Cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids, and psychosis risk: What the evidence says

Current Psychiatry

Volumn 10, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 49-58

  Pierre, Joseph M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANNABINOID; CANNABIS;

ARTICLE; CANNABIS SMOKING; CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DRUG CONTROL; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG USE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HERBAL MEDICINE; HUMAN; MEDICINAL PLANT; PSYCHOSIS; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 84856371980     PISSN: 15378276     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Degenhardt L, Tennant C, Gilmour S, et al. The temporal dynamics of relationships between cannabis, psychosis and depression among young adults with psychotic disorders: findings from a 10-month prospective study. Psychol Med. 2007;37(7):927-934.
2. Zammit S, Moore TH, Lingford-Hughes A, et al. Effects of cannabis use on outcomes of psychotic disorders: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;193(5):357-363.
3. Zuardi AW, Crippa JA, Hallak JE, et al. Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, as an antipsychotic drug. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2006;39(4):421-429.
4. Zuardi AW, Hallak JE, Dursun SM, et al. Cannabidiol monotherapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol. 2006;20(5):683-686.
5. Morgan CJ, Curran HV. Effects of cannabidiol on schizophrenia-like symptoms in people who use cannabis. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;192(4):306-307.
6. Schwarcz G, Karajgi B, McCarthy R. Synthetic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol) can improve the symptoms of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009; 29(3):255-258.
7. Schwarcz G, Karajgi B. Improvement in refractory psychosis with dronabinol: four case reports. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(11):1552-1553.
8. D'Souza DC, Perry E, MacDougall L, et al. The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29(8): 1558-1572.
9. Morrison PD, Zois V, McKeown DA, et al. The acute effects of synthetic intravenous Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on psychosis, mood and cognitive functioning. Psychol Med. 2009;39(10):1607-1616.
10. Favrat B, Ménétrey A, Augsburger M, et al. Two cases of "cannabis acute psychosis" following the administration of oral cannabis. BMC Psychiatry. 2005;5:17.
11. Moore TH, Zammit S, Lingford-Hughes A, et al. Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet. 2007;370(9584): 319-328.
12. Minozzi S, Davoli M, Bargagli AM, et al. An overview of systematic reviews on cannabis and psychosis: discussing apparently conflicting results. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2010; 29(3):304-317.
13. Andréasson S, Allebeck P, Engström A, et al. Cannabis and schizophrenia. A longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts. Lancet. 1987;2(8574):1483-1486.
14. Zammit S, Allebeck P, Andreasson S, et al. Self reported cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia in Swedish conscripts of 1969: historical cohort study. BMJ. 2002;325(7374):1199.
15. Arseneault L, Cannon M, Poulton R, et al. Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study. BMJ. 2002;325(7374):1212-1213.
16. van Os J, Bak M, Hanssen M, et al. Cannabis use and psychosis: a longitudinal population-based study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(4):319-327.
17. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Swain-Campbell NR. Cannabis dependence and psychotic symptoms in young people. Psychol Med. 2003;33(1):15-21.
18. Henquet C, Krabbendam L, Spauwen J, et al. Prospective cohort study of cannabis use, predisposition for psychosis, and psychotic symptoms in young people. BMJ. 2005; 330(7481):11.
19. Kuepper R, van Os J, Lieb R, et al. Continued cannabis use and risk of incidence and persistence of psychotic symptoms: 10 year follow-up cohort study. BMJ. 2011;342:d738.
20. Henquet C, Murray R, Linszen D, et al. The environment and schizophrenia: the role of cannabis use. Schizophr Bull. 2005;31(3):608-612.
21. Semple DM, McIntosh AM, Lawrie SM. Cannabis as a risk factor for psychosis: systematic review. J Psychopharmacol. 2005;19(2):187-194.
22. D'Souza DC, Abi-Saab WM, Madonick S, et al. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol effects in schizophrenia: implications for cognition, psychosis, and addiction. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(6):594-608.
23. Large M, Sharma S, Compton MT, et al. Cannabis use and earlier onset of psychosis: a systematic meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(6):555-561.
24. Kristensen K, Cadenhead KS. Cannabis abuse and risk for psychosis in a prodromal sample. Psychiatry Res. 2007;151(1-2):151-154.
25. Phillips LJ, Curry C, Yung AR, et al. Cannabis use is not associated with the development of psychosis in an "ultra" high-risk group. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2002;36(6):800-806.
26. Arseneault L, Cannon M, Witton J, et al. Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;184:110-117.
27. Tandon R, Keshavan MS, Nasrallah HA. Schizophrenia, "just the facts" what we know in 2008. 2. Epidemiology and etiology. Schizophr Res. 2008;102(1-3):1-18.
28. California Secretary of State. California Proposition 215: Text of proposed law. Available at: http://vote96.sos.ca.gov/Vote96/html/BP/215text.htm. Accessed July 27, 2011.
29. Burgdorf JR, Kilmer B, Pacula RL. Heterogeneity in the composition of marijuana seized in California. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;117(1):59-61.
30. Gieringer D. Medical cannabis potency testing project. Bulletin of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. 1999;9(3):20-22. Available at: http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v09n3/09320gie.html. Accessed July 27, 2011.
31. Pierre JM. Psychosis associated with medical marijuana: risk vs. benefits of medicinal cannabis use. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(5):598-599.
32. Di Forti M, Morgan C, Dazzan P, et al. High-potency cannabis and the risk of psychosis. Br J Psychiatry. 2009; 195(6):488-491.
33. Vardakou I, Pistos C, Spiliopoulou CH. Spice drugs as a new trend: mode of action, identification and legislation. Toxicol Lett. 2010;197(3):157-162.
34. Dresen S, Ferreirós N, Pütz M, et al. Monitoring of herbal mixtures potentially containing synthetic cannabinoids as psychoactive compounds. J Mass Spectrom. 2010; 45(10):1186-1194.
35. Simmons JR, Skinner CG, Williams J, et al. Intoxication from smoking "spice." Ann Emerg Med. 2011;57(2):187-188.
36. Schneir AB, Cullen J, Ly BT. "Spice" girls: synthetic cannabinoid intoxication. J Emerg Med. 2011;40(3): 296-299.
37. Hurst D, Loeffler G, McLay R. Synthetic cannabinoid agonist induced psychosis: a case series. Presented at: 164th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 14-18, 2011; Honolulu, HI.
38. U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Agency. Temporary placement of five synthetic cannabinoids into schedule I. Available at: http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/2011/fr0301.htm. Accessed July 27, 2011.