Excess body weight and coronary artery disease-associated risks, the obesity paradox, and implications for cardiac rehabilitation

US Cardiology

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 88-93

  Arena, Ross ^a   Lavie, Carl J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Adiposity; Exercise; Mortality; Obesity; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

PRAVASTATIN;

ABDOMINAL OBESITY; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FITNESS; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEART REHABILITATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KINESIOTHERAPY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT SAFETY; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PHYSICAL CAPACITY; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SURVIVAL RATE; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WAIST HIP RATIO; WEIGHT GAIN; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 84856363234     PISSN: 17583896     EISSN: 1758390X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Ogden CL, Carrol MD, Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Extreme Obesity Among Adults: United States, Trends 1976-1980 Through 2007-2008, 2010. Available from: www.cdc.gov/NCHS/data/hestat/obesity_adult_07_08/obesity_adult_07_08.pdf (accessed September 5, 2011).
2. Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al., Heart disease and stroke statistics-2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 2011;123:e18-e209.
3. Skelton JA, Cook SR, Auinger P, et al., Prevalence and Trends of Severe Obesity Among US Children and Adolescents, Acad Pediatr, 2009;9:322-9.
4. Ogden CL, Carrol MD, Prevalence of Obesity Among Children and Adolescents: United States, Trends 1963-1965 Through 2007-2008, 2010. Available from: www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_child_07_08/obesity_child_07_08.pdf (accessed September 5, 2011)
5. Finucane MM, Stevens GA, Cowan MJ, et al., National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9+1 million participants, Lancet, 2011;377:557-67.
6. Anand SS, Yusuf S, Stemming the global tsunami of cardiovascular disease, Lancet, 2011;377:529-32
7. World Health Organization, Preventing Chronic Diseases: a Vital Investment, Geneva: WHO, 2005
8. Stewart ST, Cutler DM, Rosen AB, Forecasting the effects of obesity and smoking on U.S. life expectancy, N Engl J Med, 2009;361:2252-60.
9. Adams KF, Schatzkin A, Harris TB, et al., Overweight, Obesity, and Mortality in a Large Prospective Cohort of Persons 50 to 71 Years Old, N Engl J Med, 2006;355:763-78.
10. Jia H, Lubetkin EI, Trends in quality-adjusted life-years lost contributed by smoking and obesity, Am J Prev Med, 2010;38:138-44
11. Jia H, Lubetkin EI, Obesity-related quality-adjusted life years lost in the U.S. from 1993 to 2008, Am J Prev Med, 2010;39:220-7.
12. Finkelstein EA, Trogdon JG, Cohen JW, Dietz W, Annual Medical Spending Attributable To Obesity: Payer-And Service-Specific Estimates, Health Aff (Millwood), 2009;28:w822-w831
13. Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, et al., Defining and Setting National Goals for Cardiovascular Health Promotion and Disease Reduction: The American Heart Association's Strategic Impact Goal Through 2020 and Beyond, Circulation, 2010;121:586-613.
14. Fonarow GC, Clinical implications of the obesity paradox in patients with coronary artery disease, Am J Med, 2009;122:1069
15. Balady GJ, Williams MA, Ades PA, et al., Core Components of Cardiac Rehabilitation/Secondary Prevention Programs: 2007 Update: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Committee, the Council on Clinical Cardiology; the Councils on Cardiovascular Nursing, Epidemiology and Prevention, and Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Circulation, 2007;115:2675-82.
16. Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, et al., Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Effect of Weight Loss: An Update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease From the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism, Circulation, 2006;113:898-918.
17. NHLBI, Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report, 1998. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. 1998. Available from: www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_gdlns.pdf (accessed September 5, 2011).
18. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al., Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study, Lancet, 2004;364:937-52.
19. Baker JL, Olsen LW, Sorensen TI, Childhood body-mass index and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood, N Engl J Med, 2007;357:2329-37
20. Cassidy AE, Bielak LF, Zhou Y, et al., Progression of Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis: Does Obesity Make a Difference?, Circulation, 2005;111:1877-82.
21. Todd MM, Lavie CJ, White CJ, Impact of obesity on the pathogenesis and prognosis of coronary heart disease, J Cardiometab Syndr, 2008;3:162-7
22. Gregg EW, Cheng YJ, Cadwell BL, et al., Secular Trends in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors According to Body Mass Index in US Adults, JAMA, 2005;293:1868-74.
23. Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Ventura HO, Obesity and cardiovascular disease: risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009;53:1925-32
24. Binder RK, Barth J, Schmid JP, Saner H, Burden of abdominal obesity in cardiac rehabilitation patients: Results from the Swiss CaRe study, Swiss Med Wkly, 2011;141:w13153
25. Albu JB, Lu J, Mooradian AD, et al., Relationships of Obesity and Fat Distribution With Atherothrombotic Risk Factors: Baseline Results From the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) Trial, Obesity (Silver Spring), 2010;18:1046-54.
26. Tani S, Nagao K, Anazawa T, et al., Association of body mass index with coronary plaque regression: 6-month prospective study, J Atheroscler Thromb, 2009;16:275-82.
27. Oreopoulos A, Padwal R, McAlister FA, et al., Association between obesity and health-related quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease, Int J Obes (Lond), 2010;34:1434-41.
28. Hlatky MA, Chung SC, Escobedo J, et al., The effect of obesity on quality of life in patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease, Am Heart J, 2010;159:292-300.
29. Romero-Corral A, Montori VM, Somers VK, et al., Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies, Lancet, 2006;368:666-78.
30. Poludasu S, Cavusoglu E, Khan W, Marmur JD, Impact of body mass index on long-term all-cause mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention in African-Americans, J Invasive Cardiol, 2009;21:20-5
31. Oreopoulos A, Padwal R, Norris CM, et al., Effect of obesity on short- and long-term mortality postcoronary revascularization: a meta-analysis, Obesity (Silver Spring), 2008;16:442-50.
32. Oreopoulos A, McAlister FA, Kalantar-Zadeh K, et al., The relationship between body mass index, treatment, and mortality in patients with established coronary artery disease: a report from APPROACH, Eur Heart J, 2009;30:2584-92.
33. Niraj A, Pradhan J, Fakhry H, et al., Severity of coronary artery disease in obese patients undergoing coronary angiography: "obesity paradox" revisited, Clin Cardiol, 2007;30:391-6.
34. Rubinshtein R, Halon DA, Jaffe R, et al., Relation between obesity and severity of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography, Am J Cardiol, 2006;97:1277-80.
35. Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Artham SM, et al., The obesity paradox, weight loss, and coronary disease, Am J Med, 2009;122:1106-14.
36. DeSchutter A, Lavie CJ, Milani RV, et al., Body Composition and Mortality in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease - "The Obesity Paradox", Circulation, 2010;122:A11422.
37. DeSchutter A, Lavie CJ Jr, Milani RV, et al., Body fat and mortality in patients with coronary heart disease: the "obesity paradox" is all in the fat, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011;57:E570.
38. DeSchutter A, Lavie CJ Jr, Milani RV, et al., Body composition and survival in stable coronary heart disease: Impact of lean mass index and body fat in the "obesity paradox", J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011;57:E956.
39. DeSchutter A, Lavie CJ Jr, Patel DA, et al., Lean mass index independently predicts mortality in stable coronary heart disease, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011;57:E569.
40. Cepeda-Valery B, Pressman GS, Figueredo VM, Romero-Corral A, Impact of obesity on total and cardiovascular mortality: fat or fiction?, Nat Rev Cardiol, 2011;8:233-7
41. Cheng KH, Chu CS, Lee KT, et al., Adipocytokines and proinflammatory mediators from abdominal and epicardial adipose tissue in patients with coronary artery disease, Int J Obes (Lond), 2008;32:268-74.
42. Bajaj HS, Brennan DM, Hoogwerf BJ, et al., Clinical Utility of Waist Circumference in Predicting All-cause Mortality in a Preventive Cardiology Clinic Population: A PreCIS Database Study, Obesity (Silver Spring), 2009;17:1615-20.
43. Goel K, Thomas RJ, Squires RW, et al., Combined effect of cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity on mortality in patients with coronary artery disease, Am Heart J, 2011;161:590-7.
44. Sonmez K, Akcakoyun M, Akcay A, et al., Which method should be used to determine the obesity, in patients with coronary artery disease? (body mass index, waist circumference or waist-hip ratio), Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 2003;27:341-6.
45. Chang ST, Chu CM, Lin PC, et al., Different degrees of overweight: anthropometric indices in patients with coronary heart disease, Acta Cardiol, 2009;64:291-6.
46. Arena R, Lavie CJ, The obesity paradox and outcome in heart failure: is excess bodyweight truly protective?, Future Cardiol, 2010;6:1-6
47. Sung SH, Wu TC, Huang CH, et al., Prognostic impact of body mass index in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery, Heart, 2011;97:648-54.
48. Beddhu S, The body mass index paradox and an obesity, inflammation, and atherosclerosis syndrome in chronic kidney disease, Semin Dial, 2004;17:229-32
49. Dorner TE, Rieder A, [Obesity paradox or reverse epidemiology: is high body weight a protective factor for various chronic conditions], Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 2010;135:413-8
50. Lavie CJ, Thomas RJ, Squires RW, et al., Exercise training and cardiac rehabilitation in primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease, Mayo Clin Proc, 2009;84:373-83.
51. Leon AS, Franklin BA, Costa F, et al., Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: An American Heart Association Scientific Statement From the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity), in Collaboration With the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Circulation, 2005;111:369-76.
52. Arena R, Myers J, Guazzi M, The future of aerobic exercise testing in clinical practice: is it the ultimate vital sign?, Future Cardiol, 2010;6:325-42
53. Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, et al., Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a metaanalysis, JAMA, 2009;301:2024-35.
54. Keteyian SJ, Brawner CA, Savage PD, et al., Peak aerobic capacity predicts prognosis in patients with coronary heart disease, Am Heart J, 2008;156:292-300.
55. Lee DC, Sui X, Blair SN, Does physical activity ameliorate the health hazards of obesity?, Br J Sports Med, 2009;43:49-51
56. McAuley PA, Sui X, Church TS, et al., The joint effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity on mortality risk in men with hypertension, Am J Hypertens, 2009;22:1062-9.
57. LaMonte MJ, Blair SN, Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and adiposity: contributions to disease risk, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2006;9:540-6
58. Ades PA, Savage PD, Harvey-Berino J, The treatment of obesity in cardiac rehabilitation, J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev, 2010;30:289-98
59. Wiesholzer M, Harm F, Schuster K, et al., Initial body mass indexes have contrary effects on change in body weight and mortality of patients on maintenance hemodialysis treatment, J Ren Nutr, 2003;13:174-85.
60. Savage PD, Brochu M, Poehlman ET, Ades PA, Reduction in obesity and coronary risk factors after high caloric exercise training in overweight coronary patients, Am Heart J, 2003;146:317-23
61. Ades PA, Savage PD, Toth MJ, et al., High-calorie-expenditure exercise: a new approach to cardiac rehabilitation for overweight coronary patients, Circulation, 2009;119:2671-8.
62. Treyzon L, Chen S, Hong K, et al., A controlled trial of protein enrichment of meal replacements for weight reduction with retention of lean body mass, Nutr J, 2008;7:23.
63. Devkota S, Layman DK, Protein metabolic roles in treatment of obesity, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2010;13:403-7