Use of Linkage Mapping and Centrality Analysis Across Habitat Gradients to Conserve Connectivity of Gray Wolf Populations in Western North America

Conservation Biology

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 78-87

  Carroll, Carlos ^a   Mcrae, Brad H ^b   Brookes, Allen ^c  

^a Klamath Center for Conservation Research   (United States)

^b THE NATURE CONSERVANCY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Canis lupus; Centrality; Circuit theory; Corridor; Graph theory; Least cost path; Network flow

Indexed keywords

CANID; CONNECTIVITY; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; HABITAT CONSERVATION; HABITAT CORRIDOR; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; HABITAT QUALITY;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CANADA; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM; METHODOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; UNITED STATES; WOLF;

ANIMALS; CANADA; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; ECOSYSTEM; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS; IDAHO; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; WOLVES; WYOMING;

CANADA; IDAHO; UNITED STATES; YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK;

CANIS FAMILIARIS; CANIS LUPUS;

EID: 84856343050     PISSN: 08888892     EISSN: 15231739     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01753.x     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Ahuja, R. K., T. L. Magnanti, and J. B. Orlin 1993. Network flows: theory, algorithms, and applications. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
2. Beier, P., D. R. Majka, and W. D. Spencer 2008. Forks in the road: choices in procedures for designing wildland linkages. Conservation Biology 22:836-851.
3. Bodin, O., and J. Norberg 2007. A network approach for analyzing spatially structured populations in fragmented landscape. Landscape Ecology 22:31-44.
4. Bodin, O., M. Tengö, A. Norman, J. Lundberg, and T. Elmqvist 2006. The value of small size: loss of forest patches and ecological thresholds in southern Madagascar. Ecological Applications 16:440-451.
5. Borgatti, S. P. 2005. Centrality and network flow. Social Networks 27:55-71.
6. Borgatti, S. P., and M. G. Everett 2006. A graph-theoretic perspective on centrality. Social Networks 28:466-484.
7. Boyd, D. K., and D. H. Pletscher 1999. Characteristics of dispersal in a colonizing wolf population in the central Rocky Mountains. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:1094-1108.
8. Brandes, U. 2001. A faster algorithm for betweenness centrality. Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25:163-177.
9. Bunn, A. G., D. L. Urban, and T. H. Keitt 2000. Landscape connectivity: a conservation application of graph theory. Journal of Environmental Management 59:265-278.
10. Cabeza, M., and A. Moilanen 2001. Design of reserve networks and the persistence of biodiversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16:242-248.
11. Cade, B. S., and B. R. Noon 2003. A gentle introduction to quantile regression for ecologists. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1:412-420.
12. Carroll, C. 2010. Connectivity analysis toolkit user manual. Version 1.1. Klamath Center for Conservation Research, Orleans, California Available at (accessed June 2011).
13. Carroll, C., M. K. Phillips, C. A. Lopez-Gonzalez, and N. H. Schumaker 2006. Defining recovery goals and strategies for endangered species: the wolf as a case study. BioScience 56:25-37.
14. Chetkiewicz, C. L. B., C. C. St Clair, and M. S. Boyce 2006. Corridors for conservation: integrating pattern and process. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 37:317-342.
15. EGRES (Egerváry Research Group on Combinatorial Optimization). 2010. LEMON, library for efficient modeling and optimization in networks. EGRES, Budapest. Available from (accessed August 2011).
16. Estrada, E., and O. Bodin 2008. Using network centrality measures to manage landscape connectivity. Ecological Applications 18:1810-1825.
17. Freeman, L. C., S. P. Borgatti, and D. R. White 1991. Centrality in valued graphs: a measure of betweenness based on network flow. Social Networks 13:141-154.
18. Fuller, T. K., L. D. Mech, and J. F. Cochrane 2003. Wolf population dynamics. Pages 161-191 in L. D. Mech and L. Boitani, editors. Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
19. Hagberg, A., D. Schult, and P. Swart 2008. Exploring network structure, dynamics, and function using NetworkX. Pages 11-16 in G. Varoquaux, T. Vaught, and J. Millman, editors. Proceedings of the 7th Python in Science Conference. Available from (accessed August 2011).
20. Lee-Yaw, J. A., A. Davidson, B. H. McRae, and D. M. Green 2009. Do landscape processes predict phylogeographic patterns in the wood frog? Molecular Ecology 18:1863-1874.
21. McRae, B. H., B. G. Dickson, T. H. Keitt, and V. B. Shah 2008. Using circuit theory to model connectivity in ecology and conservation. Ecology 10:2712-2724.
22. Moilanen, A., H. Kujala, and J. Leathwick 2009. The Zonation framework and software for conservation prioritization. Pages 196-210 in A. Moilanen, K. A. Wilson, and H. P. Possingham, editors. Spatial conservation prioritization: quantitative methods and computational tools. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom
23. Newman, M. E. J. 2005. A measure of betweenness centrality based on random walks. Social Networks 27:39-54.
24. Newman, M. E. J. 2010. Networks: an introduction. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom
25. Oakleaf, J. K., et al. 2006. Habitat selection by recolonizing wolves in the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States. Journal of Wildlife Management 70:554-563.
26. Phillips, S. J., P. Williams, G. Midgley, and A. Archer 2008. Optimizing dispersal corridors for the Cape Proteaceae using network flow. Ecological Applications 18:1200-1211.
27. Possingham, H. P., I. R. Ball, and S. Andelman 2000. Mathematical methods for identifying representative reserve networks. Pages 291-306 in S. Ferson and M. Burgman, editors. Quantitative methods for conservation biology. Springer-Verlag, New York
28. Pressey, R. L., M. Cabeza, M. E. Watts, R. M. Cowling, and K. A. Wilson 2007. Conservation planning in a changing world. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 22:583-592.
29. Rayfield, B., M.-J. Fortin, and A. Fall 2011. Connectivity for conservation: a framework to classify network measures. Ecology 92:847-858.
30. Richard, Y., and D. P. Armstrong 2010. Cost distance modelling of landscape connectivity and gap-crossing ability using radio-tracking data. Journal of Applied Ecology 47:603-610.
31. Schumaker, N. H. 2011. HexSim. Version 2.1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. Available from (accessed June 2011).
32. Schwartz, M. K., J. P. Copeland, N. J. Anderson, J. R. Squires, R. M. Inman, K. S. McKelvey, K. L. Pilgrim, L. P. Waits, and S. A. Cushman 2009. Wolverine gene flow across a narrow climatic niche. Ecology 90:3222-3232.
33. Taylor, P. D., L. Fahrig, and K. A. With 2006. Landscape connectivity: a return to the basics. Pages 29-43 in K. R. Crooks and M. Sanjayan, editors. Connectivity conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
34. Urban, D. L., E. S. Minor, E. A. Treml, and R. S. Schick 2009. Graph models of habitat mosaics. Ecology Letters 12:260-273.
35. van Rossum, G., and F. L. Drake, editors. 2006. Python reference manual. Python Software Foundation, Wolfeboro Falls, New Hampshire Available from (accessed August 2011).
36. Vonholdt, B. M., et al. 2010. A novel assessment of population structure and gene flow in grey wolf populations of the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States. Molecular Ecology 19:4412-4427.
37. Wayne, R., and P. Hedrick 2010. Genetics and wolf conservation in the American West: lessons and challenges. Heredity 107: DOI:.
38. Western Governors Association. 2008. Western Governors' Association wildlife corridors initiative report. Available from (accessed August 2011).