Converting rain into drinking water: Quality issues and technological advances

Water Science and Technology: Water Supply

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 659-667

  Adler, I ^a   Hudson Edwards, K A ^b   Campos, L C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Filtration; Rainwater harvesting; Silver ions; Sustainability; Water quality

Indexed keywords

CONTAMINATION; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; FILTRATION; HEALTH RISKS; METAL IONS; POTABLE WATER; RAIN; RUNOFF; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; WATER FILTRATION; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY;

COMPLETE SYSTEM; CONVENTIONAL FILTRATION; CROSS CONTAMINATION; RAIN WATER HARVESTING; SEMI-ARID REGION; SILVER IONS; TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES; TOTAL COLIFORMS;

WATER;

ANION; CATION; DISSOLVED OXYGEN; DRINKING WATER; RAIN; RUNOFF; SILVER;

COLIFORM BACTERIUM; DEVELOPING WORLD; DRINKING WATER; HEALTH RISK; POLLUTANT REMOVAL; POLLUTION EFFECT; PRESSURE EFFECT; RANGE EXPANSION; RUNOFF; SEEPAGE; SEMIARID REGION; SUSTAINABILITY; WATER QUALITY;

ALKALINITY; ARTICLE; COLIFORM BACTERIUM; CONDUCTANCE; DISINFECTION; FILTRATION; HEALTH HAZARD; INDICATOR ORGANISM; MEXICO; MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION; NONHUMAN; PH; PURIFICATION; RURAL AREA; WATER ANALYSIS; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER HARDNESS; WATER QUALITY; WATER SAMPLING; WATER SUPPLY; WATER TEMPERATURE;

MEXICO [NORTH AMERICA];

EID: 84856269652     PISSN: 16069749     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2166/ws.2011.117     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Abbott, S., Caughley, B., Ward, A., Gowan, G. & Ashworth, J. 2007 An evaluation of measures for improving the quality of roofcollected rainwater. In 13th IRCSA Conference. Sydney, Australia.
2. Amin, M. T. & Han, M. 2009 Roof-harvested rainwater for potable purposes: application of solar disinfection (SODIS) and limitations. Water Science and Technology 60(2), 419-431.
3. APHA 2005 Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater (A. D. Eaton, L. S. Clesceri, E. W. Rice, A. E. Greenberg & M. A. H. Franson, eds.). 21st edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, D. C.
4. Baez, A., Belmont, R, Garcia, R, Torres, M. & Padilla, H. 2006 Rainwater chemical composition at two sites in Central Mexico. Atmospheric Research 80(1), 67-85.
5. Bitton, G 1994 Wastewater Microbiology. Wiley-Liss, New York.
6. Crane, R, Jackson, C, Sedlacek, R. & Walker, D. 2006 EPA Approves New Test Procedures for the Analysis of Microbiological Pollutants in Wastewater and Sludge. Loveland, CO, USA.
7. Dubber, D. & Gray, N. F. 2010 Replacement of chemical oxygen demand (COD) with total organic carbon (TOC) for monitoring wastewater treatment performance to minimize disposal of toxic analytical waste. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering 45(12), 1595-600.
8. Ecosystem Sciences Foundation [ESF] 2006 Well Water Quality in San Miguel de Allende: Results and Conclusions. ID, Boise.
9. Evans, C, Coombes, P., Dunstan, H, Harrison, T., Martin, A. & Morrow, A. 2007a Roof harvested rainwater - indicator organisms, water quality and risk assessment. In 13th IRCSA Conference. Sydney, Australia.
10. Evans, C. A., Coombes, P. J., Dunstan, R H. & Harrison, T. 2007b Identifying the major influences on the microbial composition of roof harvested rainwater and the implications for water quality. Water Science and Technology 55(4), 245-253. (Pubitemid 46487438)
11. Evans, C. A., Coombes, P. J., Dunstan, R. H. & Harrison, T. 2009 Extensive bacterial diversity indicates the potential operation of a dynamic micro-ecology within domestic rainwater storage systems. The Science of the Total Environment 407(19), 5206-5215.
12. Fewtrell, L. & Kay, D. 2007 Microbial quality of rainwater supplies in developed countries: a review. Urban Water Journal 4(4), 253-260.
13. Gerba, C. & Thurman, R 1989 The molecular mechanisms of copper and silver ion disinfection of bacteria and viruses. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 18(4), 296-315.
14. Gleeson, C. & Gray, N. 1996 Coliform Index and Waterborne Disease. Spon Press, London.
15. Gould, J. 1999 Is rainwater safe to drink? A review of recent findings. In Proceedings of the 9th International Rainwater Catchment Systems Conference, July 6-9, 1999. Petrolina, Brazil.
16. Gould, J. & Nissen-Petersen, E. 1999 Rainwater Catchment Systems for Domestic Supply: Design, Construction and Implementation. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, UK.
17. Kus, B., Kandasamy, J., Vigneswaran, S. & Shon, H. K 2010 Analysis of first flush to improve the water quality in rainwater tanks. Water Science and Technology 61(2), 421-428.
18. Landau, U. 2007 Bactericidal and Oligodynamic Action of Silver and Copper in Hygiene, Medicine and Water Treatment. Finishing Publications Ltd, Warrington, UK.
19. Lansdown, A. B. G. 2006 Silver in health care: antimicrobial effects and safety in use. Current Problems in Dermatology 33, 17-34. (Pubitemid 44670142)
20. Lye, D. J. 2002 Health risks associated with consumption of untreated water from household roof catchment systems. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38(5), 1301-1306. (Pubitemid 35352924)
21. Meera, V. & Ahammed, M. 2006 Water quality of rooftop rainwater harvesting systems: a review. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - AQUA 55(4), 257-268. (Pubitemid 43987978)
22. Mitch, W. A., Sharp, J. O., Trussell, R. R., Valentine, R L., Alvarez-Cohen, L. & Sedlak, D. L. 2003 N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as a drinking water contaminant: a review. Environmental Engineering Science 20(5), 389-404. (Pubitemid 37158348)
23. Morrow, A. C, Dunstan, R H. & Coombes, P. J. 2010 Elemental composition at different points of the rainwater harvesting system. Science of the Total Environment 408(20), 4542-4548.
24. Nolde, E. 2007 Possibilities of rainwater utilisation in densely populated areas including precipitation runoffs from traffic surfaces. Desalination 215(1-3), 1-11. (Pubitemid 47278931)
25. Pabon, C. 2009 Study pours cold water on solar disinfection. Science and Development Network, 31/8/09. Available from: http://www.scidev. net/en/news/study-pourscold-water-on-solar-disinfection.html (accessed 26 November 2010).
26. Secretaría de Salud (Health Ministry) 1994 Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-127-SSA1-1994 'Salud Ambiental, Agua para uso y consumo humano-limites permisibles de calidad y tratamientos a que debe someterse el agua para supotabilizacion. Mexico.
27. Secretaría de Salud 2000 Modificacion a la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-127-SSA1-1994, Salud ambiental. Agua para uso y consumo humano, Mexico.
28. Simmons, G., Hope, V., Lewis, G, Whitmore, J. & Gao, W. 2001 Contamination of potable roof-collected rainwater in Auckland, New Zealand. Water Research 35(6), 1518-1524. (Pubitemid 32208615)
29. Ward, S., Memon, F. A. & Butler, D. 2010 Harvested rainwater quality: the importance of appropriate design. Water Science and Technology 61(7), 1707-1714.
30. WHO 1997 Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, Vol. 3: Surveillance and Control Of Community Supplies, 2nd edition. World Health Organization, Geneva.
31. WHO 2008 Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 3rd edition, World Health Organization, Geneva.
32. Xie, Y. 2004 Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water: Formation, Analysis, and Control. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
33. Yahya, M. T., Landeen, L. K., Mesina, M. C, Kutz, S. M., Schultze, R & Gerba, C. P. 1990 Disinfection of bacteria in water systems by using electrolytically generated copper silver & reduced levels of free chlorine. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 36, 109-116. (Pubitemid 20144324)
34. Yaziz, M. I., Gunting, H, Sapari, N. & Ghazali, A. W. 1989 Variations in rainwater quality from roof catchments. Water Research 23(6), 761-765.