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30618578)
39. RS Lindle EJ Metter NA Lynch JL Fleg JL Fozard J Tobin TA Roy BF Hurley 1997 Age and gender comparisons of muscle strength in 654 women and men aged 20-93 yr J Appl.CPhysiol 83 5 1581 1587 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2Fkt1yqsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27495334)
40. AP Marsh ME Miller AM Saikin WJ Rejeski N Hu F Lauretani S Bandinelli JM Guralnik L Ferrucci 2006 Lower extremity strength and power are associated with 400-meter walk time in older adults: The InCHIANTI study J Gerontol A Biol Sci.Med.Sci. 61 11 1186 1193 17167161 10.1093/gerona/61.11.1186 (Pubitemid 46034471)
41. TL McCarthy C Ji H Shu S Casinghino K Crothers P Rotwein M Centrella 1997 17beta-estradiol potently suppresses cAMP-induced insulin-like growth factor-I gene activation in primary rat osteoblast cultures J Biol Chem 272 29 18132 18139 9218447 10.1074/jbc.272.29.18132 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXkslKgur0%3D (Pubitemid 27306398)
42. JA Melnyk MA Rogers BF Hurley 2009 Effects of strength training and detraining on regional muscle in young and older men and women Eur.J.Appl.Physiol 105 6 929 938 19153759 10.1007/s00421-008-0979-0
43. ML Messi O Delbono 2003 Target-derived trophic effect on skeletal muscle innervation in senescent mice J.Neurosci. 23 4 1351 1359 12598623 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXit1antLY%3D (Pubitemid 36258913)
44. AB Newman CL Haggerty B Goodpaster T Harris S Kritchevsky M Nevitt TP Miles M Visser 2003 Strength and muscle quality in a well-functioning cohort of older adults: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study J Am Geriatr Soc 51 3 323 330 12588575 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51105.x (Pubitemid 36348893)
45. N Niino R Kozakai M Eto 2003 Epidemiology of falls among community-dwelling elderly people Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 40 5 484 486 14579719 10.3143/geriatrics.40.484
46. A Philippou A Halapas M Maridaki M Koutsilieris 2007 Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling in skeletal muscle regeneration and hypertrophy J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 7 3 208 218 17947802 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1cXhsVOrsLY%3D (Pubitemid 350238147)
47. ML Puthoff DH Nielsen 2007 Relationships among impairments in lower-extremity strength and power, functional limitations, and disability in older adults Phys Ther 87 10 1334 1347 17684086 10.2522/ptj.20060176 (Pubitemid 47584279)
48. ED Rabinovsky E Gelir S Gelir H Lui M Kattash FJ DeMayo SM Shenaq RJ Schwartz 2003 Targeted expression of IGF-1 transgene to skeletal muscle accelerates muscle and motor neuron regeneration FASEB J. 17 1 53 55 12424223 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXlvFKmuw%3D%3D
49. IS Raj SR Bird AJ Shield 2010 Aging and the force-velocity relationship of muscles Exp Gerontol 45 2 81 90 19883746 10.1016/j.exger.2009.10.013 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXpslWqug%3D%3D
50. T Rantanen JM Guralnik S Leveille G Izmirlian R Hirsch E Simonsick S Ling LP Fried 1998 Racial differences in muscle strength in disabled older women J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 53 5 B355 B361 9754133 10.1093/gerona/53A.5.B355 1:STN:280:DyaK1cvis1Onsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29010734)
51. KF Reid EN Naumova RJ Carabello EM Phillips RA Fielding 2008 Lower extremity muscle mass predicts functional performance in mobility-limited elders J Nutr Health Aging 12 7 493 498 18615232 10.1007/BF02982711 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1crmvFOrtg%3D%3D
52. I Rietveld JA Janssen A Hofman HA Pols CM van Duijn SW Lamberts 2003 A polymorphism in the IGF-I gene influences the age-related decline in circulating total IGF-I levels Eur J Endocrinol 148 2 171 175 12590635 10.1530/eje.0. 1480171 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhvF2jtL8%3D (Pubitemid 36305683)
53. F Rivadeneira JJ Houwing-Duistermaat TJ Beck JA Janssen A Hofman HA Pols CM van Duijn AG Uitterlinden 2004 The influence of an insulin-like growth factor I gene promoter polymorphism on hip bone geometry and the risk of nonvertebral fracture in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study J Bone Miner Res 19 8 1280 1290 15231015 10.1359/JBMR.040405 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXntFGqurs%3D (Pubitemid 41094369)
54. CJ Rosen ES Kurland D Vereault RA Adler PJ Rackoff WY Craig S Witte J Rogers JP Bilezikian 1998 Association between serum insulin growth factor-I (IGF-I) and a simple sequence repeat in IGF-I gene: implications for genetic studies of bone mineral density J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 7 2286 2290 9661596 10.1210/jc.83.7.2286 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXksVSjtbk%3D (Pubitemid 28503015)
55. JM Schildkraut W mark-Wahnefried RM Wenham J Grubber AS Jeffreys SC Grambow JR Marks PG Moorman C Hoyo S Ali PJ Walther 2005 IGF1 (CA)19 repeat and IGFBP3-202 A/C genotypes and the risk of prostate cancer in black and white men Cancer EpidemiolBiomarkers Prev 14 2 403 408 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0426 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhs1GhsL8%3D (Pubitemid 40270104)
56. AE Schutte HW Huisman JM van Rooyen L Malan NT Malan CM Fourie R Louw FH van der Westhuizen R Schutte 2010 A significant decline in IGF-I may predispose young Africans to subsequent cardiometabolic vulnerability J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95 5 2503 2507 20215395 10.1210/jc.2009-2329 1:CAS:528: DC%2BC3cXmtFensb8%3D
57. Singh MA, Ding W, Manfredi TJ, Solares GS, O'Neill EF, Clements KM, Ryan ND, Kehayias JJ, Fielding RA, Evans WJ (1999) Insulin-like growth factor I in skeletal muscle after weight-lifting exercise in frail elders. Am J Physiol 277(1 Pt 1):E135-E143 (Pubitemid 29356737)
58. DA Skelton CA Greig JM Davies A Young 1994 Strength, power and related functional ability of healthy people aged 65-89 years Age Ageing 23 5 371 377 7825481 10.1093/ageing/23.5.371 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7is1SisQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24292161)
59. DA Skelton A Young CA Greig KE Malbut 1995 Effects of resistance training on strength, power, and selected functional abilities of women aged 75 and older J Am Geriatr Soc 43 10 1081 1087 7560695 1:STN:280:DyaK28%2FgtlKlug%3D%3D
60. G Sun J Gagnon YC Chagnon L Perusse JP Despres AS Leon JH Wilmore JS Skinner I Borecki DC Rao C Bouchard 1999 Association and linkage between an insulin-like growth factor-1 gene polymorphism and fat free mass in the HERITAGE Family Study Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23 9 929 935 10490798 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801021 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmsFGmurc%3D (Pubitemid 29423935)
61. K Tiainen S Sipila M Alen E Heikkinen J Kaprio M Koskenvuo A Tolvanen S Pajala T Rantanen 2005 Shared genetic and environmental effects on strength and power in older female twins Med Sci Sports Exerc 37 1 72 78 15632671 10.1249/01.MSS.0000150081.04037.BB (Pubitemid 40076019)
62. BL Tracy FM Ivey D Hurlbut GF Martel JT Lemmer EL Siegel EJ Metter JL Fozard JL Fleg BF Hurley 1999 Muscle quality. II. Effects of strength training in 65- to 75-yr-old men and women J Appl Physiol 86 1 195 201 9887131 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7gsVajsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29046958)
63. BL Tracy FM Ivey ME Jeffrey JL Fleg EL Siegel BF Hurley 2003 A more efficient magnetic resonance imaging-based strategy for measuring quadriceps muscle volume Med Sci Sports Exerc 35 3 425 433 12618571 10.1249/01.MSS. 0000053722.53302.D6 (Pubitemid 36278767)
64. N Vaessen P Heutink JA Janssen JC Witteman L Testers A Hofman SW Lamberts BA Oostra HA Pols CM van Duijn 2001 A polymorphism in the gene for IGF-I: functional properties and risk for type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarction Diabetes 50 3 637 642 11246885 10.2337/diabetes.50.3.637 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3MXhslGgsL0%3D (Pubitemid 32195230)
65. M Visser SB Kritchevsky BH Goodpaster AB Newman M Nevitt E Stamm TB Harris 2002 Leg muscle mass and composition in relation to lower extremity performance in men and women aged 70 to 79: the health, aging and body composition study J.Am.Geriatr.Soc. 50 5 897 904 12028178 10.1046/j.1532-5415. 2002.50217.x (Pubitemid 34496688)
66. ZM Wang ML Messi O Delbono 2002 Sustained overexpression of IGF-1 prevents age-dependent decrease in charge movement and intracellular Ca(2+) in mouse skeletal muscle Biophys J 82 3 1338 1344 11867450 10.1016/S0006-3495(02) 75489-1 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xit1Kjt78%3D (Pubitemid 34204756)
67. DA Winter 1989 Biomechanics of normal and pathological gait: implications for understanding human locomotor control J Mot Behav 21 4 337 355 15136250 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c3jslOmsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 20079972)
68. P Wretenberg UP Arborelius 1994 Power and Work Produced in Different Leg Muscle Groups When Rising from A Chair Eur J Appl Physiol Occupational Physiol 68 5 413 417 10.1007/BF00843738 1:STN:280:DyaK2czlslWquw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24156972)
69. Yang H, Alnaqeeb M, Simpson H, Goldspink G (1997) Changes in muscle fibre type, muscle mass and IGF-I gene expression in rabbit skeletal muscle subjected to stretch. J Anat 190 (Pt 4):613-622 (Pubitemid 27236955)