A formal model of emotions for an empathic rational dialog agent

Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 410-440

  Ochs, Magalie ^a   Sadek, David ^b   Pelachaud, Catherine ^a  

^a INSTITUT TELECOM   (France)

^b ORANGE LABS   (France)

Author keywords

Affective computing; Dialog; Emotions; Empathy; Formal model; Rational dialog agent

Indexed keywords

AFFECTIVE COMPUTING; DIALOG; EMOTIONS; EMPATHY; FORMAL MODEL;

VIRTUAL REALITY;

EID: 84856252319     PISSN: 13872532     EISSN: 15737454     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10458-010-9156-z     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Adam, C., Gaudou, B., Herzig, A., & Longin, D. (2006). OCC's emotions: A formalization in a BDI logic. In J. Euzenat & J. Domingue (Eds.), Proceedings of the international conference on artificial intelligence: Methodology, systems, applications (AIMSA) 2006 (pp. 24-32), Varna, Bulgarie. Berlin: Springer.
2. André E., Klesen P., Gebhard P., Allen S., Rist T. (2001) Integrating models of personality and emotions into lifelike characters. Springer, Berlin, pp 150-165.
3. Austin J. L. (1962) How to do things with words. Oxford University Press, London.
4. Bates J. (1994) The role of emotion in believable agents. Communications of the ACM (CACM) 37(7): 122-125.
5. Becker C., Wachsmuth I., Prendinger H., Ishizuka M. (2005) Evaluating affective feedback of the 3D agent max in a competitive cards game. In: Tao J., Tan T., Picard R. W. (eds) Proceedings of the international conference on affective computing and intelligent interaction (ACII). Springer, Berlin.
6. Brave S., Nass C., Hutchinson K. (2005) Computers that care: Investigating the effects of orientation of emotion exhibited by an embodied computer agent. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 62: 161-178.
7. Breton, G., Bouville, C., & Pelé, D. (2000). FaceEngine: A 3D facial animation engine for real time applications. In Web3D Symposium, Germany.
8. Broekens J., DeGroot D., Kosters W. A. (2008) Formal models of appraisal: Theory, specification, and computational model. Cognitive Systems Research 9: 173-197.
9. Carofiglio, V., & deRosis, F. (2005). In favour of cognitive models of emotions. In: the Proceedings of the Joint symposium on virtual social agents, conference on Artificial intelligence and simulated behavior (AISB) (pp. 171-176). Hatfield, UK.
10. Castelfranchi C. (2000) Affective appraisal versus cognitive evaluation in social emotions and interactions. In: Paiva A. M. (eds) Affective interactions: Towards a new generation of computer interfaces. Springer, Berlin, pp 76-106.
11. Chovil N. (1991) Social determinants of facial displays. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 15: 141-154.
12. Cohen P. R., Levesque H. J. (1990) Intention is choice with commitment. Artificial Intelligence 42(2-3): 213-232.
13. deRosis F., Pelachaud C., Poggi I., Carofiglio V., De Carolis B. (2003) From Greta's mind to her face: Modelling the dynamics of affective states in a conversational embodied agent. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 59(1-2): 81-118.
14. DuyBui, T. (2004). Creating emotions and facial expressions for embodied agents. PhD thesis, University of Twente.
15. Dyer Michael G. (1987) Emotions and their computations: Three computer models. Cognition and Emotion 1(3): 323-347.
16. Elliot, C. (1992). The affective reasoner: A process model of emotions in a multi-agent system. PhD thesis, Northwestern University.
17. Fagin R., Halpern J. (1994) Reasoning about knowledge and probability. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery 41(2): 340-367.
18. FIPA-ACL. (2002). http://www. fipa. org/repository/aclspecs. html.
19. Frijda N., Ortony A., Sonnemans J., Clore G. L. (1992) The complexity of intensity: Issues concerning the structure of emotion intensity. In: Clark M. S. (eds) Emotion: Review of Personality and Social Psychology. Sage, Newbury Park.
20. Gratch, J. (2000). Socially situated planning. In AAAI fall symposium on socially intelligent agents-The human in the loop. Sea Crest Resort, North Falmouth.
21. Gratch J., Marsella S. (2004) A domain-independent framework for modeling emotion. Journal of Cognitive Systems Research 5(4): 269-306.
22. Hakansson, J. (2003). Exploring the phenomenon of empathy. PhD thesis, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University.
23. JADE. (2001). http://jade. tilab. com/.
24. Jaques, P., & Viccari, R. M. (2004). A BDI approach to infer student's emotions. In the Proceedings of the Ibero-American conference on Artificial intelligence (IBERAMIA) (pp. 901-911). Berlin: Springer.
25. Johnson W. L., Rickel J. W., Lester J. C. (2000) Animated pedagogical agents: Face-to-face interaction in interactive learning environments. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 11: 47-78.
26. Jorland, G. (2004). L'empathie: histoire d'un concept. In Empathie et connaissance d'autrui. Paris: Odile Jacob.
27. Klein, J., Moon, Y., & Picard, R. (1999). This computer responds to user frustration. In Proceedings of the conference on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 242-243). Pittsburgh: ACM Press.
28. Kripke S. A. (1963) Semantical considerations on modal logic. Acta philosophica Fennica 16: 83-94.
29. Lazarus Richard S. (1991) Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press, New York.
30. Louis V., Martinez T. (2005) An operational model for the FIPA-ACL semantics. In: Pechoucek M., Republic C., Steiner D., Thompson S. (eds) Proceedings of AAMAS (International joint conference on Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems) workshop on agent communication. ACM Press, Utrecht, pp 1-14.
31. Louis, V., & Martinez, T. (2007). JADE semantics framework. In: Developing multi-agent systems with JADE (pp. 225-246). Chichester: Wiley.
32. McQuiggan, S., & Lester, J. (2006). Learning empathy: A data-driven framework for modeling empathetic companion agents. In: P. Stone & G. Weiss (Eds.), Proceedings of AAMAS. Hakodate, Japan.
33. McQuiggan S., Lester J. (2007) Modeling and evaluating empathy in embodied companion agents. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 65: 348-360.
34. Meyer J. J. Ch. (2006) Reasoning about emotional agents: Research articles. International Journal of Intelligent Systems 21(6): 601-619.
35. Oatley K. (1994) Best Laid Schemes, the psychology of emotions. Cambridge University Press, New York.
36. Ochs, M., Pelachaud, C., & Sadek, D. (2007). Emotion elicitation in an empathic virtual dialog agent. In Proceedings of the Second European cognitive science conference (EuroCogSci). Deplhi.
37. Omdahl Becky L. (1995) Cognitive appraisal, emotion, and empathy. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale.
38. Ortony A., Clore G. L., Collins A. (1988) The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
39. Pacherie, E. (2004). L'empathie et ses degrés. L'empathie et ses degrés. In A. de Berthoz & G. Jorland (Eds.), (pp. 149-181). L'empathie (pp. 149-181). Paris: Odile Jacob.
40. Paiva A., Dias J., Sobral D., Woods S., Hall L. (2004) Building empathic lifelike characters: The proximity factor. In: Paiva A., Aylett R., Marsella S. (eds) Proceedings of AAMAS, Workshop on empathic agents. USA, New York.
41. Partala T., Surakka V. (2004) The effects of affective interventions in human-computer interaction. Interacting with Computers 16: 295-309.
42. Picard R. (1997) Affective computing. MIT Press, Cambridge.
43. Picard R. W., Liu K. K. (2007) Relative subjective count and assessment of interruptive technologies applied to mobile monitoring of stress. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 65: 375-396.
44. Poggi I. (2004) Emotions from mind to mind. In: Paiva A., Aylett R., Marsella S. (eds) Proceedings of AAMAS, Workshop on Empathic agents. USA, New York.
45. Prendinger H., Ishizuka M. (2005) The empathic companion: A character-based interface that addresses users' affective states. International Journal of Applied Artificial Intelligence 19: 285-297.
46. Prendinger H., Mori J., Ishizuka M. (2005) Using human physiology to evaluate subtle expressivity of a virtual quizmaster in a mathematical game. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 62: 231-245.
47. Rao, A. S., & Georgeff, M. P. (1991). Modeling rational agents within a BDI-architecture. In: Proceedings of the international conference on Principles of knowledge representation and reasoning (KR). San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.
48. Reilly, S. (1996). Believable social and emotional agents. PhD thesis, Carnegie Mellon University.
49. Rodrigues, S. H., Mascarenhas, S. H., Dias, J., & Paiva, A. (2009). I can feel it too!: Emergent empathic reactions between synthetic characters. In International conference on Affective computing and intelligent interaction (ACII), pp. 664-670.
50. Roseman I. J. (2001) A model of appraisal in the emotion system. In: Scherer K., Schorr A., Johnstone T. (eds) Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 68-91.
51. Sadek, D. (1991). Attitudes mentales et interaction rationnelle: vers une théorie formelle de la communication. PhD thesis, Université Rennes I.
52. Sadek, D. (1992). A study in logic of intention. In Proceeding of the 3rd international conference on Principles of knowledge representation and reasoning (KR'92).
53. Scherer K. (1988) Criteria for emotion-antecedent appraisal: A review. In: Hamilton V., Bower G. H., Frijda N. H. (eds) Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 89-126.
54. Scherer K. (1998) Analyzing emotion blends. In: Fischer A. (eds) the Proceedings of the conference of the international society for research on emotions. ISRE Publications, Amsterdam, pp 142-148.
55. Scherer K. (2000) Emotion. In: Hewstone M., Stroebe W. (eds) Introduction to social psychology: A European perspective. Oxford Blackwell Publishers, London, pp 151-191.
56. Scherer K. R., Wranik T., Sangsue J., Tran V., Scherer U. (2004) Emotions in everyday life: Probability of occurrence, risk factors, appraisal and reaction patterns. Social Science Information 43(4): 499-570.
57. Searle J. R. (1969) Speech Acts. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
58. Steunebrink, B. R., Dastani, M., & Meyer, J. C. (2008). A formal model of emotions: Integrating qualitative and quantitative aspects. In ECAI, pp. 256-260.
59. Tanguy, E., Bryson, J., & Willis, P. (2005). A dynamic emotion representation model within a facial animation system. Technical report, Department of Computer Science; University of Bath; England.
60. Thomas F., Johnston O. (1981) The illusion of life: Disney animation. Disney Editions, New York.
61. Turrini P., Meyer J.-J. Ch., Castelfranchi C. (2007) Rational agents that blush. In: Paiva A., Prada R., Picard R. W. (eds) Affective computing and intelligent interaction. Springer, Berlin.