Scrutinizing the current practice of the environmental risk assessment of GM maize applications for cultivation in the EU

Environmental Sciences Europe

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2011, Pages

  Dolezel, Marion ^a   Miklau, Marianne ^a   Hilbeck, Angelika ^b   Otto, Mathias ^c   Eckerstorfer, Michael ^a   Heissenberger, Andreas ^a   Tappeser, Beatrix ^c   Gaugitsch, Helmut ^a  

^a ENVIRONMENT AGENCY AUSTRIA   (Austria)

^b Ecostrat GmbH   (Germany)

^c Bundesamt für Naturschutz ^*  (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ZEA MAYS;

EID: 84856370011     PISSN: 21904707     EISSN: 21904715     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/2190-4715-23-33     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. European Commission: Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 March 2001 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC - Commission Declaration. 2001, 1-39, OJ L 106.
2. Regulation (EC) No. 1829/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on genetically modified food and feed. 2003, 1-23, OJ L 268.
3. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA): Guidance document of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms for the risk assessment of genetically modified plants and derived food and feed. The EFSA Journal 2006, 99:1-100.
4. Regulation (EC) No. 1830/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 concerning the traceability and labeling of genetically modified organisms and the traceability of food and feed products produced from genetically modified organisms and amending Directive 2001/18/EC. 2003, 24-28, OJ L 268.
5. European Commission: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the Freedom for Member States to decide on the cultivation of genetically modified crops., COM (2010) 380 final.
6. Andow DA, Hilbeck A: Science-based risk assessment for non-target effects of transgenic crops. Bio-Science 2004, 54:637-649. (Pubitemid 38940961)
7. Hilbeck A, Meier M, Römbke J, Jänsch S, Teichmann H, Tappeser B: Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants - concepts and controversies. Environ Sci Eur 2011, 23:13.
8. Garcia-Alonso M, Jacobs E, Raybould A, Nickson T, Sowing P, Willekens H, van der Kouwe P, Layton R, Amijee F, Fuentes AM, Tencalla F: A tiered system for assessing the risk of genetically modified plants to nontarget organism. Environ Biosaf Res 2006, 5:57-65. (Pubitemid 46594583)
9. Romeis J, Bartsch D, Bigler F, Candolfi MP, Gielkens MMC, Hellmich RL, Huesing JE, Jepson PC, Layton R, Quemada H, Raybould A, Rose RI, Schiemann J, Sears MK, Shelton AM, Sweet J, Vaituzis Z, Wolt JD: Assessment of risk of insect-resistant transgenic crops to non-target arthropods. Nat Biotechnol 2008, 26:203-208. (Pubitemid 351225956)
10. Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the implementation of Regulation (EC) No. 1829/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council on genetically modified food and feed., COM (2006) 626 final.
11. Second Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the experience of Member States with GMOs placed on the market under Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms., COM (2007) 81 final.
12. Council of the European Union: Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) - Council conclusions of 5 December 2008. 16882/08..
13. Evaluation of the EU Legislative framework in the field of cultivation of GMOs under Directive 2011/18/EC and Regulation (EC) No. 1829/2003: Interim Report. DG Environment. A report submitted by EPEC. November 2009.
14. Dolezel M, Miklau M, Hilbeck A, Eckerstorfer M, Heissenberger A, Gaugitsch H: Standardizing the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants in the EU. BfN Skripten 259 Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn, Germany; 2009, 299[http://www.bfn. de/0301-veroe.html].
15. European Commission: Commission Decision of 24 July 2002 establishing guidance notes supplementing Annex II to Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities, L200/22. 2002/623/EC.
16. Wolt JD, Conlan CA: Non-target exposure and risk assessment for cultivation of 1507 maize in Europe. Dow AgroSciences LLC Study ID: GH-C 5214 2001.
17. Bundessortenamt (BSA): Richtlinien zur Durchführung von landwirtschaftlichen Wertprüfungen und Sortenversuchen. Bundessortenamt 2000 [http://www.bundessortenamt.de/internet30/fileadmin/Files/PDF/Richtlinie- LW2000.pdf].
18. European Commission: Directive 92/43/EEC: Council Directive of May 21st 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora. 1996, 63, OJ L 59.
19. Österreichische Agentur für Gesundheit und Ernä hrungssicherheit GmbH (AGES): Sorten und Saatgutblatt 2002. Methoden für Saatgut und Sorten gemäß §5 Abs. 1 Saatgutgesetz 1997, BGBl. I Nr. 72 zgd. BGBl. I Nr. 109/2001. Richtlinien für die Sortenprüfung. Schriftenreihe 59/2002 des BFL, 10. Jahrgang, Sondernummer 13.
20. Püntener W: Manual für Feldversuche im Pflanzenschutz. Documenta CIBA-GEIGY AG Basel 1981, 145.
21. Demaagd R, Weemen-Hendriks M, Molthoff JW, Naimov S: Activity of wildtype and hybrid Bacillus thuringiensis d-endotoxins against Agrotis ipsilon. Arch Microbiol 2003, 179:367.
22. Binning RR, Rice ME: Effects of transgenic Bt corn on growth and development of the stalk borer Papaipema nebris (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol 2002, 95:622-627.
23. Archer TL, Schuster G, Patrick C, Cronholm G, Bynum ED, Morrison WP: Whorl and stalk damage by European and southwestern corn borers to four events of Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic maize. Crop Prot 2000, 19:181-190. (Pubitemid 30208687)
24. Archer TL, Patrick C, Schuster G, Cronholm G, Bynum ED, Morrison WP: Ear and shank damage by corn borers and corn earworms to four events of Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic maize. Crop Prot 2001, 20:139-144. (Pubitemid 32140037)
25. Horner TA, Dively GP, Herbert DA: Development, survival and fitness performance of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in MON810 Bt field corn. J Econ Entomol 2003, 96:914-924. (Pubitemid 37418058)
26. European Commission: Directive 91/414/EEC: Council Directive of 15 July 1991 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market. 1991, 1-32, OJ L 230.
27. Rosati A, Bogani P, Santarlasci A, Buiatti M: Characterisation of 3' transgene insertion site and derived mRNAs in MON810 YieldGard® maize. Plant Mol Biol 2008, 67:271-281.
28. Nguyen HT, Jehle JA: Quantitative analysis of the seasonal and tissuespecific expression of Cry1Ab in transgenic maize MON810. J Plant Dis Prot 2007, 114:82-87. (Pubitemid 46649024)
29. Brooks DR, Bohan DA, Champion GT, Haughton AJ, Hawes C, Heard MS, Clark SJ, Dewar AM, Firbank LG, Perry JN, Rothery P, Scott RJ, Woiwod IP, Birchall C, Skellern MP, Walker JH, Baker P, Bell D, Browne EL, Dewar AJ, Fairfax CM, Garner BH, Haylock LA, Horne SL, Hulmes SE, Mason NS, Norton LR, Nuttall P, Randle Z, Rossall MJ, Sands RJ, Singer EJ, Walker MJ: Invertebrate responses to the management of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant and conventional spring crops. I. Soil-surface-active invertebrates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2003, 358:1847-1862. (Pubitemid 37399316)
30. Haughton AJ, Champion GT, Hawes C, Heard MS, Brooks DR, Bohan DA, Clark SJ, Dewar AM, Firbank LG, Osborne JL, Perry JN, Rothery P, Roy DB, Scott RJ, Woiwod IP, Birchall C, Skellern MP, Walker JH, Baker P, Browne EL, Dewar AJ, Garner BH, Haylock LA, Horne SL, Mason NS, Sands RJ, Walker MJ: Invertebrate responses to the management of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant and conventional spring crops. II. Withinfield epigeal and aerial arthropods. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2003, 358:1863-1877. (Pubitemid 37399317)
31. Hawes C, Haughton AJ, Osborne JL, Roy DB, Clark SJ, Perry JN, Rothery P, Bohan DA, Brooks DR, Champion GT, Dewar AM, Heard MS, Woiwod IP, Daniels RE, Young MW, Parish AM, Scott RJ, Firbank LG, Squire GR: Responses of plants and invertebrate trophic groups to contrasting herbicide regimes in the Farm Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2003, 358:1899-1913. (Pubitemid 37399319)
32. Roy DB, Bohan DA, Haughton AJ, Hill MO, Osborne JL, Clark SJ, Perry JN, Rothery P, Scott RJ, Brooks DR, Champion GT, Hawes C, Heard MS, Firbank LG: Invertebrates and vegetation of field margins adjacent to crops subject to contrasting herbicide regimes in the Farm Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2003, 358:1879-1898. (Pubitemid 37399318)
33. Krebs JR, Wilson JD, Bradbury RB, Siriwardena GM: The second Silent Spring? Nature 1999, 400:611-612.
34. Chamberlain DE, Fuller RJ, Bunce RGH, Duckworth JC, Shrubb M: Changes in the abundance of farmland birds in relation to the timing of agricultural intensification in England and Wales. J Appl Ecol 2000, 37:771-788.
35. Robinson RA, Sutherland WJ: Post-war changes in arable farming and biodiversity in Great Britain. J Appl Ecol 2002, 39:157-176. (Pubitemid 34215628)
36. Butler SJ, Vickery JA, Norris K: Farmland biodiversity and the footprint of agriculture. Science 2007, 315:381-383.
37. Birch ANE, Wheatley R, Anyango B, Arpaia S, Capalbo D, Getu Degaga E, Fontes E, Kalama P, Lelmen E, Lövei GL, Melo IS, Muyekho F, Ngi-Song A, Ochiendo D, Ogwang J, Pitelli R, Sétamou M, Sithanantham S, Smith J, Van Von N, Songa J, Sujii E, Quang Tan T, Wan F-H, Hilbeck A: Biodiversity and non-target impacts: a case study of Bt-maize in Kenya. In Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Organisms. A Case Study of Bt Maize in Kenya. Volume 1. Edited by: Hilbeck A, Andow D. Wallingford: CAB International; 2004:117-185.
38. Andow DA, Lövei GL, Arpaia S: Ecological risk assessment for Bt crops. Nat Biotechnol 2006, 24:749-751.
39. Lang A, Lauber E, Darvas B: Early-tier tests insufficient for GMO risk assessment. Nat Biotechnol 2007, 25:35-36. (Pubitemid 46087894)
40. Andow DA, Zwahlen C: Assessing environmental risks of transgenic plants. Ecol Lett 2006, 9:196-214.
41. Hilbeck A, Andow DA, Arpaia S, Birch ANE, Chen Y, Fontes E, Fitt G, Lang A, Thi Thu Hong Le, Lövei GL, Manachini B, Nguyen TTC, Nguyen VH, Nguyen VT, Pham Van Lam, Van Toan Pham PC, Sujii E, Khuong Lai Trac UE, Wheatley R, Wilson L, Zwahlen C: Non-target and biological diversity risk assessment. In Environmental Risk Assessment of Transgenic Organisms. Volume 4: Challenges and Opportunities with Bt Cotton in Vietnam. Edited by: Andow DA, Hilbeck A, Nguyen VT. Wallingford: CABI Publishing; 2008:.
42. Herman RA, Scherer PN, Young DL, Mihaliak CA, Meade T, Woodsworth AT, Stockhoff BA, Narva KE: Binary insecticidal crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis, strain PS149B1: effects of individual protein components and mixtures in laboratory bioassays. J Econ Entomol 2002, 95:635-639.
43. Baumgarte S, Tebbe CC: Field studies on the environmental fate of the Cry1Ab Bt-toxin produced by transgenic maize (MON810) and its effect on bacterial communities in the maize rhizosphere. Mol Ecol 2005, 14:2539-2551. (Pubitemid 40886049)
44. Wandeler H, Bahylova J, Nentwig W: Consumption of two Bt and six non-Bt corn varieties by the woodlouse Porcellio scaber. Basic Appl Ecol 2002, 3:357-365. (Pubitemid 35235548)
45. Rosi-Marshall EJ, Tank JL, Royer TV, Whiles MR, Evans-White M, Chambers C, Griffiths NA, Pokelsek J, Stephen ML: Toxins in transgenic crop byproducts may affect headwater steam ecosystems. PNAS 2007, 104:16204-16208. (Pubitemid 350099385)
46. Harwood JD, Wallin WG, Obrycki JJ: Uptake of Bt endotoxins by nontarget herbivores and higher order arthropod predators: molecular evidence from a transgenic corn agroecosystem. Mol Ecol 2005, 14:2815-2823. (Pubitemid 41576963)
47. Harwood JD, Samson RA, Obrycki JJ: Temporal detection of Cry1Abendotoxins in coccinellid predators from fields of Bacillus thuringiensis corn. Bull Entomol Res 2007, 97:643-648. (Pubitemid 350100418)
48. Hilbeck A, Meier M, Raps A: Review of non-target organisms and Bt plants. Ecostrat Report, Commissioned by Greenpeace International, Amsterdam 2000 [http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/ review-on-non-target-organisms.pdf].
49. Hilbeck A, Jänsch S, Meier M, Römbke J: Analysis and Validation of Present Ecotoxicological Test Methods and Strategies for the Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Plants. BfN Skripten 236, 116 pp. + Appendices Bonn, Germany: Bundesamt für Naturschutz; 2008.
50. Andow DA, Hilbeck A, Van Tuat Nguyen, (Eds): Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms: challenges and opportunities with Bt cotton in Vietnam. Wallingford: CAB International; 20084.
51. Hilbeck A, Nelson K, Andow DA, Underwood E: Problem formulation and options assessment (PFOA) to assess the ecological risks associated with a GM crop. In Risk, Hazard, Damage - Specification of Criteria to Assess Environmental Impact of Genetically Modified Organisms. Volume 1. Edited by: Breckling B, Verhoeven R. Naturschutz und Vielfalt 1; 2004:131-143.
52. Van Swaay C, Cuttelod A, Collins S, Maes D, López Munguira M, Šašic M, Settele J, Verovnik R, Verstrael T, Warren M, Wiemers M, Wynhof I: European Red List of Butterflies Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2010.
53. Van Swaay CAM, Warren MS: Red Data book of European butterflies (Rhopalocera) Nature and Environment, No. 99. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing; 1999.
54. Hilbeck A, Fontes E, Andow DA: Environmental Risk Assessment of Transgenic Organisms. Volume 2: A Case Study of Bt Cotton in Brazil Wallingford: CAB International; 2006.
55. Phelan PL, Mason JF, Stinner BR: Soil-fertility management and host preference by European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), on Zea mays L.: a comparison of organic and conventional chemical farming. Agric Ecosyst Environ 1995, 56:1-8. (Pubitemid 3014173)
56. Bruns HA, Abel CA: Nitrogen fertility effects on Bt delta-endotoxin and nitrogen concentrations of maize during early growth. Agron J 2003, 95:207-211. (Pubitemid 36178270)
57. Bruns HA, Abel CA: Effects of nitrogen fertility on Bt endotoxin levels in maize. J Entomol Sci 2007, 42:35-43.
58. European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity (ETC/BD): Indicative Map of European Biogeographical Regions: Methodology and Development European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity under contract with the European Environment Agency, Paris; 2006.
59. Spök A, Dolezel M, Eckerstorfer M, Freigassner M, Gaugitsch H, Heissenberger A, Karner S, Klade M, Proksch M, Schneider L, Treiber F, Uhl M: Assessment of toxic and ecotoxic properties of novel proteins in GMOs Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, Familie und Jugend, Forschungsberichte der Sektion IV, Band; 2008, 189.
60. EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO): Guidance on the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants. EFSA J 2010, 8(11):1879 [http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/gmo/gmoguidance.htm], [111 pp.].