메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 544-566

Health and safety at home: Private and public responsibility for unsatisfactory housing conditions

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 36549005085     PISSN: 0263323X     EISSN: 14676478     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6478.2007.00404.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (18)

References (137)
  • 1
    • 36549057709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There are many accounts of housing horrors in England in the nineteenth century and the efforts of reformers to invoke the law to protect vulnerable occupiers. Two of the most oft-quoted studies in the modern period are E. Gauldie, Cruel Habitations: A History of Working-Class Housing 1780-1918 1974
    • There are many accounts of housing horrors in England in the nineteenth century and the efforts of reformers to invoke the law to protect vulnerable occupiers. Two of the most oft-quoted studies in the modern period are E. Gauldie, Cruel Habitations: A History of Working-Class Housing 1780-1918 (1974)
  • 3
    • 36549081307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contemporary accounts include E. Chadwick, Report into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (1842) and reports produced for the newly established local Boards of Health. For a brief outline of the origins of housing standards in England and Wales,
    • Contemporary accounts include E. Chadwick, Report into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (1842) and reports produced for the newly established local Boards of Health. For a brief outline of the origins of housing standards in England and Wales,
  • 5
    • 36549025342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and Health at Work (1972; Cmnd. 5034; Chair, Lord Robens). The report of the Robens Committee led to the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, which was widely regarded as a model of modern late-twentieth-century regulation.
    • Safety and Health at Work (1972; Cmnd. 5034; Chair, Lord Robens). The report of the Robens Committee led to the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, which was widely regarded as a model of modern late-twentieth-century regulation.
  • 7
    • 36549020994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id
    • id.
  • 10
    • 84977409872 scopus 로고
    • Statutory covenants of fitness and repair: Social legislation and the judges
    • J.I. Reynolds, 'Statutory covenants of fitness and repair: social legislation and the judges' (1974) 37 Modern Law Rev. 377-98.
    • (1974) Modern Law Rev , vol.37 , pp. 377-398
    • Reynolds, J.I.1
  • 11
    • 36549030727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id, at p. 377
    • id., at p. 377.
  • 12
    • 36549021495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id, at p. 379
    • id., at p. 379.
  • 13
    • 36549019442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chadwick's influential study, op. cit., n. 1, was published the year before Smith v. Marrable (11 M. & W. 5) in which the court first decided that a tenant did not have to pay rent for furnished premises that were 'not fit for occupation'.
    • Chadwick's influential study, op. cit., n. 1, was published the year before Smith v. Marrable (11 M. & W. 5) in which the court first decided that a tenant did not have to pay rent for furnished premises that were 'not fit for occupation'.
  • 14
    • 36549089425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n. 3, at p
    • Hamlin, op. cit., n. 3, at p. 4.
    • Hamlin1    op2    cit3
  • 16
    • 36549001155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing of the Working Classes Act 1890, s. 75.
    • Housing of the Working Classes Act 1890, s. 75.
  • 17
    • 36549083577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Less than £20 per annum in London - based on the rate assessment made under the Poor Rate Assessment and Collection Act 1869, s. 3.
    • Less than £20 per annum in London - based on the rate assessment made under the Poor Rate Assessment and Collection Act 1869, s. 3.
  • 18
    • 36549026797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contracts entered into after 1903 containing such clauses were deemed void by the Housing of the Working Classes Act 1903, s. 12.
    • Contracts entered into after 1903 containing such clauses were deemed void by the Housing of the Working Classes Act 1903, s. 12.
  • 19
    • 36549027809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, Jones v. Green [1925] 1 K.B. 659;
    • See, for example, Jones v. Green [1925] 1 K.B. 659;
  • 20
    • 36549056000 scopus 로고
    • Ex D 336;
    • Wilson v. Finch Hatton (1877) 2 Ex D 336;
    • (1877) Finch Hatton , pp. 2
    • Wilson1
  • 21
    • 36549001610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Chester v. Powell (1885) 52 L.T. (NS) 722.
    • and Chester v. Powell (1885) 52 L.T. (NS) 722.
  • 22
    • 36549019928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ormandy and Burridge, op. cit, n. 1, at p. 61.
    • Ormandy and Burridge, op. cit, n. 1, at p. 61.
  • 23
    • 36549025341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing Repairs and Rents Act 1954, s. 9.
    • Housing Repairs and Rents Act 1954, s. 9.
  • 24
    • 36549067183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id
    • id.
  • 25
    • 36549086691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, n. 7, at p
    • See Reynolds, op. cit., n. 7, at p. 380.
    • Reynolds1    op2    cit3
  • 26
    • 36549073593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landlord and Tenant Act 1985, s. 8, the Standard of Fitness being repeated at s. 10.
    • Landlord and Tenant Act 1985, s. 8, the Standard of Fitness being repeated at s. 10.
  • 27
    • 36549061919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing Act 1957, s. 6.
    • Housing Act 1957, s. 6.
  • 28
    • 36549052527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing Act 1961, s. 32.
    • Housing Act 1961, s. 32.
  • 29
    • 36549044868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing Act 1988, s. 116, inserting s. 11(1A), (1B), and (3A).
    • Housing Act 1988, s. 116, inserting s. 11(1A), (1B), and (3A).
  • 30
    • 36549056957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quick v. Taff-Ely B.C. [1986] Q.B. 809.
    • Quick v. Taff-Ely B.C. [1986] Q.B. 809.
  • 31
    • 36549018524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reynolds, op. cit. n. 7, at p. 398 reports a study by K. Coates and R. Silburn, Poverty: The Forgotten Englishmen (1970), which found that poor tenants only complained if there were exceptionally bad conditions.
    • Reynolds, op. cit. n. 7, at p. 398 reports a study by K. Coates and R. Silburn, Poverty: The Forgotten Englishmen (1970), which found that poor tenants only complained if there were exceptionally bad conditions.
  • 32
    • 36549035201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing Act 1988, s. 20.
    • Housing Act 1988, s. 20.
  • 33
    • 36549074524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DoE, Housing: The Government's Proposals (1987; Cmd. 214).
    • DoE, Housing: The Government's Proposals (1987; Cmd. 214).
  • 35
    • 36549022505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HMO report confirms tenants' fears
    • See, also, 24 August
    • See, also, 'HMO report confirms tenants' fears' Environmental Health News, 24 August 2007.
    • (2007) Environmental Health News
  • 36
    • 36549065142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hugh Collins in Regulating Contracts (1999) has suggested that the regulatory efficacy of contract law is misunderstood and the role of contract in the regulation of markets is undervalued.
    • Hugh Collins in Regulating Contracts (1999) has suggested that the regulatory efficacy of contract law is misunderstood and the role of contract in the regulation of markets is undervalued.
  • 37
    • 36549002136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There has been, a wide and varied growth in the study of regulation in the past twenty years within which the present study can be placed. Many of these relate to the environment and the regulation of workplace safety and include B. Hutter, Regulation and Environment (1997);
    • There has been, a wide and varied growth in the study of regulation in the past twenty years within which the present study can be placed. Many of these relate to the environment and the regulation of workplace safety and include B. Hutter, Regulation and Environment (1997);
  • 41
    • 33746823265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is Better Regulation Smarter Regulation?
    • R. Baldwin, 'Is Better Regulation Smarter Regulation?' (2005) Public Law 485.
    • (2005) Public Law , pp. 485
    • Baldwin, R.1
  • 42
    • 33644987295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Malcolm and Pointing have recently lamented the judicial reluctance to develop this regulatory technique as a more effective tool for environmental protection: see R. Malcolm, and J. Pointing, Statutory Nuisance: The Sanitary Paradigm and Judicial Conservatism, 2006 18 J. of Environmental Law 37-54
    • Malcolm and Pointing have recently lamented the judicial reluctance to develop this regulatory technique as a more effective tool for environmental protection: see R. Malcolm, and J. Pointing, 'Statutory Nuisance: The Sanitary Paradigm and Judicial Conservatism' (2006) 18 J. of Environmental Law 37-54.
  • 43
    • 36549017549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental Protection Act 1990, s. 82.
    • Environmental Protection Act 1990, s. 82.
  • 45
    • 36549082836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See R v. Bristol CC, ex p Everett [1998] 1 W.L.R. 92.
    • See R v. Bristol CC, ex p Everett [1998] 1 W.L.R. 92.
  • 46
    • 36549071939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Artizans and Labourers Dwellings Act 1868, s. 5.
    • Artizans and Labourers Dwellings Act 1868, s. 5.
  • 48
    • 36549085010 scopus 로고
    • See, also, Ministry of Health
    • See, also, Ministry of Health, Rural Housing Manual (1938).
    • (1938) Rural Housing Manual
  • 49
    • 36549069661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The original powers to purchase land and erect houses (limited to houses for the working classes) were given to local authorities in the Houses of the Working Classes Act 1890
    • The original powers to purchase land and erect houses (limited to houses for the working classes) were given to local authorities in the Houses of the Working Classes Act 1890
  • 50
  • 51
    • 36549047397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burnett, id, p. 137
    • Burnett, id., p. 137.
  • 52
    • 36549038985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Part 1 above at p. 549.
    • In Part 1 above at p. 549.
  • 53
    • 36549016548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing Repairs and Rents Act 1954, s. 9.
    • Housing Repairs and Rents Act 1954, s. 9.
  • 54
    • 36549013554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, generally, Ormandy and Burridge, op. cit., n. 1, at pp. 106 ff.
    • See, generally, Ormandy and Burridge, op. cit., n. 1, at pp. 106 ff.
  • 55
    • 36549078084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing Act 1969, s. 71.
    • Housing Act 1969, s. 71.
  • 56
    • 36549082338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ministry of Housing and Local Government Circular No, para
    • Ministry of Housing and Local Government Circular No. 68/69, Appendix, para. 2.
    • 68/69, Appendix , pp. 2
  • 57
    • 36549003541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id
    • id.
  • 58
    • 36549069133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing Act 1985, s. 604 and Landlord and Tenant Act 1985, s. 8.
    • Housing Act 1985, s. 604 and Landlord and Tenant Act 1985, s. 8.
  • 59
    • 36549072878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DoE, Home Improvement - A New Approach (1985; Cmnd. 9513).
    • DoE, Home Improvement - A New Approach (1985; Cmnd. 9513).
  • 60
    • 36549016550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local Government and Housing Act 1989, Sched. 9, para. 83.
    • Local Government and Housing Act 1989, Sched. 9, para. 83.
  • 61
    • 36549069663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landlord and Tenant Act 1985, s. 8.
    • Landlord and Tenant Act 1985, s. 8.
  • 62
    • 36549031617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In fact, until 1972, their landlord had a swift summary procedure to obtain possession for non-payment of rent through the Magistrates' Courts. From 1972, this summary procedure was no longer available and councils could only obtain possession through the County Courts, see DoE Circular 83/72
    • In fact, until 1972, their landlord had a swift summary procedure to obtain possession for non-payment of rent through the Magistrates' Courts. From 1972, this summary procedure was no longer available and councils could only obtain possession through the County Courts, see DoE Circular 83/72.
  • 63
    • 36549036631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ironically, it was this same Act that introduced the 'right to buy' which led to home-ownership increasing from 55 per cent in 1980 to 67 per cent in 1990.
    • Ironically, it was this same Act that introduced the 'right to buy' which led to home-ownership increasing from 55 per cent in 1980 to 67 per cent in 1990.
  • 64
    • 36548999238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R v. Cardiff CC ex p Cross (1982) 1 H.L.R. 54.
    • R v. Cardiff CC ex p Cross (1982) 1 H.L.R. 54.
  • 65
    • 36549026798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recognition of the problem resulted in a plethora of publications by central and local government and technical agencies: see, for example, DoE, Condensation in Dwellings (1970);
    • Recognition of the problem resulted in a plethora of publications by central and local government and technical agencies: see, for example, DoE, Condensation in Dwellings (1970);
  • 68
    • 36549083341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and London Borough of Southwark, Condensation Remedial Measures: A. Practical Guide (1986).
    • and London Borough of Southwark, Condensation Remedial Measures: A. Practical Guide (1986).
  • 69
    • 36549037570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On this, see the problems noted in Quick, op. cit., n. 25.
    • On this, see the problems noted in Quick, op. cit., n. 25.
  • 70
    • 36549012174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id
    • id.
  • 71
    • 36549087159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • At that time using s. 99 of the Public Health Act 1936
    • At that time using s. 99 of the Public Health Act 1936.
  • 73
    • 36549064634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See H. Hodge, 'Tenants and s. 99' (1974) 124 New Law J. 1161;
    • See H. Hodge, 'Tenants and s. 99' (1974) 124 New Law J. 1161;
  • 74
    • 36549033217 scopus 로고
    • Public health legislation and improvement of housing conditions
    • D. Hughes, 'Public health legislation and improvement of housing conditions' (1976) 27 Northern Ireland Legal Q. 1;
    • (1976) Northern Ireland Legal Q , vol.27 , pp. 1
    • Hughes, D.1
  • 75
    • 36549026311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D, Hughes, 'What is a nuisance?' (1976) 27 Northern Ireland Legal Q. 131;
    • D, Hughes, 'What is a nuisance?' (1976) 27 Northern Ireland Legal Q. 131;
  • 76
    • 36549063667 scopus 로고
    • Public health and housing legislation
    • T. Haddon, 'Public health and housing legislation' (1976) 27 Northern Ireland Legal Q. 245;
    • (1976) Northern Ireland Legal Q , vol.27 , pp. 245
    • Haddon, T.1
  • 77
    • 36549065140 scopus 로고
    • Housing and public health
    • and D. Hughes, 'Housing and public health' (1977) 28 Northern Ireland Legal Q. 233.
    • (1977) Northern Ireland Legal Q , vol.28 , pp. 233
    • Hughes, D.1
  • 78
    • 36549044335 scopus 로고
    • Council v
    • H.L.R. 452. See, for example
    • See, for example, Birmingham City Council v. McMahon and others (1987) 17 H.L.R. 452.
    • (1987) McMahon and others , pp. 17
    • City, B.1
  • 79
    • 36549064149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See HMSO, op. cit., n. 34.
    • See HMSO, op. cit., n. 34.
  • 80
    • 36549032614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cornish and Clark, op. cit., n. 6.
    • Cornish and Clark, op. cit., n. 6.
  • 81
    • 36549088052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DoE, op. cit., n. 47.
    • DoE, op. cit., n. 47.
  • 82
    • 36549014547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of the Environment Circular 6/90.
    • Department of the Environment Circular 6/90.
  • 83
    • 36549025833 scopus 로고
    • Housing Tales of Law and Space
    • eds. A. Gamble and C. Wells
    • A. Stewart and R. Burridge, 'Housing Tales of Law and Space' in Thatcher's Law, eds. A. Gamble and C. Wells (1989) 79
    • (1989) Thatcher's Law , pp. 79
    • Stewart, A.1    Burridge, R.2
  • 84
    • 36549065141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • also published as 1989
    • (also published as (1989) 16(1) J. of Law and Society).
    • J. of Law and Society) , vol.16 , Issue.1
  • 85
    • 36549022019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DETR, English House Condition Survey 1996 (1998). This report also stated that '. . . deregulation can not be assumed in itself to lead to a general improvement in condition in the private rented sector' (para 7.14).
    • DETR, English House Condition Survey 1996 (1998). This report also stated that '. . . deregulation can not be assumed in itself to lead to a general improvement in condition in the private rented sector' (para 7.14).
  • 87
    • 36549047892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing Act 1988, op. cit., n. 27.
    • Housing Act 1988, op. cit., n. 27.
  • 88
    • 36549052108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quick, op. cit., n. 25.
    • Quick, op. cit., n. 25.
  • 89
    • 36549057707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Set at £80 per annum in London and £52 p.a. elsewhere - Landlord and Tenant Act 1985, s. 58.
    • Set at £80 per annum in London and £52 p.a. elsewhere - Landlord and Tenant Act 1985, s. 58.
  • 90
    • 36549056956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See p. 555 above
    • See p. 555 above.
  • 92
    • 36549015597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Better Regulation initiative, at, accessed 22 March 2007
    • Better Regulation initiative, at 〈http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/ regulation/〉 (accessed 22 March 2007).
  • 93
    • 0004124305 scopus 로고
    • DHSS, the Black Report
    • DHSS, Inequalities in Health (1980) (the Black Report).
    • (1980) Inequalities in Health
  • 94
    • 36549031616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some of these were published in R. Burridge and D. Ormandy (eds.), Unhealthy Housing: Research Remedies and Reform (1993). Papers from the 2003 conference can be accessed at 〈http://go.warwick.ac.uk/ healthyhousing〉 (accessed 29 August 2007).
    • Some of these were published in R. Burridge and D. Ormandy (eds.), Unhealthy Housing: Research Remedies and Reform (1993). Papers from the 2003 conference can be accessed at 〈http://go.warwick.ac.uk/ healthyhousing〉 (accessed 29 August 2007).
  • 95
    • 36549080825 scopus 로고
    • The research organised by the Legal Research Institute of Warwick Law School was reported in
    • The research organised by the Legal Research Institute of Warwick Law School was reported in Monitoring the New Fitness Standard (1993).
    • (1993) Monitoring the New Fitness Standard
  • 96
    • 36548998760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local Government and Housing Act 1989, Sched. 9, para. 83
    • Local Government and Housing Act 1989, Sched. 9, para. 83
  • 99
    • 36549088054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Building regulation and security (unpublished copy with the authors).
    • and Building regulation and security (unpublished copy with the authors).
  • 101
    • 36549055526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id, Appendix 1
    • id, Appendix 1.
  • 102
    • 36549043849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The proposal followed the findings from DETR, Housing Fitness Standard: Consultation Paper (1998).
    • The proposal followed the findings from DETR, Housing Fitness Standard: Consultation Paper (1998).
  • 103
    • 36549080828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Again led by the Legal Research Institute of Warwick Law School
    • Again led by the Legal Research Institute of Warwick Law School
  • 107
    • 36549038060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • published to coincide with the debates on the Housing Bill, See, also, ODPM, Project Report - Preparation of Version 2 of the Housing Health and Safety Rating System (2004).
    • published to coincide with the debates on the Housing Bill, See, also, ODPM, Project Report - Preparation of Version 2 of the Housing Health and Safety Rating System (2004).
  • 109
    • 36549042390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • is described at, accessed 29 August 2007
    • The system is described at 〈http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/ research/centres/shhru/hhsrs/〉 (accessed 29 August 2007).
    • The system
  • 110
    • 36549023358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing Health and Safety Rating System (England) Regulations 2005, and Housing Health and Safety Rating System: Operating Guidance issued under Housing Act 2004, s. 9.
    • Housing Health and Safety Rating System (England) Regulations 2005, and Housing Health and Safety Rating System: Operating Guidance issued under Housing Act 2004, s. 9.
  • 111
    • 36549049295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ODPM, Housing Health and Safety Rating System, Operating Guidance (2006) para. 1.07, at 〈http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/housing/ hhsrsoperating guidance〉 (accessed 29 August 2007)
    • ODPM, Housing Health and Safety Rating System, Operating Guidance (2006) para. 1.07, at 〈http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/housing/ hhsrsoperating guidance〉 (accessed 29 August 2007)
  • 112
    • 36549016549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing Act 2004, s. 1.
    • Housing Act 2004, s. 1.
  • 113
    • 36549018039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id., s. 3. This replaces similar duties under previous Acts - Housing Act 1985, s. 605, and the 1957 Act, s. 3.
    • id., s. 3. This replaces similar duties under previous Acts - Housing Act 1985, s. 605, and the 1957 Act, s. 3.
  • 114
    • 36549032743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ODPM, op. cit., n. 86, para. 1.04 is revealing: The HHSRS is evidence-based. It is supported by extensive reviews of the literature and by detailed analyses of statistical data on the impact of housing conditions on health. This evidence is summarised in the Hazard Profiles section of this Guidance and these are intended to inform professional judgement.
    • ODPM, op. cit., n. 86, para. 1.04 is revealing: The HHSRS is evidence-based. It is supported by extensive reviews of the literature and by detailed analyses of statistical data on the impact of housing conditions on health. This evidence is summarised in the Hazard Profiles section of this Guidance and these are intended to inform professional judgement.
  • 115
    • 36549085011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id., para. 1.02. Para 3.02 states that: [the] Rating System assessment procedure requires, for each hazard, two judgements from the inspector. These are an assessment of:
    • id., para. 1.02. Para 3.02 states that: [the] Rating System assessment procedure requires, for each hazard, two judgements from the inspector. These are an assessment of:
  • 116
    • 36549038987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • the likelihood, over the next twelve months, of an occurrence that could result in harm to a member of the vulnerable group; and
    • (a) the likelihood, over the next twelve months, of an occurrence that could result in harm to a member of the vulnerable group; and
  • 117
    • 36549001154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • the range of potential outcomes from such an occurrence
    • (b) the range of potential outcomes from such an occurrence.
  • 118
    • 36549087641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id, para. 3.06
    • id., para. 3.06.
  • 119
    • 36549062412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The term, 'health' is defined as including mental health (Housing Act 2004, s. 2(5)) and is defined in the Operating Guidance (id.) as 'an individual's state of physical, mental and social well-being. It is not limited to the presence or absence of disease, infirmity or physical injury, but includes psychological injuries and distress.'
    • The term, 'health' is defined as including mental health (Housing Act 2004, s. 2(5)) and is defined in the Operating Guidance (id.) as 'an individual's state of physical, mental and social well-being. It is not limited to the presence or absence of disease, infirmity or physical injury, but includes psychological injuries and distress.'
  • 120
    • 36549055065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id, paras. 3.10 ff
    • id., paras. 3.10 ff.
  • 121
    • 36549066580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defined by the Act as Category 1 and Category 2 Hazards respectively - Housing Act 2004, s. 2.
    • Defined by the Act as Category 1 and Category 2 Hazards respectively - Housing Act 2004, s. 2.
  • 122
    • 36549024373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing Act 2004, ss. 5-7.
    • Housing Act 2004, ss. 5-7.
  • 123
    • 36549022980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing Act 2004, s. 28.
    • Housing Act 2004, s. 28.
  • 124
    • 36549050718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing Act 2004, ss. 11-19. These replace repairs notices, Housing Act 1985, ss. 189 and 190 (as amended).
    • Housing Act 2004, ss. 11-19. These replace repairs notices, Housing Act 1985, ss. 189 and 190 (as amended).
  • 125
    • 36549039954 scopus 로고
    • Housing Act 2004, ss. 20-27. These replace closing orders
    • s
    • Housing Act 2004, ss. 20-27. These replace closing orders, Housing Act 1985, s. 264.
    • (1985) Housing Act , pp. 264
  • 126
    • 36549057708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing Act 2004, ss. 22(4).
    • Housing Act 2004, ss. 22(4).
  • 127
    • 36549012639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing Act 2004, ss. 14 and 23 respectively.
    • Housing Act 2004, ss. 14 and 23 respectively.
  • 128
    • 36549056955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Licensing and additional controls to deal with HMOs, outside the scope of this paper, are covered by Parts 2 and 4, Housing Act 2004.
    • Licensing and additional controls to deal with HMOs, outside the scope of this paper, are covered by Parts 2 and 4, Housing Act 2004.
  • 129
    • 36549053528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, n. 86, para 2.04 and ch. 5
    • See ODPM, op. cit., n. 86, para 2.04 and ch. 5.
    • ODPM1    op2    cit3
  • 131
    • 36549023872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing Act 2004, Parts 2 and 4.
    • Housing Act 2004, Parts 2 and 4.
  • 132
    • 36549032745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Similarly, although the HHSRS includes the hazard of crowding and space, central government issued e discussion paper, DCLG, Tackling Overcrowding in England (2006) which considered various approaches for specifying standards.
    • Similarly, although the HHSRS includes the hazard of crowding and space, central government issued e discussion paper, DCLG, Tackling Overcrowding in England (2006) which considered various approaches for specifying standards.
  • 133
    • 36549007407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When, the Housing Act 1.985, s. 604 was amended by the Local Government and Housing Act 1989, Sched. 9, para. 83.
    • When, the Housing Act 1.985, s. 604 was amended by the Local Government and Housing Act 1989, Sched. 9, para. 83.
  • 134
    • 36549032088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See N. Parkinson and R. Fairman, 'If it ain't broke, don't fix it' (2000) 108(10) Environmental Health J. 330.
    • See N. Parkinson and R. Fairman, 'If it ain't broke, don't fix it' (2000) 108(10) Environmental Health J. 330.
  • 136
    • 36549050719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • English House Condition Surveys, 1996, 2001, and so on.
    • English House Condition Surveys, 1996, 2001, and so on.
  • 137
    • 36549008087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See note 29 above
    • See note 29 above.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.