Psychophysical and cerebral responses to heat stimulation in patients with central pain, painless central sensory loss, and in healthy persons

Pain

Volumn 153, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 331-341

  Casey, Kenneth L ^a,b   Geisser, Michael ^a   Lorenz, Jürgen ^c   Morrow, Thomas J ^a,b   Paulson, Pamela ^a,b   Minoshima, Satoshi ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c HAMBURG UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Excitability; Functional brain imaging; Heat pain; Humans; PET

Indexed keywords

WATER O 15;

ADULT; AGED; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CENTRAL PAIN; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HEAT SENSATION; HUMAN; MALE; NERVE EXCITABILITY; NOCICEPTION; PAIN; PAIN THRESHOLD; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SENSORIMOTOR CORTEX; SENSORY DYSFUNCTION;

EID: 84855978391     PISSN: 03043959     EISSN: 18726623     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.10.029     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. A.V. Apkarian, M.C. Bushnell, R.D. Treede, and J.K. Zubieta Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease Eur J Pain 9 2005 463 484 (Pubitemid 40836040)
2. A.V. Apkarian, and C.J. Hodge Primate spinothalamic pathways: III. Thalamic terminations of the dorsolateral and ventral spinothalamic pathways J Comp Neurol 288 1989 493 511 (Pubitemid 19247622)
3. J.C. Baron, M. Levasseur, B. Mazoyer, F. Legault-Demare, F. Mauguiere, S. Pappata, P. Jedynak, P. Derome, J. Cambier, and S. Tran-Dinh Thalamocortical diaschisis: positron emission tomography in humans J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55 1992 935 942
4. A.G. Beiske, J.H. Loge, A. Ronningen, and E. Svensson Pain in Parkinson's disease: prevalence and characteristics Pain 141 2009 173 177
5. E.E. Benarroch Descending monoaminergic pain modulation: bidirectional control and clinical relevance Neurology 71 2008 217 221
6. U. Bingel, and I. Tracey Imaging CNS modulation of pain in humans Physiology 23 2008 371 380
7. J. Boivie The termination of the spinothalamic tract in the cat. An experimental study with silver impregnation methods Exp Brain Res 12 1971 331 353
8. J. Boivie Central post-stoke pain F. Cervero, T.S. Jensen, Pain vol. 81 2006 Elsevier Edinburgh 715 730
9. J. Boivie, G. Leijon, and I. Johansson Central post-stroke pain - a study of the mechanisms through analyses of the sensory abnormalities Pain 37 1989 173 185 (Pubitemid 19136145)
10. D. Bowsher Central pain: clinical and physiological characteristics J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 61 1996 62 69 (Pubitemid 26232030)
11. D. Bowsher Contralateral mirror-image pain following anterolateral cordotomy Pain 33 1988 63 65
12. D. Bowsher, G. Leijon, and K.A. Thoumas Central poststroke pain: correlation of MRI with clinical pain characteristics and sensory abnormalities Neurology 51 1998 1352 1358 (Pubitemid 28520557)
13. H. Burton, T.O. Videen, and M.E. Raichle Tactile-vibration-activated foci in insular and parietal-opercular cortex studied with positron emission tomography: mapping the second somatosensory area in humans Somatosens Mot Res 10 1993 297 308 (Pubitemid 23285321)
14. M.C. Bushnell, and G.H. Duncan Sensory and affective aspects off pain perception: is medial thalamus restricted to emotional issues? Exp Brain Res 78 1989 415 418 (Pubitemid 20011768)
15. M.C. Bushnell, G.H. Duncan, R.K. Hofbauer, B. Ha, J.I. Chen, and B. Carrier Pain perception: is there a role for primary somatosensory cortex? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 1999 7705 7709 (Pubitemid 29328344)
16. S. Canavero, and V. Bonicalzi The neurochemistry of central pain: evidence from clinical studies, hypothesis and therapeutic implications Pain 74 1998 109 114 (Pubitemid 28082717)
17. S. Canavero, and V. Bonicalzi Central pain syndrome: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management 2006 Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK pp. 1-382
18. D. Carroll, C. Joint, N. Maartens, D. Shlugman, J. Stein, and T.Z. Aziz Motor cortex stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain: a preliminary study of 10 cases Pain 84 2000 431 437 (Pubitemid 30074248)
19. K.L. Casey Unit analysis of nociceptive mechanisms in the thalamus of the awake squirrel monkey J Neurophysiol 29 1966 727 750
20. K.L. Casey Forebrain mechanisms of nociception and pain: analysis through imaging Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 1999 7668 7674 (Pubitemid 29328338)
21. K.L. Casey Central pain: distributed effects of focal lesions Pain 108 2004 205 206 (Pubitemid 38353040)
22. K.L. Casey Pathophysiology of central poststroke pain: the contribution of functional imaging and a hypothesis J.L. Henry, A. Panju, K. Yashpal, Central neuropathic pain: focus on poststroke pain 2007 IASP Press Seattle, WA 115 131
23. K.L. Casey, A. Beydoun, J. Boivie, B. Sjolund, H. Holmgren, G. Leijon, T.J. Morrow, and I. Rosen Laser-evoked cerebral potentials and sensory function in patients with central pain Pain 64 1996 485 491 (Pubitemid 26180155)
24. K.L. Casey, S. Minoshima, K.L. Berger, R.A. Koeppe, T.J. Morrow, and K.A. Frey Positron emission tomographic analysis of cerebral structures activated specifically by repetitive noxious heat stimuli J Neurophysiol 71 1994 802 807 (Pubitemid 24068606)
25. K.L. Casey, S. Minoshima, T.J. Morrow, and R.A. Koeppe Comparison of human cerebral activation patterns during cutaneous warmth, heat pain, and deep cold pain J Neurophysiol 76 1996 571 581 (Pubitemid 26255295)
26. V. Cassinari, and C.A. Pagni Central pain: a neurosurgical survey 1969 Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA
27. P. Cesaro, M.W. Mann, J.L. Moretti, G. Defer, B. Roualdes, J.P. Nguyen, and J.D. Degos Central pain and thalamic hyperactivity: a single photon emission computerized tomographic study Pain 47 1991 329 336
28. R. Chen, L.G. Cohen, and M. Hallett Nervous system reorganization following injury Neuroscience 111 2002 761 773 (Pubitemid 34603248)
29. F. Chollet, V. DiPiero, R.J.S. Wise, D.J. Brooks, R.J. Dolan, and R.S.J. Frackowiak The functional anatomy of motor recovery after stroke in humans: a study with positron emission tomography Ann Neurol 29 1991 63 71
30. J.M. Chung, K.H. Lee, D.J. Surmeier, L.S. Sorkin, J. Kim, and W.D. Willis Response characteristics of neurons in the ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the monkey thalamus J Neurophysiol 56 1986 370 390 (Pubitemid 16012454)
31. R.A. Cohen, R.F. Kaplan, D.J. Moser, M.A. Jenkins, and H. Wilkinson Impairments of attention after cingulotomy Neurology 53 1999 819 824 (Pubitemid 29448307)
32. A.D. Craig A new version of the thalamic disinhibition hypothesis of central pain Pain Forum 7 1998 1 14
33. A.D. Craig The functional anatomy of lamina 1 and its role in post-stroke central pain J. Sandkuhler, B. Bromm, G.F. Gebhart, Nervous system plasticity and chronic pain vol. 129 2000 Elsevier Amsterdam 137 151 (Pubitemid 35461190)
34. A.D. Craig Distribution of trigeminothalamic and spinothalamic lamina I terminations in the macaque monkey J Comp Neurol 477 2004 119 148 (Pubitemid 39096322)
35. A.D. Craig, and M.C. Bushnell The thermal grill illusion: unmasking the burn of cold pain Science 265 1994 252 255 (Pubitemid 24259929)
36. N.B. Finnerup, I.L. Johannesen, A. Fuglsang-Frederiksen, F.W. Bach, and T.S. Jensen Sensory function in spinal cord injury patients with and without central pain Brain 126 2003 57
37. E.L. Foltz, and L.E. White Pain "relief" by frontal cingulumotomy J Neurosurg 19 1962 89 100
38. P.T. Fox, and M.E. Raichle Stimulus rate dependence of regional cerebral blood flow in human striate cortex, demonstrated by positron emission tomography J Neurophysiol 51 1984 1109 1120 (Pubitemid 14104231)
39. H. Franke, U. Krugel, and P. Illes P2 receptors and neuronal injury Pflüg Arch Eur J Physiol 452 2006 622 644 (Pubitemid 44015097)
40. J. Gorecki, T. Hirayama, J.O. Dostrovsky, R.R. Tasker, and F.A. Lenz Thalamic stimulation and recording in patients with deafferentation and central pain Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 52 1989 219 226 (Pubitemid 19125238)
41. C. Goudet, V. Magnaghi, M. Landry, F. Nagy, R.W. Gereau, and J.P. Pin Metabotropic receptors for glutamate and GABA in pain Brain Res Rev 60 2009 43 56
42. H. Head, and G. Holmes Sensory disturbances from cerebral lesions Brain 34 1911 102 254
43. J.L. Henry, A.A. Panju, and K. Yashpal Central neuropathic pain: focus on poststroke pain 2007 IASP Press Seattle, WA
44. T. Hirayama, J.O. Dostrovsky, J. Gorecki, R.R. Tasker, and F.A. Lenz Recordings of abnormal activity in patients with deafferentation and central pain Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 52 1989 120 126 (Pubitemid 19125226)
45. W.D. Hutchison, K.D. Davis, A.M. Lozano, R.R. Tasker, and J.O. Dostrovsky Pain-related neurons in the human cingulate cortex Nat Neurosci 2 1999 403 405 (Pubitemid 30491247)
46. M.P. Jensen A neuropsychological model of pain: research and clinical implications J Pain 11 2010 2 12
47. T.S. Jensen, and F.A. Lenz Central post-stroke pain: a challenge for the scientist and the clinician Pain 61 1995 161 164
48. E.G. Jones, and H. Burton Cytoarchitecture and somatic sensory connectivity of thalamic nuclei other than the ventrobasal complex J Comp Neurol 154 1974 395 432
49. K. Kawakita, J.O. Dostrovsky, J.S. Tang, and C.Y. Chiang Responses of neurons in the rat thalamic nucleus submedius to cutaneous, muscle and visceral nociceptive stimuli Pain 55 1993 327 338 (Pubitemid 23350578)
50. D.R. Kenshalo Jr., and O. Isensee Responses of primate S1 cortical neurons to noxious stimuli J Neurophysiol 50 1983 1479 1496
51. D.R. Kenshalo, K. Iwata, M. Sholas, and D.A. Thomas Response properties and organization of nociceptive neurons in Area 1 of monkey primary somatosensory cortex J Neurophysiol 84 2000 719 729 (Pubitemid 30655596)
52. J.H. Kim, J.D. Greenspan, R.C. Coghill, S. Ohara, and F.A. Lenz Lesions limited to the human thalamic principal somatosensory nucleus (ventral caudal) are associated with loss of cold sensations and central pain J Neurosci 27 2007 4995 5004
53. H. Klit, N.B. Finnerup, G. Andersen, and T.S. Jensen Central poststroke pain: a population-based study Pain 152 2011 818 824
54. E. Koechlin, C. Ody, and F. Kouneiher The architecture of cognitive control in the human prefrontal cortex Science 302 2003 1181 1185 (Pubitemid 37421016)
55. E. Kosek, and G. Ordeberg Abnormalities of somatosensory perception in patients with painful osteoarthritis normalize following successful treatment Eur J Pain 4 2000 229 238
56. G.M. Krauthamer, J.G. Krol, and B.S. Grunwerg Effect of superior colliculus lesions on sensory unit responses in the intralaminar thalamus of the rat Brain Res 576 1992 277 286
57. G. Leijon, J. Boivie, and I. Johansson Central post-stroke pain - neurological symptoms and pain characteristics Pain 36 1989 13 25 (Pubitemid 19024962)
58. F.A. Lenz, R.H. Gracely, F.H. Baker, R.T. Richardson, and P.M. Dougherty Reorganization of sensory modalities evoked by microstimulation in region of the thalamic principal sensory nucleus in patients with pain due to nervous system injury J Comp Neurol 399 1998 125 138 (Pubitemid 28391559)
59. F.A. Lenz, H.C. Kwan, J.O. Dostrovsky, and R.R. Tasker Characteristics of the bursting pattern of action potentials that occurs in the thalamus of patients with central pain Brain Res 496 1989 357 360 (Pubitemid 19212382)
60. F.A. Lenz, M. Rios, A. Zirh, D. Chau, G. Krauss, and R.P. Lesser Painful stimuli evoke potentials recorded over the human anterior cingulate gyrus J Neurophysiol 79 1998 2231 2234
61. M.C. Lima, and F. Fregni Motor cortex stimulation for chronic pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature Neurology 70 2008 2329 2337
62. J. Marshall Sensory disturbances in cortical wounds with special reference to pain J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 14 1951 187 204
63. W.R. Mehler, M.E. Feferman, and W.J.H. Nauta Ascending axon degeneration following anterolateral cordotomy. An experimental study in the monkey Brain 83 1960 718 750
64. B. Menon, and S.D. Shorvon Ischaemic stroke in adults and epilepsy Epilepsy Res 87 2009 1 11
65. S. Minoshima, K.L. Berger, K.S. Lee, and M.A. Mintun An automated method for rotational correction and centering of three-dimensional functional brain images J Nucl Med 33 1992 1579 1585
66. 15O-water PET K. Uemura, T. Jones, N.A. Lassen, I. Kanno, Quantification of brain function. Tracer kinetics and image analysis in brain PET 1993 Excerpta Medica Amsterdam 409 415
67. S. Minoshima, R.A. Koeppe, K.A. Frey, and D.E. Kuhl Anatomic standardization: linear scaling and nonlinear warping of functional brain images J Nucl Med 35 1994 1528 1536
68. S. Minoshima, R.A. Koeppe, M.A. Mintun, K.L. Berger, S.F. Taylor, K.A. Frey, and D.E. Kuhl Automated detection of the intercommissural line for stereotactic localization of functional brain images J Nucl Med 34 1993 322 329 (Pubitemid 23056418)
69. C.V. Monakow Die Localisation im Grosshirn und der Abbau der Funktion durch Kortikale Herde 1914 J.F. Bergmann Wiesbaden
70. T. Nagaro, K. Amakawa, T. Arai, and G. Ochi Ipsilateral referral of pain following cordotomy Pain 55 1993 275 276 (Pubitemid 23323176)
71. T. Nagaro, K. Amakawa, S. Kimura, and T. Arai Reference of pain following percutaneous cervical cordotomy Pain 53 1993 205 211 (Pubitemid 23161584)
72. P.W. Nathan Reference of sensation at the spinal level J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 19 1956 88 100
73. G. Nelles, G. Spiekramann, M. Jueptner, G. Leonhardt, S. Muller, H. Gerhard, and H.C. Diener Evolution of functional reorganization in hemiplegic stroke: a serial positron emission tomographic activation study Ann Neurol 46 1999 901 909
74. J.P. Nguyen, J.P. Lefaucheur, P. Decq, T. Uchiyama, A. Carpentier, D. Fontaine, P. Brugires, B. Pollin, A. Fve, S. Rostaing, P. Cesaro, and Y. Keravel Chronic motor cortex stimulation in the treatment of central and neuropathic pain. Correlations between clinical, electrophysiological and anatomical data Pain 82 1999 245 251 (Pubitemid 29369092)
75. S. Ohara, N.E. Crone, N. Weiss, R.D. Treede, and F.A. Lenz Cutaneous painful laser stimuli evoke responses recorded directly from primary somatosensory cortex in awake humans J Neurophysiol 91 2004 2734 2746 (Pubitemid 38649779)
76. S. Pappata, B. Mazoyer, S. Tran Dinh, H. Cambon, M. Levasseur, and J. Baron Effects of capsular or thalamic stroke on metabolism in the cortex and cerebellum: a positron tomography study Stroke 21 1990 519 524 (Pubitemid 20141870)
77. R. Peyron, L. Garcia-Larrea, M.P. Deiber, L. Cinotti, P. Convers, M. Sindou, F. Mauguire, and B. Laurent Electrical stimulation of precentral cortical area in the treatment of central pain: electrophysiological and PET study Pain 62 1995 275 286
78. R. Peyron, L. Garcia-Larrea, M.C. Gregoire, P. Convers, F. Lavenne, L. Veyre, J.C. Froment, F. Mauguire, D. Michel, and B. Laurent Allodynia after lateral-medullary (Wallenberg) infarct. A PET study Brain 121 1998 345 356 (Pubitemid 28075808)
79. R. Peyron, B. Laurent, and L. Garcia-Larrea Functional imaging of brain responses to pain. A review and meta-analysis Neurophysiol Clin 30 2000 263 288
80. M. Ploner, H.J. Freund, and A. Schnitzler Pain affect without pain sensation in a patient with a postcentral lesion Pain 81 1999 211 214 (Pubitemid 29199918)
81. M. Ploner, J. Gross, L. Timmermann, and A. Schnitzler Cortical representation of first and second pain sensation in humans Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 2002 12444 12448
82. M. Ploner, F. Schmitz, H.J. Freund, and A. Schnitzler Parallel activation of primary and secondary somatosensory cortices in human pain processing J Neurophysiol 81 1999 3100 3104 (Pubitemid 29283964)
83. C.A. Porro Functional imaging and pain: behavior, perception, and modulation Neuroscientist 9 2003 354 369 (Pubitemid 37204340)
84. D.D. Price, P.A. McGrath, A. Rafii, and B. Buckingham The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain Pain 17 1983 45 56 (Pubitemid 13004473)
85. D.A. Prince, I. Parada, K. Scalise, K. Graber, X. Jin, and F. Shen Epilepsy following cortical injury: cellular and molecular mechanisms as targets for potential prophylaxis Epilepsia 50 2009 30 40
86. H.J. Ralston, P.T. Ohara, X.W. Meng, J. Wells, and D.D. Ralston Transneuronal changes of the inhibitory circuitry in the macaque somatosensory thalamus following lesions of the dorsal column nuclei J Comp Neurol 371 1996 325 335 (Pubitemid 26260020)
87. D. Rasche, M. Ruppolt, C. Stippich, A. Unterberg, and V.M. Tronnier Motor cortex stimulation for long-term relief of chronic neuropathic pain: a 10 year experience Pain 121 2006 43 52 (Pubitemid 43261630)
88. K. Ren, and R. Dubner Descending modulation in persistent pain: an update Pain 100 2002 1 6 (Pubitemid 35305118)
89. Y. Ren, L. Zhang, Y. Lu, H. Yang, and K.N. Westlund Central lateral thalamic neurons receive noxious visceral mechanical and chemical input in rats J Neurophysiol 102 2009 244 258
90. W.R. Russell Transient disturbances following gunshot wounds of the head Brain 68 1945 79 97
91. J.D. Schmahmann, and D. Leifer Parietal pseudothalamic pain syndrome: clinical features and anatomic correlates Arch Neurol 49 1992 1032 1037
92. A. Schnitzler, and M. Ploner Neurophysiology and functional neuroanatomy of pain perception J Clin Neurophysiol 17 2000 592 603 (Pubitemid 32039328)
93. P.J. Siddall, J.M. McClelland, S.B. Rutkowski, and M.J. Cousins A longitudinal study of the prevalence and characteristics of pain in the first 5 years following spinal cord injury Pain 103 2003 249 257 (Pubitemid 36638814)
94. R.W. Sikes, and B.A. Vogt Nociceptive neurons in area 24 of rabbit cingulate cortex J Neurophysiol 68 1992 1720 1732
95. R.W. Sikes, L.J. Vogt, and B.A. Vogt Distribution and properties of visceral nociceptive neurons in rabbit cingulate cortex Pain 135 2008 160 174 (Pubitemid 351186798)
96. S.M. Smith Preparing fMRI data for statistical analysis P. Jezzard, P.M. Matthews, S.M. Smith, Functional MRI: an introduction to methods 2001 Oxford University Press Oxford 229 241
97. R.T. Stevens, C.J. Hodge Jr., and A.V. Apkarian Medial, intralaminar, and lateral terminations of lumbar spinothalamic tract neurons: a fluorescent double-label study Somatosens Res 6 1989 285 308 (Pubitemid 19118431)
98. R.P. Stroemer, T.A. Kent, C.E. Hulsebosch, and D.M. Feeney Enhanced neocortical neural sprouting, synaptogenesis, and behavioral recovery with D-amphetamine therapy after neocortical infarction in rats Stroke 29 1998 2381 2395 (Pubitemid 28511963)
99. K.B. Svendsen, and B.W. Flemming Pain in multiple sclerosis F. Cervero, T.S. Jensen, Pain vol. 81 2006 Elsevier Edinburgh 731 745
100. P. Svensson, S. Minoshima, A. Beydoun, T.J. Morrow, and K.L. Casey Cerebral processing of acute skin and muscle pain in humans J Neurophysiol 78 1997 450 460 (Pubitemid 27318942)
101. B. Szelies, K. Herholz, G. Pawlik, H. Karbe, I. Hebold, and W.-D. Heiss Widespread functional effects of discrete thalamic infarction Arch Neurol 48 1991 178 182
102. J. Talairach, and A. Tournoux A coplanar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain 1988 Thieme Medical Publishers New York
103. R.R. Tasker, G. de Carvalho, and J.O. Dostrovsky The history of central pain syndromes, with observations concerning pathophysiology and treatment K.L. Casey, Pain and central nervous system disease 1991 Raven Press New York 31 58
104. T. Tsubokawa, Y. Katayama, T. Yamamoto, T. Hirayama, and S. Koyama Treatment of thalamic pain by chronic motor cortex stimulation Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 14 1991 131 134
105. A.N. van den Pol, K. Obrietan, and G. Chen Excitatory actions of GABA after neuronal trauma J Neurosci 16 1996 4283 4292 (Pubitemid 26192423)
106. K. Vestergaard, J. Nielsen, G. Andersen, M. Ingeman-Nielsen, L. Arendt-Nielsen, and T.S. Jensen Sensory abnormalities in consecutive, unselected patients with central post-stroke pain Pain 61 1995 177 186
107. B.A. Vogt Pain and emotion interactions in subregions of the cingulate gyrus Nat Rev Neurosci 6 2005 533 544 (Pubitemid 40942820)
108. B.A. Vogt, D.N. Pandya, and D.L. Rosene Cingulate cortex of the rhesus monkey: I. Cytoarchitecture and thalamic afferents J Comp Neurol 262 1987 256 270 (Pubitemid 17114120)
109. B.A. Vogt, D.L. Rosene, and D.N. Pandya Thalamic and cortical afferents differentiate anterior from posterior cingulate cortex in the monkey Science 204 1979 205 207 (Pubitemid 9188833)
110. B.A. Vogt, R.W. Sikes, and L.J. Vogt Anterior cingulate cortex and the medial pain system B.G. Vogt, M. Gabriel, Neurobiology of cingulate cortex and limbic thalamus: a comprehensive handbook 1993 Birkhauser Boston 313 344
111. G. Wassner, and G. Deuschl Pain in Parkinson's disease F. Cervero, T.S. Jensen, Pain vol. 81 2006 Elsevier Edinburgh 747 760
112. C. Weiller, F. Chollet, K.J. Friston, R.J. Wise, and R.S. Frackowiak Functional reorganization of the brain in recovery from striatocapsular infarction in man Ann Neurol 31 1992 463 472
113. C. Weiller, S.C. Ramsay, R.J. Wise, K.J. Friston, and R.S. Frackowiak Individual patterns of functional reorganization in the human cerebral cortex after capsular infarction Ann Neurol 33 1993 181 189 (Pubitemid 23039927)
114. B.L. Whitsel, O.V. Favorov, Y. Li, M. Quibrera, and M. Tommerdahl Area 3a neuron response to skin nociceptor afferent drive Cereb Cortex 19 2009 349 366
115. H.A. Wilkinson, K.M. Davidson, and R.I. Davidson Bilateral anterior cingulotomy for chronic noncancer pain Neurosurgery 45 1999 1129 1134
116. F. Willoch, F. Schindler, H.J. Wester, M. Empl, A. Straube, M. Schwaiger, B. Conrad, and T.R. Tolle Central poststroke pain and reduced opioid receptor binding within pain processing circuitries: a [11C]diprenorphine PET study Pain 108 2004 213 220 (Pubitemid 38353043)
117. K.J. Worsley Statistical analysis of activation images P. Jezzard, P.M. Matthews, S.M. Smith, Functional MRI: an introduction to methods 2001 Oxford University Press Oxford, UK 251 270
118. J.K. Zubieta, Y.R. Smith, J.A. Bueller, Y. Xu, M.R. Kilbourn, D.M. Jewett, C.R. Meyer, R.A. Koeppe, and C.S. Stohler Regional mu opioid receptor regulation of sensory and affective dimensions of pain Science 293 2001 311 315 (Pubitemid 32694749)