Determination of the biogenic secondary organic aerosol fraction in the boreal forest by NMR spectroscopy

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 941-959

  Finessi, E ^a,j   Decesari, S ^a   Paglione, M ^a   Giulianelli, L ^a   Carbone, C ^a   Gilardoni, S ^a   Fuzzi, S ^a   Saarikoski, S ^b   Raatikainen, T ^b,h   Hillamo, R ^b   Allan, J ^c   Mentel, Th F ^d   Tiitta, P ^e,i   Laaksonen, A ^b,e   Petaja T ^f   Kulmala, M ^f   Worsnop, D R ^b,f,g   Facchini, M C ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AND CLIMATE   (Italy)

^b FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^d FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

^f UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^g AERODYNE RESEARCH INC   (United States)

^h GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

ⁱ NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^j UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; ALGORITHM; BOREAL FOREST; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); CONDENSATION; FACTOR ANALYSIS; MASS SPECTROMETRY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; PHOTOOXIDATION;

CENTRAL EUROPE;

EID: 84856291587     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-941-2012     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Aalto, P., Hameri, K., Becker, E., Weber, R., Salm, J., Makela, J., Hoell, C, O'Dowd, C, Karlsson, H., Hansson, H.-C, Vakeva, M., Koponen, I., Buzorius, G., and Kulmala, M.: Physical characterization of aerosol particles during nucleation events, Tellus B, 53, 344-358, 2001. (Pubitemid 32895233)
2. Aiken, A. C., DeCarlo, P. F., and Jimenez, J. L.: Elemental analysis of organic species with electron ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 79, 8350-8358, 2007. (Pubitemid 350060037)
3. Aiken, A. C., DeCarlo, P. F., Kroll, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., Huffman, J. A., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Mohr, C., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Ziemann, P. J., Canagaratna, M. R., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Prévôt, A. S. H., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Metzger, A., Baltensperger, U., and Jimenez, J. L.: O/C and OM/OC ratios of primary, secondary, and ambient organic aerosols with high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4478-4485, 2008. (Pubitemid 351842394)
4. Alfarra, M. R., Paulsen, D., Gysel, M., Garforth, A. A., Dommen, J., Prévôt, A. S. H., Worsnop, D. R., Baltensperger, U., and Coe, H.: A mass spectrometric study of secondary organic aerosols formed from the photooxidation of anthropogenic and biogenic precursors in a reaction chamber, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5279-5293, doi:10.5194/acp-6-5279-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44825855)
5. Allan, J. D., Jimenez, J., Williams, P., Alfarra, M., Bower, K., Jayne, J., Coe, H., and Worsnop, D.: Quantitative sampling using an aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer 1. Techniques of data interpretation and error analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4090, doi:10.1029/2002JD002358, 2003.
6. Allan, J. D., Alfarra, M. R., Bower, K. N., Coe, H., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., Aalto, P. P., Kulmala, M., Hyötyläinen, T., Cav-alli, F., and Laaksonen, A.: Size and composition measurements of background aerosol and new particle growth in a Finnish forest during QUEST 2 using an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 315-327, doi:10.5194/acp-6- 315-2006, 2006.
7. Allan, J. D., Williams, P. I., Morgan, W. T., Martin, C. L., Flynn, M. J., Lee, J., Nemitz, E., Phillips, G. J., Gallagher, M. W., and Coe, H.: Contributions from transport, solid fuel burning and cooking to primary organic aerosols in two UK cities, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 647-668, doi:10.5194/acp-10- 647-2010, 2010.
8. Andreae, M. O.: Soot carbon and excess fine potassium: Long range transport of combustion-derived aerosols, Science, 220, 1148-1151, 1983. (Pubitemid 14256549)
9. Atkinson, R. and Arey, J.: Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of bio-genic volatile organic compounds: a review, Atmos. Environ., 37, Supplement, 2, S197-S219, 2003. (Pubitemid 37103155)
10. Baltensperger, U., Kalberer, M., Dommen, J., Paulsen, D., Alfarra, M. R., Coe, H., Fisseha, R., Gascho, A., Gysel, M., Nyeki, S., Sax, M., Steinbacher, M., Prevot, A. S. H., Sjögren, S., Wein-gartner, E., and Zenobi, R.: Secondary organic aerosols from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors, Faraday Discuss., 130, 265-278, 2005. (Pubitemid 41223689)
11. Barnaba, F., Angelini, F., Curci, G., and Gobbi, G. P.: An important fingerprint of wildfires on the European aerosol load, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10487-10501, doi:10.5194/acp-11-10487-2011, 2011.
12. Cahill, T. M., Seaman, V. Y., Charles, M. J., Holzinger, R., and Goldstein, A. H.: Secondary organic aerosols formed from oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D16312, doi:10.1029/2006JD007178, 2006. (Pubitemid 46290749)
13. Calvert, J. G., Atkinson, R., Becker, K. H., Kamens, R. M., Seinfeld, J. H., Wallington, T. J., and Yarwood, G.: The Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002.
14. Canagaratna, M., Jayne, J., Jimenez, J., Allan, J., Alfarra, M., Zhang, Q., Onasch, T., Drewnick, F., Coe, H., Middlebrook, A., Delia, A., Williams, L., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., De-Carlo, P., Kolb, C., Davidovits, P., and Worsnop, D.: Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26, 185-222, doi:10.1002/mas.20115, 2007. (Pubitemid 46491711)
15. Cao, G. and Jang, M.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from toluene photooxidation under various NOx conditions and particle acidity, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 14467-14495, doi:10.5194/acpd-8-14467-2008, 2008.
16. Capes, G., Johnson, B., McFiggans, G., Williams, P. I., Haywood, J., and Coe, H.: Aging of biomass burning aerosols over West Africa: Aircraft measurements of chemical composition, micro-physical properties, and emission ratios, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00C15, doi:10.1029/2008JD009845, 2008.
17. Cavalli, F., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Emblico, L., Mircea, M., Jensen, N. R., and Fuzzi, S.: Size-segregated aerosol chemical composition at a boreal site in southern Finland, during the QUEST project, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 993-1002, doi:10.5194/acp-6-993-2006, 2006.
18. Cheng, Y., He, K. B., Duan, F. K., Zheng, M., Ma, Y. L., and Tan, J. H.: Positive sampling artifact of carbonaceous aerosols and its influence on the thermal-optical split of OC/EC, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7243-7256, doi:10.5194/acp-9-7243-2009, 2009.
19. Claeys, M., Graham, B., Vas, G., Wang, W., Vermeylen, R., Pashynska, V., Cafmeyer, J., Guyon, P., Andreae, M. O., Ar-taxo, P., and Maenhaut, W.: Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols Through Photooxidation of Isoprene, Science, 303, 1173, doi:10.1126/science.1092805, 2004. (Pubitemid 38233578)
20. Crosier, J., Jimenez, J. L., Allan, J. D., Bower, K. N, Williams, P. I., Alfarra, M. R., Canagaratna, M. R, Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R, and Coe, H.: Technical Note: Description and Use of the New Jump Mass Spectrum Mode of Operation for the Aerodyne Quadrupole Aerosol Mass Spectrometers (Q-AMS), Aerosol Sci. Tech., 41, 865-872, 2007.
21. Cross, E. S., Slowik, J. G., Davidovits, P., Allan, J. D., Worsnop, D. R., Jayne, J. T., Lewis, D. K., Canagaratna, M., and Onasch, T. B.: Laboratory and ambient particle density determinations using light scattering in conjunction with aerosol mass spectrometry, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 41, 343-359, 2007 (Pubitemid 46393083)
22. De Gouw, J. and Jimenez, J. L.: Organic Aerosols in the Earth's Atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 7614-7618, 2009.
23. DeCarlo, P. F., Kimmel, J. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M. J., Jayne, J. T., Aiken, A. C., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Horvath, T., Docherty, K. S., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Field-deployable, high-resolution, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 78, 8281-8289, 2006. (Pubitemid 44927604)
24. Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., and Fuzzi, S.: Characterization of water-soluble organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols: a new approach, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1481-1489, 2000.
25. Decesari, S., Mircea, M., Cavalli, F., Fuzzi, S., Moretti, F., Tagli-avini, E., and Facchini, M. C.: Source attribution of water-soluble organic aerosol by nuclear magnetic resonance spec-troscopy, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 2479-2484, 2007. (Pubitemid 46595215)
26. Decesari, S., Finessi, E., Rinaldi, M., Paglione, M., Fuzzi, S., Stephanou, E., Tziaras, T., Spyros, A., Ceburnis, D., O'Dowd, C. D., Dall'Osto, M., Harrison, R., Allan, J., Coe, H., and Facchini, M. C.: Primary and secondary marine organic aerosols over the North Atlantic Ocean during the MAP experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D22210, doi:10.1029/2011JD016204, 2011.
27. Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Rinaldi, M., Carbone, C., Finessi, E., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., Moretti, F., Tagliavini, E., Ceburnis, D., and O'Dowd, C. D.: An important source of marine secondary organic aerosol from biogenic amines, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 9116-9121, 2008.
28. Fine, P., Cass, G., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Chemical characterization of fine particle emissions from the fireplace combustion of woods grown in the southern United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 1442-1451, 2002. (Pubitemid 34279836)
29. Fuzzi, S., Andreae, M. O., Huebert, B. J., Kulmala, M., Bond, T. C., Boy, M., Doherty, S. J., Guenther, A., Kanakidou, M., Kawamura, K., Kerminen, V.-M., Lohmann, U., Russell, L. M., and Pöschl, U.: Critical assessment of the current state of scientific knowledge, terminology, and research needs concerning the role of organic aerosols in the atmosphere, climate, and global change, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2017-2038, doi:10.5194/acp-6-2017-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44198631)
30. Gallego, E., Roca, X., Perales, J. F., and Guardino, X.: Determining indoor air quality and identifying the origin of odour episodes in indoor environments, J. Environ. Sci., 21, 333-339, 2009.
31. Gelencser, A., Hoffer, A., Molnar, A., Krivacsy, Z., Kiss, G., and Meszaros, E.: Thermal behaviour of carbonaceous aerosol from continental background site, Atmos. Environ., 34, 823-831, 2000.
32. Goldstein, A. H. and Galbally, I. E.: Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1514-1521, 2007. (Pubitemid 46362448)
33. Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Gredel, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., Mckay, W. A., Pierce, T., Scholes, B., Steinbrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., and Zimmerman, P.: A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8873-8892, doi:10.1029/94JD02950, 1995. (Pubitemid 26439580)
34. Hallquist, M., Wenger, J. C., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D., Claeys, M., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., George, C., Goldstein, A. H., Hamilton, J. F., Herrmann, H., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Y., Jang, M., Jenkin, M. E., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Maenhaut, W., McFiggans, G., Mentel, Th. F., Monod, A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Surratt, J. D., Szmigielski, R., and Wildt, J.: The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5155-5236, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009, 2009.
35. Hari, P. and Kulmala, M.: Station for Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations (SMEAR II), Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 315-322, 2005. (Pubitemid 41587372)
36. IPCC, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
37. Jayne, J., Leard, D., Zhang, X., Davidovits, P., Smith, K., Kolb, C., and Worsnop, D.: Development of an aerosol mass spectrometer for size and composition analysis of submicron particles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 33, 49-70, 2000. (Pubitemid 32001928)
38. Jimenez, J., Jayne, J., Shi, Q., Kolb, C., Worsnop, D., Yourshaw, I., Seinfeld, J., Flagan, R., Zhang, X., Smith, K., Morris, J., and Davidovits, P.: Ambient aerosol sampling using the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8425, doi:10.1029/2001JD001213, 2003.
39. Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prévôt, A. S. H., Zhang, Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y. L., Tian, J., Laak-sonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara, P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J., Dunlea, E. J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P. I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cot-trell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A., Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina, K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A. M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E., Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525-1529, 2009.
40. Johnson, D., Jenkin, M. E., Wirtz, K., and Martin-Reviejo, M.: Simulating the formation of secondary organic aerosol from the pho-tooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons, Environ. Chem., 2, 35-48, 2005.
41. Kanakidou, M., Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F. J., Facchini, M. C., Van Dingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., Nielsen, C. J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J. P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G. K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C. E. L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E. G., and Wilson, J.: Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053-1123, doi:10.5194/acp-5-1053-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 40560480)
42. Kerminen, V.-M., Petäjä, T., Manninen, H. E., Paasonen, P., Niem-inen, T., Sipilä, M., Junninen, H., Ehn, M., Gagné, S., Laakso, L., Riipinen, I., Vehkamäki, H., Kurten, T., Ortega, I. K., Dal Maso, M., Brus, D., Hyvärinen, A., Lihavainen, H., Leppä, J., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Hõrrak, U., Berndt, T., Stratmann, F., Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Metzger, A., Dom-men, J., Baltensperger, U., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Mentel, T. F., Wildt, J., Winkler, P. M., Wagner, P. E., Petzold, A., Minikin, A., Plass-Dülmer, C., Pöschl, U., Laaksonen, A., and Kulmala, M.: Atmospheric nucleation: highlights of the EUCAARI project and future directions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10829-10848, doi:10.5194/acp-10- 10829-2010, 2010.
43. Kulmala, M., Asmi, A., Lappalainen, H. K., Carslaw, K. S., Pöschl, U., Baltensperger, U., Hov, Ø., Brenquier, J.-L., Pandis, S. N., Facchini, M. C., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Introduction: European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions (EUCAARI)-integrating aerosol research from nano to global scales, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2825-2841, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2825-2009, 2009.
44. Lanz, V. A., Alfarra, M. R., Baltensperger, U., Buchmann, B., Hueglin, C., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Source apportionment of submicron organic aerosols at an urban site by factor analytical modelling of aerosol mass spectra, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1503-1522, doi:10.5194/acp-7-1503-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 46473948)
45. Lin, C.-J.: Projected Gradient methods for Non-negative matrix factorization, Neural Comput., 19, 2756-2779, 2007.
46. Loo, B. W. and Cork, C. P.: Development of high efficiency virtual impactor, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 9, 167-170, 1988.
47. Ma, Y., Weber, R. J., Lee, Y.-N., Orsini, D. A., Maxwell-Meier, K., Thornton, D. C., Bandy, A. R., Clarke, A. D., Blake, D. R., Sachse, G. W., Fuelberg, H. E., Kiley, C. M., Woo, J.-H., Streets, D. G., and Carmichael, G. R.: Characteristics and influence of biosmoke on the fine-particle ionic composition measured in Asian outflow during the Transport and Chemical Evolution Over the Pacific (TRACE-P) experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8816, doi:10.1029/2002JD003128, 2003.
48. Matthew, B. M., Middlebrook, A. M., and Onasch, T. B.: Collection efficiencies in an aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer as a function of particle phase for laboratory generated aerosols, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 42, 884-898, 2008.
49. Moretti, F., Tagliavini, E., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Rinaldi, M., and Fuzzi, S.: NMR determination of total carbonyls and carboxyls: A tool for tracing the evolution of atmospheric oxidized organic aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4844-4849, 2008. (Pubitemid 351956420)
50. Morgan, W. T., Allan, J. D., Bower, K. N., Highwood, E. J., Liu, D., McMeeking, G. R., Northway, M. J., Williams, P. I., Krejci, R., and Coe, H.: Airborne measurements of the spatial distribution of aerosol chemical composition across Europe and evolution of the organic fraction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4065-4083, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4065-2010, 2010.
51. Nemitz, E., Jimenez, J. L., Huffman, J. A., Ulbrich, I. M., Cana-garatna, M. R., Worsnop, D. R., and Guenther, A. B.: An Eddy-covariance System for the Measurement of Surface/Atmosphere Exchange Fluxes of Submicron Aerosol Chemical Species-First Application Above an Urban Area, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 42, 636-657, 2008. (Pubitemid 351990147)
52. Ng, N. L., Chhabra, P. S., Chan, A. W. H., Surratt, J. D., Kroll, J. H., Kwan, A. J., McCabe, D. C., Wennberg, P. O., Sorooshian, A., Murphy, S. M., Dalleska, N. F., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Effect of NOx level on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photooxidation of terpenes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5159-5174, doi:10.5194/acp-7-5159-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47554256)
53. Ng, N. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Tian, J., Ulbrich, I. M., Kroll, J. H., Docherty, K. S., Chhabra, P. S., Bahreini, R., Murphy, S. M., Seinfeld, J. H., Hildebrandt, L., Donahue, N. M., DeCarlo, P. F., Lanz, V. A., Prévõt, A. S. H., Dinar, E., Rudich, Y., and Worsnop, D. R.: Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4625-4641, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4625-2010, 2010.
54. Orsini, D. A., Ma, Y., Sullivan, A., Sierau, B., Baumann, K., and Weber, R. J.: Refinements to the particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) for ground and airborne measurements of water soluble aerosol composition, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1243-1259, 2003. (Pubitemid 36294077)
55. Paatero, P.: Least squares formulation of robust non-negative factor analysis, Chemometr. Intell. Lab., 37, 23-35, 1997. (Pubitemid 27242783)
56. Paatero, P.: The multilinear engine-A table-driven, least squares program for solving multilinear problems, including the n-way parallel factor analysis model, J. Comput. Graph. Stat., 8, 854-888, 1999.
57. Paatero, P. and Tapper, U.: Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values, Environmetrics, 5, 111-126, doi:10.1002/env.3170050203, 1994.
58. Paulot, F., Crounse, J. D., Kjaergaard, H. G., Kürten, A., Clair, J. M. St., Seinfeld, J. H., and Wennberg, P. O.: Unexpected Epoxide Formation in the Gas-Phase Photooxidation of Isoprene, Science, 325, 5941, doi:10.1126/science.1172910, 2009.
59. Puxbaum, H., Caseiro, A., Sanchez-Ochoa, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Claeys, M., Gelencser, A., Legrand, M., Preunkert, S., and Pio, C.: Levoglucosan levels at background sites in Europe for assessing the impact of biomass combustion on the European aerosol background, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S05, doi:10.1029/2006JD008114, 2007.
60. Raatikainen, T., Vaattovaara, P., Tiitta, P., Miettinen, P., Rauti-ainen, J., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., and Worsnop, D. R.: Physicochemical properties and origin of organic groups detected in boreal forest using an aerosol mass spectrometer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2063-2077, doi:10.5194/acp-10-2063-2010, 2010.
61. Ravishankara, A. R.: Chemistry-climate coupling: the importance of chemistry in climate issues, Faraday Discuss., 130, 9-26, 2005. (Pubitemid 41226444)
62. Rickard, A. R., Wyche, K. P., Metzger, A., Monks, P. S., Ellis, A. M., Dommen, J., Baltensperger, U., Jenkin, M. E., and Pilling, M. J.: Gas phase precursors to anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol: Using the Master Chemical Mechanism to probe detailed observations of 1, 3, 5-trimethylbenzene photo-oxidation, Atmos. Environ., 44, 5423-5433, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.09. 043, 2009.
63. Rinaldi, M., Emblico, L., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., and Librando, V.: Chemical characterization and source apportionment of size-segregated aerosol collected at an urban site in Sicily, Water Air Soil Poll., 185, 311-321, doi:10.1007/s11270-007-9455-4, 2007. (Pubitemid 47468929)
64. Robinson, N. H., Hamilton, J. F., Allan, J. D., Langford, B., Oram, D. E., Chen, Q., Docherty, K., Farmer, D. K., Jimenez, J. L., Ward, M. W., Hewitt, C. N., Barley, M. H., Jenkin, M. E., Rickard, A. R., Martin, S. T., McFiggans, G., and Coe, H.: Evidence for a significant proportion of Secondary Organic Aerosol from isoprene above a maritime tropical forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1039-1050, doi:10.5194/acp-11-1039-2011, 2011.
65. Russell, L.: Aerosol Organic-Mass-to-Organic-Carbon Ratio Measurements, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 2982-2987, 2003. (Pubitemid 36799092)
66. Russell, L., Bahadur, R., and Ziemann, P.: Identifying organic aerosol sources by comparing functional group composition in chamber and atmospheric particles, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 108, 3516-3521, 2011.
67. Schauer, J. J., Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., and Cass, G. R.: Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers, Atmos. Environ., 30, 3837-3855, 1996.
68. Schwartz, R. E., Russell, L. M., Sjostedt, S. J., Vlasenko, A., Slowik, J. G., Abbatt, J. P. D., Macdonald, A. M., Li, S. M., Lig-gio, J., Toom-Sauntry, D., and Leaitch, W. R.: Biogenic oxidized organic functional groups in aerosol particles from a mountain forest site and their similarities to laboratory chamber products, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5075-5088, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5075- 2010, 2010.
69. Simpson, D., Yttri, K. E., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., Caseiro, A., Gelencsér, A., Pio, C., Puxbaum, H., and Legrand, M.: Modeling carbonaceous aerosol over Europe: Analysis of the CARBOSOL and EMEP EC/OC campaigns, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S14, doi:10.1029/2006JD008158, 2007.
70. Slowik, J. G., Stroud, C., Bottenheim, J. W., Brickell, P. C., Chang, R. Y.-W., Liggio, J., Makar, P. A., Martin, R. V., Moran, M. D. Shantz, N. C., Sjostedt, S. J., van Donkelaar, A., Vlasenko, A., Wiebe, H. A., Xia, A. G., Zhang, J., Leaitch, W. R., and Ab-batt, J. P. D.: Characterization of a large biogenic secondary organic aerosol event from eastern Canadian forests, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2825-2845, doi:10.5194/acp-10-2825-2010, 2010.
71. Song, C., Zaveri, R. A., Alexander, M. L., Thornton, J. A., Madronich, S., Ortega, J. V., Zelenyuk, A., Yu, X. Y., Laskin, A., and Maughan, D. A.: Effect of hydrophobic primary organic aerosols on secondary organic aerosol formation from ozonolysis of-pinene, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L20803, doi:10.1029/2007GL030720, 2007. (Pubitemid 350303296)
72. Tagliavini, E., Moretti, F., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Fuzzi, S., and Maenhaut, W.: Functional group analysis by H NMR/chemical derivatization for the characterization of organic aerosol from the SMOCC field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1003-1019, doi:10.5194/acp-6-1003-2006, 2006.
73. Tauler, R.: Multivariate Curve Resolution applied to second order data, Chemometr. Intell. Lab., 30, 133-146, 1995.
74. Tunved, P., Hansson, H.-C., Kerminen, V.-M., Ström, J., Dal Maso, M., Lihavainen, H., Viisanen, Y., Aalto, P. P., Komppula, M., and Kulmala, M.: High natural aerosol loading over boreal forests, Science, 312, 261-263, 2006.
75. Ulbrich, I. M., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Interpretation of organic components from Positive Matrix Factorization of aerosol mass spectrometric data, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2891-2918, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2891-2009, 2009.
76. Zhang, Q., Alfarra, M., Worsnop, D., Allan, J., Coe, H., Cana-garatna, M., and Jimenez, J.: Deconvolution and Quantification of Hydrocarbon-like and Oxygenated Organic Aerosols Based on Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 4938-4952, 2005. (Pubitemid 40966720)
77. Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J., Canagaratna, M., Allan, J., Coe, H., Ul-brich, I., Alfarra, M., Takami, A., Middlebrook, A., Sun, Y., Dzepina, K., Dunlea, E., Docherty, K., De-Carlo, P., Salcedo, D., Onasch, T., Jayne, J., Miyoshi, T., Shimono, A., Hatakeyama, S., Takegawa, N., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Bor-rmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Williams, P., Bower, K., Bahreini, R., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Rautiainen, J., Sun, J., Zhang, Y., and Worsnop, D.: Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13801, doi:10.1029/2007GL029979, 2007. (Pubitemid 47399659)