A systematic review and economic evaluation of cilostazol, naftidrofuryl oxalate, pentoxifylline and inositol nicotinate for the treatment of intermittent claudication in people with peripheral arterial disease

Health Technology Assessment

Volumn 15, Issue 40, 2011, Pages

  Squires, Hazel ^a   Simpson, Emma ^a   Meng, Yang ^a   Harnan, Sue ^a   Stevens, J W ^a   Wong, Ruth ^a   Thomas, Steve ^a   Michaels, Jonathan ^a   Stansby, Gerard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CILOSTAZOL; INOSITOL NICOTINATE; NAFTIDROFURYL OXALATE; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PLACEBO;

ANALYTICAL PARAMETERS; ANGIOPLASTY; ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX; BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; ECONOMIC EVALUATION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FOLLOW UP; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION; KINESIOTHERAPY; LONG TERM CARE; MAXIMAL WALKING DISTANCE; MORTALITY; NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PAIN FREE WALKING DISTANCE; PERIPHERAL OCCLUSIVE ARTERY DISEASE; QUALITY ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; STATISTICAL MODEL; SYMPTOM; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT DURATION;

EID: 84856361500     PISSN: 13665278     EISSN: 20464924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3310/hta15400     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Fontaine R, Kim M, Kieny R. Surgical treatment of peripheral circulation disorders. Helvetica Chirurgica Acta 1954;21:499-533.
2. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Diagnosis and management of peripheral arterial disease. A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh: SIGN; 2006.
3. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG, et al. Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007;33:1-75.
4. Watson L, Ellis B, Leng GC. Exercise for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;4:CD000990.
5. Hiatt WR. The US experience with cilostazol in treating intermittent claudication. Atherosclerosis 2005;6:21-31.
6. Dormandy J, Heeck L, Vig S. Lower-extremity arteriosclerosis as a reflection of a systemic process: implications for concomitant coronary and carotid disease. Semin Vasc Surg 1999;12:118-22.
7. Hooi JD, Stoffers HE, Knottnerus JA, van Ree JW. The prognosis of non-critical limb ischaemia: a systematic review of population-based evidence. Br J Gen Pract 1999;49:49-55.
8. Sobel M, Verhaeghe R. Antithrombotic therapy for peripheral artery occlusive disease: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edn). Chest 2008;133:S815-43.
9. Peripheral Arterial Diseases Antiplatelet Consensus Group. Antiplatelet therapy in peripheral arterial disease. Consensus statement. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003;26:1-16.
10. Fowkes FGR, Housley E, Cawood EHH, MacIntyre CCA, Ruckley CV, Prescott RJ. Edinburgh Artery Study: prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population. Int J Epidemiol 1991;20:384-92.
11. Pell JP. Impact of intermittent claudication on quality of life. The Scottish Vascular Audit Group. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1995;9:469-72.
12. Breek JC, Hamming JF, De Vries J, Aquarius AE, Van Berge Henegouwen DP, Breek JC, et al. Quality of life in patients with intermittent claudication using the World Health Organization (WHO) questionnaire. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2001;21:118-22.
13. NHS Primary Care Commissioning. Primary care service framework: peripheral arterial disease. 2009. URL: www.pcc.nhs.uk/primary-care-service-frameworks (accessed February 2010).
14. Rutherford RB, Baker JD, Ernst C, Johnston KW, Porter JM, Ahn S, et al. Recommended standards for reports dealing with lower extremity ischemia: revised version. J Vasc Surg 1997;26:517-38.
15. Dobesh PP, Stacy ZA, Persson EL. Pharmacologic therapy for intermittent claudication. Pharmacotherapy 2009;29:526-53.
16. Leng GC, Fowkes FG. The Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire: an improved version of the WHO/Rose Questionnaire for use in epidemiological surveys. J Clin Epidemiol 1992;45:1101-9.
17. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FGR, et al. Intersociety consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). Int Angiol 2007;26:82-157.
18. EMA. The European Agency for Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Note for guidance on clinical investigations of medicinal products in the treatment of chronic peripheral arterial occlusive disease. London: EMA; 2002.
19. Bendermacher BL, Willigendael EM, Teijink JA, Prins MH. Supervised exercise therapy versus non-supervised exercise therapy for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006:2;CD005263.
20. Lower limb peripheral arterial disease. Guidelines in progress. 2010. URL: http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG/Wave23/5
21. Greenhalgh J, Bagust A, Boland A, Martin Saborido C, Oyee J, Blundell M, et al. Clopidogrel and modified-release dipyridamole for the prevention of occlusive vascular events (review of Technology Appraisal No. 90): a systematic review and economic analysis. Health Technol Assess 2011;15(31).
22. Abbot Healthcare Products Ltd. Summary of Product Characteristics. 2010. Southampton; Abbot Healthcare Products Ltd.
23. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Cilostazol, naftidrofuryl oxalate, pentoxifylline and inositol nicotinate for the treatment of intermittent claudication in people with peripheral arterial disease. Final scope. www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/12265/48291/48291.pdf2010 (accessed February 2010).
24. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Cilostazol, naftidrofuryl oxalate, pentoxifylline and inositol nicotinate for the treatment of intermittent claudication in people with peripheral arterial disease. 2010. URL: www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/12265/48292/48292.pdf (accessed April 2010).
25. The NHS Information Centre, Prescribing Support Unit. Prescription cost analysis England 2009. London: NHS; 2010.
26. NHS Drug Tariff. Drug tariff. October 2010. URL: www.ppa.org.uk/edt/October_2010/mindex.htm
27. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD). Systematic reviews: CRD's guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. 3rd edn. London: CRD; 2009.
28. Robless P, Mikhailidis DP, Stansby GP. Cilostazol for peripheral arterial disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;1:CD003748.
29. Lunn DJ, Thomas A, Best N, Spiegelhalter D. WinBUGS: a Bayesian modelling framework: concepts, structure, and extensibility. Stat Comput 2000;10:325-37.
30. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, and the PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:65-94.
31. Pande RL, Hiatt WR, Zhang P, Hittel N, Creage MA. A pooled analysis of the durability and predictors of treatment response of cilostazol in patients with intermittent claudication. Vasc Med 2010;15:181-8.
32. de Backer-Tine LM, Vander SR, Lehert P, Van Bortel L. Naftidrofuryl for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;2:CD001368.
33. Pratt CM. Analysis of the cilostazol safety database. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:D28-33.
34. Otsuka Pharmaceuticals Submission to NICE. Cilostazol for the symptomatic treatment of intermittent claudication secondary to peripheral arterial disease. 2010.
35. Thompson PD, Zimet R, Forbes WP, Zhang P. Meta-analysis of results from eight randomized, placebo-controlled trials on the effect of cilostazol on patients with intermittent claudication. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:1314-19.
36. Regensteiner JG, Ware JE, Jr, McCarthy WJ, Zhang P, Forbes WP, Heckman J, et al. Effect of cilostazol on treadmill walking, community-based walking ability, and health-related quality of life in patients with intermittent claudication due to peripheral arterial disease: metaanalysis of six randomized controlled trials. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50:1939-46.
37. Momsen AH, Jensen MB, Norager CB, Madsen MR, Vestersgaard-Andersen T, Lindholt JS. Drug therapy for improving walking distance in intermittent claudication: a systematic review and meta-analysis of robust randomised controlled studies. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2009;38:463-74.
38. de Backer TL, Vander Stichele RH, Warie HH, Bogaert MG. Oral vasoactive medication in intermittent claudication: utile or futile? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000;56:199-206.
39. Hood SC, Moher D, Barber GG. Management of intermittent claudication with pentoxifylline: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ 1996;155:1053-9.
40. Girolami B, Bernardi E, Prins MH, Ten Cate JW, Hettiarachchi R, Prandoni P, et al. Treatment of intermittent claudication with physical training, smoking cessation, pentoxifylline, or nafronyl: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:337-45.
41. Rowlands TE, Donnelly R. Medical therapy for intermittent claudication. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007;34:314-21.
42. Uchiyama S, Demaerschalk BM, Goto S, Shinohara Y, Gotoh F, Stone WM, Money SR, Kwon SU. Stroke prevention by cilostazol in patients with atherothrombosis: meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2009;18:482-90.
43. Goldsmith DR, Wellington, K. Naftidrofuryl: a review of its use in the treatment of intermittent claudication. Drugs Aging 2005;22:967-77.
44. Hashiguchi M, Ohno K, Saito R. Studies on the effectiveness and safety of cilostazol, beraprost sodium, prostaglandin E1 for the treatment of intermittent claudication. Yakugaku Zasshi (J Pharm Soc Japan) 2004;124:321-32.
45. Chapman TM, Goa KL. Cilostazol: a review of its use in intermittent claudication. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2003;3:117-38.
46. Cameron HA, Waller PC, Ramsay LE. Drug treatment of intermittent claudication: a critical analysis of the methods and findings of published clinical trials, 1965-1985. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1988;26:569-76.
47. Spengel F, Clement D, Boccalon H, Liard F, Brown T, Lehert P. Findings of the Naftidrofuryl in Quality of Life (NIQOL) European study program. Int Angiol 2002;21:20-7.
48. Stone WM, Demaerschalk BM, Fowl RJ, Money SR. Type 3 phosphodiesterase inhibitors may be protective against cerebrovascular events in patients with claudication. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2008;17:129-33.
49. Hiatt WR, Money SR, Brass EP. Long-term safety of cilostazol in patients with peripheral artery disease: the CASTLE study (cilostazol: a study in long-term effects). J Vasc Surg 2008;47:330-6.
50. Hiatt WR, Brass EP, Money S. Long-term safety of cilostazol in patients with peripheral artery disease. Circulation 2007;116:699.
51. O'Donnell ME, Badger SA, Sharif MA, Makar RR, McEneny J, Young IS et al. The effects of cilostazol on exercise-induced ischaemia-reperfusion injury in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2009;37:326-35.
52. ADIS R&D Insight Profile. EGb 761: Ginkgo biloba extract, Ginkor. Drugs in R and D 2003;4:188-93.
53. O'Donnell ME, Badger SA, Sharif MA, Makar RR, Young IS, Lee, B, et al. The vascular and biochemical effects of cilostazol in diabetic patients with peripheral arterial disease. Vasc Endovasc Surg 2009;43:132-43.
54. O'Donnell ME, Badger SA, Makar RR, McEneny J, Young IS, Lau LL. Randomised, controlled trial assessing the effects of cilostazol on exercise-induced ischaemia-reperfusion in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Ann Roy Coll Surg 2009;91:172-3.
55. O'Donnell ME, Badger SA, Sharif MA, Makar RR, Young IS, Lee B, et al. The effects of cilostazol on peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients with peripheral arterial disease. Angiology 2008;59:695-704.
56. Strandness DE, Jr, Dalman RL, Panian S, Rendell MS, Comp PC, Zhang P, et al. Effect of cilostazol in patients with intermittent claudication: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study. Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002;36:83-91.
57. Strandness DE, Dalman R, Panian S, Rendell M, Comp P, Bortey EB. Two doses of cilostazol versus placebo in the treatment of claudication: results of a randomized, multicenter trial. Circulation 1998;98:1-12.
58. Dawson DL, Cutler BS, Hiatt WR, Hobson RW, Martin JD, Bortey EB, et al. A comparison of cilostazol and pentoxifylline for treating intermittent claudication. Am J Med 2000;109:523-30.
59. Dawson DL, Zheng Q, Worthy SA, Charles B, Bradley DV, Jr. Failure of pentoxifylline or cilostazol to improve blood and plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, and erythrocyte deformability in claudication. Angiology 2002;53:509-20.
60. Dawson DL, DeMaioribus CA, Hagino RT, Light JT, Bradley DV, Jr, Britt KE, et al. The effect of withdrawal of drugs treating intermittent claudication. Am J Surg 1999;178:141-6.
61. Beebe HG, Dawson DL, Cutler BS, Herd JA, Strandness DE, Jr, Bortey EB, et al. A new pharmacological treatment for intermittent claudication: results of a randomized, multicenter trial. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2041-50.
62. Money SR, Herd JA, Isaacsohn JL, Davidson M, Cutler B, Heckman J, et al. Effect of cilostazol on walking distances in patients with intermittent claudication caused by peripheral vascular disease. J Vasc Surg 1998;27:267-74.
63. Dawson DL, Cutler BS, Meissner MH, Strandness DE, Jr. Cilostazol has beneficial effects in treatment of intermittent claudication: results from a multicenter, randomized, prospective, double-blind trial. Circulation 1998;98:678-86.
64. Elam MB, Heckman J, Crouse JR, Hunninghake DB, Herd JA, Davidson M, et al. Effect of the novel antiplatelet agent cilostazol on plasma lipoproteins in patients with intermittent claudication. Arteriosclerosis Throm Vas 1998;18:1942-7.
65. Kieffer E, Bahnini A, Mouren X, Gamand S. A new study demonstrates the efficacy of naftidrofuryl in the treatment of intermittent claudication. Findings of the Naftidrofuryl Clinical Ischemia Study (NCIS). Int Angiology 2001;20:58-65.
66. Adhoute G, Bacourt F, Barral M, Cardon JM, Chevalier JM, Cuny A, et al. Naftidrofuryl in chronic arterial disease. Results of a six month controlled multicenter study using Naftidrofuryl tablets 200 mg. Angiology 1986;37:160-7.
67. Trubestein G, Bohme H, Heidrich H. Naftidrofuryl in chronic arterial disease. Results of a controlled multicenter study. Angiology 1984;35:701-8.
68. Ruckley CV, Callam MJ, Ferrington CM, Prescott RJ. Naftidrofuryl for intermittent claudication: a double-blind controlled trial. Br Med J 1978;1:622.
69. Dettori AG, Pini M, Moratti A, Paolicelli M, Basevi P, Quintavalla R, et al. Acenocoumarol and pentoxifylline in intermittent claudication. A controlled clinical study. The APIC Study Group. Angiology 1989;40:237-48.
70. Creager MA, Pande RL, Hiatt WR. A randomized trial of iloprost in patients with intermittent claudication. Vasc Med 2008;13:5-13.
71. Lindgarde F, Jelnes R, Bjorkman H, Adielsson G, Kjellstrom T, Palmquist I, et al. Conservative drug treatment in patients with moderately severe chronic occlusive peripheral arterial disease. Scandinavian Study Group. Circulation 1989;80:1549-56.
72. Porter JM, Cutler BS, Lee BY, Reich T, Reichle FA, Scogin JT, et al. Pentoxifylline efficacy in the treatment of intermittent claudication: multicenter controlled double-blind trial with objective assessment of chronic occlusive arterial disease patients. Am Heart J 1982;104:66-72.
73. Gillings D, Koch G, Reich T, Stager WJ. Another look at the pentoxifylline efficacy data for intermittent claudication. J Clin Pharmacol 1987;27:601-9.
74. Porter JM, Bauer GM. Pharmacologic treatment of intermittent claudication. Surgery 1982;92:966-71.
75. Reich T, Cutler BC, Lee BY, Porter JM, Reichle FA, Scogin JT, et al. Pentoxifylline in the treatment of intermittent claudication of the lower limbs. Angiology 1984;35:389-95.
76. Gallus AS, Gleadow F, Dupont P, Walsh J, Morley AA, Wenzel A, et al. Intermittent claudication: a double-blind crossover trial of pentoxifylline. Aust NZ J Med 1985;15:402-9.
77. Di Perri T, Guerrini M. Placebo controlled double blind study with pentoxifylline of walking performance in patients with intermittent claudication. Angiology 1983;34:40-5.
78. O'Hara J, Jolly PN, Nicol CG. The therapeutic efficacy of inositol nicotinate (Hexopal) in intermittent claudication: a controlled trial. Br J Clin Pract 1988;42:377-83.
79. O'Hara JA. Double-blind placebo-controlled study of Hexopal in the treatment of intermittent claudication. J Int Med Res 1985;13:322-7.
80. Kiff RS, Quick CR. Does inositol nicotinate (Hexopal) influence intermittent claudication? A controlled trial. Br J Clin Pract 1988;42:141-5.
81. Head A. Treatment of intermittent claudication with inositol nicotinate. Practitioner 1986;230:49-54.
82. Hobbs SD, Marshall T, Fegan C, Adam D J, Bradbury AW. The effect of supervised exercise and cilostazol on coagulation and fibrinolysis in intermittent claudication: a randomized controlled trial. J Vasc Surg 2007;45:65-70.
83. O'Donnell ME, Badger SA, Sharif MA, Young IS, Lee B, Soong CV. The vascular and biochemical effects of cilostazol in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg 2009;49:1226-34.
84. Ware JE, Jr. SF-36 Health survey: manual interpretation guide. Boston, MA: The Health Institute, New England Medical Center; 1993.
85. Regensteiner JG, Steiner JF, Panzer RJ, Hiatt WR. Evaluation of walking impairment by questionnaire in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Med Bio 1990;2:142-50.
86. Morgan M, Crayford T, Murrin B, Fraser S. Developing the vascular quality of life questionnaire: a new disease-specific quality of life measure for use in lower limb ischaemia. J Vasc Surg 2001;33:687.
87. Mehta T, Venkata Subramaniam A, Chetter I, McCollum P. Disease-specific quality of life assessment in intermittent claudication: review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003;25:202-8.
88. Drummond M, Sculpher M, Torrance G, O'Brien B, Stoddart G. Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.
89. Evers S, Goossens M, de Vet H, van Tulder M, Ament A. Criteria list for assessment of methodological quality of economic evaluations: consensus on health economic criteria. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2005;21:240-5.
90. Guest JF, Davie AM, Clegg JP. Cost effectiveness of cilostazol compared with naftidrofuryl and pentoxifylline in the treatment of intermittent claudication in the UK. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:817-26.
91. Ratcliffe A. Cost-utility of cilostazol for the treatment of intermittent claudication in Scotland. Value Health 2005;8:A113-14.
92. Strandness DE, Dalman RL, Panian S, Rendell MS, Comp PC, Zhang P, et al. Effect of cilostazol in patients with intermittent claudication: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study. Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002;36:83-91.
93. Adhoute G, Andreassian B, Boccalon H, Cloarec M, Di Maria G, Lefebvre O, et al. Treatment of stage II chronic arterial disease of the lower limbs with the serotonergic antagonist naftidrofuryl: results after 6 months of a controlled, multicenter study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1990;16:S75-80.
94. Moody AP, al-Khaffaf HS, Lehert P, Harris PL, Charlesworth D. An evaluation of patients with severe intermittent claudication and the effect of treatment with naftidrofuryl. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994;23:S44-7.
95. Lindgarde F, Labs KH, Rossner M. The pentoxifylline experience: exercise testing reconsidered. Vasc Med 1996;1:145-54.
96. Ara R, Brazier J. Deriving an algorithm to convert the eight mean SF-36 dimension scores into a mean EQ-5D preference-based score from published studies (where patient level data are not available). Value Health 2008;11:1131-43.
97. Ara R, Brazier JE. Populating an economic model with health state utility values: moving toward better practice. Value Health 2010;13:509-18.
98. Office for National Statistics (ONS). Mid-2009 Population Estimates: England and Wales; estimated resident population by single year of age and sex. London: ONS; 2010.
99. Heald CL, Fowkes FGR, Murray GD, Price JF. Risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease associated with the ankle-brachial index: systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2006;189:61-9.
100. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Guide to the methods of technology appraisal. London: NICE; 2008.
101. Department of Health (DoH). NHS reference costs 2008-2009. London: DoH; 2009.
102. Personal Social Services Research Unit (PSSRU). Unit costs of health and social care 2009. London: PSSRU; 2009.
103. Egger M. How important are comprehensive literature searches and the assessment of trial quality in systematic reviews? Empirical study. Health Technol Assess 2003;7(1).
104. Moher D, Pham P, Klassen TP, Schulz KF, Berlin JA, Jadad AR, et al. What contributions do languages other than English make on the results of meta-analyses? J Clin Epidemiol 2000;53:964-72.
105. Pham B, Klassen TP, Lawson ML, Moher D. Language of publication restrictions in systematic reviews gave different results depending on whether the intervention was conventional or complementary. J Clin Epidemiol 2005;58:769-76.
106. De Backer T, Stichele RV, Lehert P, Van Bortel L. Naftidrofuryl for intermittent claudication: meta-analysis based on individual patient data. BMJ 2009;338:703.
107. Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Griffin M, De Sanctis MT, Cesarone MR, Incandela L, et al. Intermittent claudication in diabetics: treatment with exercise and pentoxifylline: a 6-month, controlled, randomized trial. Angiology 2002;53:S39-43.
108. Bieron K, Kostka-Trabka E, Starzyk D, Goszcz A, Grodzinska L, Korbut, R. [Bencyclane: a new aspect of the mechanism of action in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Open-label, prospective, randomized trial.] Acta Angiol 2005;11:157-72.
109. Boccalon H, Lehert P, Mosnier, M. [Effect of naftidrofuryl on physiological walking distance in patients with intermittent claudication.] Annales de cardiologie et d'angéiologie 2001;50:175-82.
110. Bollinger A, Frei C. Double-blind study of pentoxifylline against placebo in patients with intermittent claudication. Pharmatherapeutica 1977;1:557-62.
111. Chacon-Quevedo A, Eguaras MG, Calleja F, Garcia MA, Roman M, Casares J, et al. Comparative evaluation of pentoxifylline, buflomedil, and nifedipine in the treatment of intermittent claudication of the lower limbs. Angiology 1994;45:647-53.
112. Ciocon JO, Galindo DJ. A comparison between aspirin and pentoxifylline in relieving claudication due to peripheral vascular disease in the elderly. Angiology 1997;48:237-40.
113. Clyne CA, Galland RB, Fox MJ, Gustave R, Jantet GH, Jamieson CW. A controlled trial of naftidrofuryl (Praxilene) in the treatment of intermittent claudication. Br J Surg 1980;67:347-8.
114. de Albuquerque RM, Virgini-Magalhaes CE, Lencastre Sicuro F, Bottino DA, Bouskela E. Effects of cilostazol and pentoxifylline on forearm reactive hyperemia response, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in patients with intermittent claudication. Angiology 2008;59:549-58.
115. De Sanctis MT, Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Griffin M, Incandela L, et al. Treatment of long-distance intermittent claudication with pentoxifylline: a 12-month, randomized trial. Angiology 2002;53:S13-17.
116. Diehm C, Kuhn A, Strauss R, Hubsch-Muller C, Kubler W. Effects of regular physical training in a supervised class and additional intravenous prostaglandin E1 and naftidrofuryl infusion therapy in patients with intermittent claudication: a controlled study. Vasa 1989;28:26-30.
117. Donaldson DR, Hall TJ, Kester RC, Ramsden CW, Wiggins PA. Does oxpentifylline ('Trental') have a place in the treatment of intermittent claudication? Curr Med Res Opin 1984;9:35-40.
118. Hentzer E. Meso-inositol hexanicotinat (Hexanicit) treatment of intermittent claudication as studied by a double blind technique employing xenon 133 clearance method. Scand J Lab Invest 1965;17:S148.
119. Jaffe G. Double blind comparison of bradilan (Tetranicotinoylfructose) tablets and hexopal (Inositol nicotinate) tablets in the treatment of intermittent claudication. J Int Med Res 1975;3:428-30.
120. Karnik R, Valentin A, Stollberger C, Slany J. Effects of naftidrofuryl in patients with intermittent claudication. Angiology 1988;39:234-40.
121. Kriessmann A, Neiss A, Kriessmann A, Neiss A. [Clinical effectiveness of naftidrofuryl in intermittent claudication.] Vasa 1988;24:27-32.
122. Milio G, Coppola G, Novo S. The effects of prostaglandin E-1 in patients with intermittent claudication. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2006;6:71-6.
123. Reilly DT, Quinton DN, Barrie WW. A controlled trial of pentoxifylline (Trental 400) in intermittent claudication: clinical, haemostatic and rheological effects. N Z Med J 1987;100:445-7.
124. Roekaerts F, Deleers L. Trental 400 in the treatment of intermittent claudication: results of long-term, placebo-controlled administration. Angiology 1984;35:396-406.
125. Rosas G, Cerdeyra C, Lucas MA, Parano JR, Villa JJ. Comparison of safety and efficacy of buflomedil and naftidrofuryl in the treatment of intermittent claudication. Angiology 1981;32:291-7.
126. Schubotz R. Double blind trial of pentoxifylline in diabetics with peripheral vascular disorders. Pharmatherapeutica 1976;1:172-9.
127. Soga Y, Yokoi H, Kawasaki T, Nakashima H, Tsurugida M, Hikichi Y, et al. Efficacy of cilostazol after endovascular therapy for femoropopliteal artery disease in patients with intermittent claudication. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:48-53.
128. Spitzer S, Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Gerhards M, Leipnitz G. Walk training and drug treatment in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease: a randomised, prospective, placebocontrolled double-blind study. Adv Vasc Pathol 1989;1:232.
129. Strano A, Davi G, Avellone G, Novo S, Pinto A. Double-blind, crossover study of the clinical efficacy and the hemorheological effects of pentoxifylline in patients with occlusive arterial disease of the lower limbs. Angiology 1984;35:459-66.
130. Trubestein G, Trubestein R, Duong QD. Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of buflomedil and pentoxifylline in patients with arterial occlusive disease. Angiology 1981;32:705-10.
131. Tyson VC. Treatment of intermittent claudication. Practitioner 1979;223:121-6.
132. Waters KJ, Craxford AD, Chamberlain J. The effect of naftidrofuryl (Praxilene) on intermittent claudication. Br J Surg 1980;67:349-51.
133. Drummond MF, Jefferson TO. Guidelines for authors and peer reviewers of economic submissions to the BMJ. BMJ 1996;313:275.
134. Evers S, Goossens M, de Vet H, van Tulder M, Ament A. Criteria list for assessment of methodological quality of economic evaluations: Consensus on Health Economic Criteria. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2005;21:240-5.