The regulatory gap in chronic disease prevention: A historical perspective

Journal of Public Health Policy

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 89-104

  Walls, Helen L ^a   Walls, Kelvin L ^b   Loff, Bebe ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b Building Code Consultants Limited   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

chronic disease; law; obesity; public health; regulation

Indexed keywords

CHRONIC DISEASE; CONSTRUCTION WORK AND ARCHITECTURAL PHENOMENA; EXHAUST GAS; HISTORY; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; SANITATION;

BUILDING CODES; CHRONIC DISEASE; HISTORY, 15TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 17TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; PUBLIC HEALTH; SANITATION; VEHICLE EMISSIONS;

EID: 84856483996     PISSN: 01975897     EISSN: 1745655X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1057/jphp.2011.50     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. HC Deb. (10 February 1848) Sanitary Regulations. Vol. 96cc, 385-424.
2. World Health Organization. (2002) The World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
3. Lawrence, M. (2009) Reflections on public health policy in the food regulatory system: Challenges, and opportunities for nutrition and food law experts to collaborate. Deakin Law Review 14(2): 397-413.
4. Ezzati, M., Lopez, A., Rogers, A., Van der Hoorn, S. and Murray, C. and the Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group (2002) Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet 360(9343): 1347-1360.
5. Lock, K. et al (2003) Health impact assessment of agriculture and food policies: Lessons learnt from the Republic of Slovenia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 81(6): 391-398.
6. Allender, S. et al (2009) Moving beyond 'rates, roads and rubbish': How do local governments make choices about healthy public policy to prevent obesity? Australia&New Zealand Health Policy 6: 20.
7. Reddy, K. and Yusuf, S. (1998) Emerging epidemic of cardiovascular disease in developing countries. Circulation 97(6): 596-601.
8. Boutayeb, A. and Boutayeb, S. (2005) The burden of non communicable diseases in developing countries. International Journal for Equity in Health 4(1): 2.
9. Backholer, K., Walls, H., Magliano, D. and Peeters, A. (2010) Setting population targets for measuring successful obesity prevention. American Journal of Public Health 100(11): 2033-2037.
10. Walls, H., Peeters, A., Loff, B. and Crammond, B. (2009) Why education and choice won't solve the obesity problem. American Journal of Public Health 99(4): 590-592.
11. Swinburn, B. and Egger, G. (2002) Preventive strategies against weight gain and obesity. Obesity Reviews 3(4): 289-301.
12. Bettinghaus, E.P. (1986) Health promotion and the knowledge-attitude- behaviour continuum. Preventive Medicine 15: 475-491.
13. Dahlgren, G. and Whitehead, M. (1992) Policies and Strategies to Promote Equity in Health. Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
14. Ingham, R.,Woodcock, A. and Stenner, K. (1992) The limitations of rational decision-making models as applied to young people's sexual behaviour. In: P. Aggleton, P. Davies and G. Hart (eds.) AIDS, Rights, Risk and Reason. London: Falmer Press.
15. Swinburn, B., Egger, G. and Raza, F. (1999) Dissecting obesogenic environments: The development and application of a framework for identifying and prioritizing environmental interventions for obesity. Preventive Medicine 29: 563-570.
16. Padwa, R. and Majumdar, S. (2007) Drug treatments for obesity: Orlistat, sibutramine, and rimonabant. The Lancet 369: 71-77.
17. Reynolds, C. (2004) Public Health Law and Regulation. NSW, Australia: The Federation Press.
18. Hammurabi's Code of Laws, http://eawc.evansville.edu/anthology/hammurabi. htm, accessed 5 October 2011.
19. Kanbayashi, S. (2001) Establishment of public health in Japan and Britain: The roles played by Sensai Nagayo and Edwin Chadwick. Nippon Ishigaku Zasshi 47: 665-696.
20. Ferriman, A. (2007) BMJ readers choose the 'sanitary revolution' as greatest medical advance since 1840. British Medical Journal 334: 111.
21. Norman, G., Pedley, S. and Takkouche, B. (2010) Effects of sewerage on diarrhoea and enteric infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infectious Diseases 10: 536-544.
22. Chadwick, E. (1843) Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain. A supplementary report on the results of a special inquiry into the practice of internment in towns. London:W. Clowes & Sons.
23. Hamlin, C. (1998) Public Health and Social Justice in the Age of Chadwick: Britain 1800-1854. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Golding, A. (2006) Sir Edwin Chadwick and inequalities. Public Health and Nutrition 120: 474-476.
25. Chadwick, E. (1842) Report from the Poor Law Commissioners of an enquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain. London: HMSO.
26. Corbett, S. (2008) Public health and regulation of the built environment. NSW Public Health Bulletin 19: 212-214.
27. Hamlin, C. and Sheard, S. (1998) Revolutions in public health: 1848, and 1998? British Medical Journal 317: 587-598.
28. Calman, K. (1998) The 1848 Public Health Act and its relevance to improving public health in England now. British Medical Journal 317: 596-598.
29. Alsford, S. (2004) Regulations for building construction and fire safety, http://users.trytel.com/tristan/towns/florilegium/community/cmfabr08.html, accessed 5 October 2011.
30. Riley, H. (1859) Munimenta Gildhallae Londoniensis: Liber albus, liber custumarum, et liber horn. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans and Roberts.
31. Chew,M. and Kellaway,W. (eds.) (1973) London Assize of Nuisance 1301-1431: A Calendar. Leicester: London Record Society.
32. Bickley, F. (ed.) (1900) The Little Red Book of Bristol. Bristol, UK: Early English Text Society.
33. Toulmin-Smith, L. (ed.) (1963) English Guilds. UK: Early English Text Society.
34. Manco, J. (2009) Researching historic buildings in the British Isles, http://www.buildinghistory .org/regulations.shtml, accessed 5 October 2011.
35. Reddaway, T. (1940) The Rebuilding of London after the Great Fire. London: J. Cape.
36. Gray, I. (1994) A Guide to Dean of Guild Court Records. Glasgow, UK: Scottish Survey of Architectural Practices.
37. Iredale, D. and Barrett, J. (2002) Discovering Your Old House. Buckinghamshire, UK: Shire Publications.
38. Girouard,M. (1995) The English Town: A History of Urban Life. Yale, CT: Yale University Press.
39. HC Deb (1868) Artizans and Labourers Dwellings Act 1868.
40. Burridge, R. and Ormandy, D. (2007) Health and safety at home: private and public responsibility for unsatisfactory housing conditions. Journal of Law & Society 34: 544-566.
41. Warwick School of Law. (2006) Health hazards in the home environment: A risk assessment methodology, http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/research/ centres/whocc/hhsrs, accessed 5 October 2011.
42. Ministry of Health. (1919) Mannual of Unfit Houses and Unhealthy Areas. London: HMSO.
43. Melosi, M.V. (2010) The automobile and the environment in American history, http://www.autolife.umd.umich.edu/Environment/E-Overview/E-Overview4. htm, accessed 5 October 2011.
44. Penney, J. (2004) Managing the Implementation of Automobile Emission Control Technologies Using Systems Engineering Principles. San Diego: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
45. Elnashai, A. (2002) A very brief history of earthquake engineering with emphasis on developments in and from the British Isles. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 13: 967-972.
46. Andrews, A. (2008) Before Beginning: The Birth of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering.
47. Brannigan, F. and Corbett, G. (2008) Brannigan's Building Construction for the Fire Service. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
48. Yayong, W. (2010) Revision of seismic design codes corresponding to building damages in the '5.12'Wenchuan earthquake. Earthquake Engineering & Engineering Vibration 9: 147-155.
49. Hamlin, C. (1995) Could you starve to death in England in 1839? The Chadwick-Farr controversy and the loss of the 'social' in public health. American Journal of Public Health 85: 856-866.
50. Ringen, K. (1979) Edwin Chadwick, the market ideology, and sanitary reform: On the nature of the 19th Century public health movement. International Journal of Health Services 9: 107-120.
51. Carson, R. (1962) Silent Spring. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
52. Gibson, R. (1974) Products liability in the United States and England: The difference and why. Anglo-American Law Review 3: 493-522.
53. Donoghue (or McAlister) v. Stevenson, All ER Rep 1. (1932) AC 562: House of Lords.
54. Baker, R. (1954) An eclipse of liability? Virginia Law Review 40: 273-281.
55. Swinburn, B., Sacks, G. and Ravussin, E. (2009) Increased food energy supply is more than sufficient to explain the US epidemic of obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90: 1453-1456.
56. Snowdon, W., Lawrence, M., Schultz, J., Vivili, P. and Swinburn, B. (2010) Evidence-informed process to identify policies that will promote a healthy food environment in the Pacific Islands. Public Health Nutrition 13: 886-892.
57. Stubbs, C. and Lee, A. (2004) The obesity epidemic: Both energy intake and physical activity contribute. Medical Journal of Australia 181: 489-491.
58. Bond, M., Williams, M., Crammond, B. and Loff, B. (2010) Taxing junk food: Applying the logic of the Henry tax review to food. Medical Journal of Australia 193: 472-473.
59. Jia, H. and Lubetkin, E. (2010) Trends in quality-adjusted life-years lost contributed by smoking and obesity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 38: 138-144.
60. Flegal, K., Carroll, M., Ogden, C. and Curtin, L. (2010) Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA 303: 235-241.
61. Walls, H. et al (2010) Trends in BMI of urban Australian adults, 1980-2000. Public Health Nutrition 13: 631-638.
62. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2009) National Health Survey: Summary of Results, 2007-2008. Canberra, Australia: ABS.
63. Friel, S. et al (2009) Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: Food and agriculture. Lancet 374: 2016-2025.
64. Dixon, J., Omwega, A., Friel, S., Burns, C., Donati, K. and Carlisle, R. (2007) The health equity dimensions of urban food systems. Journal of Urban Health 84: 118-129.
65. Walls, H., Peeters, A., Proietto, J. and McNeil, J. (2011) Public health campaigns and obesity -A critique. BMC Public Health 11: 136.
66. Law, M.T. (2010) History of food and drug regulation in the United States, http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/Law.Food.and.Drug.Regulation, accessed 5 October 2011.
67. Nestle, M. and Jacobson, M. (2000) Halting the obesity epidemic: A public health policy approach. Public Health Rep 115(1): 12-24.
68. World Health Organization. (2002) Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
69. World Health Organization. (2004) Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Heath. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
70. Frieden, T., Dietz,W. and Collins, J. (2010) Reducing childhood obesity through policy change: Acting now to prevent obesity. Health Affairs 29(3): 357-363.
71. Hayne, C., Moran, P. and Ford, M. (2004) Regulating environments to reduce obesity. Journal of Public Health Policy 25(3-4): 391-407.
72. Hodge, J., Garcia, A. and Shah, S. (2008) Legal themes concerning obesity regulation in the United States: Theory and practice. Australia and New Zealand Health Policy 5: 14.
73. Loff, B. and Crammond, B. (2010) Wanted: politicians to champion health (not obesity). Medical Journal of Australia 192(7): 397-399.
74. Swinburn, B. (2008) Obesity prevention: the role of policies, laws and regulations. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Health Policy 5: 12.
75. Hodge, J., Garcia, A. and Shah, S. (2008) Legal themes concerning obesity regulation in theUnited States: theory and practice. Australia andNewZealand Journal ofHealth Policy 5: 14.
76. Bero, L. (2003) Implications of the tobacco industry documents for public health and policy. Annual Review of Public Health 24: 267-288.
77. Kelley, B. and Smith, J. (2004) Legal approaches to the obesity epidemic: An introduction. Journal of Public Health Policy 25(4): 433-439.
78. Bero, L. (2005) Tobacco industry manipulation of research. Public Health Chronicles 120(2): 200-208.
79. Brownell, K. and Horgen, K. (2004) Food Fight: The Inside Story of the Food Industry, America's Obesity Crisis, and What We Can Do About It. New York: McGraw-Hill.
80. Henry, K. (2010) Australia's Future Tax System. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia.
81. Dunne, R. (2004) Obesity: Who is to blame? BBC News, 14 March.
82. Sweet, M. (2011) Australia timid on tackling childhood obesity. Croakey, 17 January.
83. Swinburn, B. et al (2009) Estimating the changes in energy flux that characterize the rise in obesity prevalence. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89(6): 1723-1728.
84. Wilkinson, R. and Pickett, K. (2009) The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. London: Allen Lane.