A global renewable mix with proven technologies and common materials

Energy Policy

Volumn 41, Issue , 2012, Pages 561-574

  García Olivares, Antonio ^a   Ballabrera Poy, Joaquim ^b   García Ladona, Emili ^a   Turiel, Antonio ^a  

^a INSTITUT DE CIÈNCIES DEL MAR   (Spain)

^b CSIC Unidad de Tecnologia Marina UTM   (Spain)

Author keywords

Material consumption; Renewable energy sources; Sustainable development

Indexed keywords

COMMON MATERIALS; CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER STATIONS; EXPONENTIAL GROWTH; MATERIAL CONSUMPTION; MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS; OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES; PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS; POWER STATION; RECYCLING SYSTEMS; RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE; RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES; SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER; TRANSPORT SYSTEMS; WAVE POWER DEVICES; ZINC-AIR BATTERY;

COPPER; ENERGY UTILIZATION; FLEET OPERATIONS; FOSSIL FUELS; LITHIUM; PLATINUM; POWER PLANTS; SOLAR ENERGY; SOLAR POWER GENERATION; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; TURBINES; WAVE POWER; ZINC;

MATERIALS;

ENERGY USE; FOSSIL FUEL; HYDROELECTRIC POWER; IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS; PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM; RECYCLING; RENEWABLE RESOURCE; SOLAR POWER; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; WAVE POWER; WIND TURBINE;

EID: 84855916893     PISSN: 03014215     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.018     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. ABB, 2007. Grid connection of offshore wind farm cluster Borkum 2. Report available at: 〈library.abb.com/.../SCOT/.../POW-0050%20Rev3%20Borkum.pdf〉.
2. Ahmad A.L., Mat Yasim N.H., Derek C.J.C., Lim.J.K. Microalgae as a sustainable energy source for biodiesel production: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2011, 15:584-593.
3. Aleklett K., Höök M., Jakobsson K., Lardelli M., Snowden S., Söderbergh B. The peak of the oil age-analyzing the world oil production Reference Scenario in World Energy Outlook 2008. Energy Policy 2010, 38(3):1398-1414.
4. Association for Science Education, 2011. Copper recycling and sustainability. Available at: http://resources.schoolscience.co.uk/CDA/16plus/sustainability/copper5.html.
5. Baker C. Tidal power. Energy Policy 1991, 19(8):792-797.
6. Bang, D., Polinder, H., Shrestha, G., Ferreira, J.A., 2009. Possible solutions to overcome drawbacks of direct-drive generator for large wind turbines. In: Ewec 2009 Proceedings, CT3 session, Wednesday, 18 March. Available at: http://www.ewec2009proceedings.info.
7. Bardi U. Peak oil: the four stages of a new idea. Energy 2009, 34:323-326.
8. Barnett H., Morse C. Scarcity and Growth 1963, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC.
9. Boulding K. "The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth" and "Spaceship Earth Revisited." In: Valuing the Earth: Economics, Ecology and Ethics 1993, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
10. Brush, E.F., Cowie, J.G., Peters, D.T., Van Son, D.J., 2002. Die-cast Copper Motor Rotors: Motor Test Results, Copper Compared to Aluminum. Available at: http://copperinyourhome.com/applications/electrical/motor-rotor/pdf/EEMODS-Motor_Test.pdf.
11. CellKraft, 2006. Fact Sheet: Fuel Cell Systems. Available at: http://www.cellkraft.se/fuelcells/Factsheets_Fuelcells.pdf.
12. Christiansen, P., Jørgensen, K.K., Sørensen, A.G., 2010. Grid Connection and Remote Control for the Horns Rev 150MW Offshore Wind Farm in Denmark. Tech-Wise Report. Available from (last accessed on September15, 2010). http://www.hornsrev.dk.
13. Clarens A.F., Resurreccion E.P., White M.A., Colosi L.M. Environmental life cycle comparison of algae to other bioenergy feedstocks. Environmental Science & Technology 2010, 44(5):1813-1819.
14. Czisch, G., Giebel, G., 2006. Realisable Scenarios for a Future Electricity Supply Based on 100% Renewable Energies. Unpublished manuscript. Available at: http://www.risoe.dk/rispubl/reports/ris-r-1608_186-195.pdf.
15. De Castro, C., Mediavilla, M., Miguel, L.J., Frechoso, F., 2011. Global wind power potential: physical and technological limits. Energy Policy 39, 6677-6682. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.06.027.
16. Delucchi M.A., Jacobson M.Z. Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, part II: reliability, system and transmission costs, and policies. Energy Policy 2011, 39(3):1170-1190.
17. Denholm, P., Hand, M., Jackson, M., Ong, S., 2009. Land-Use Requirements of Modern Wind Power Plants in the United States. Technical Report NREL/TP-6A2-45834, Colorado.
18. Dittmar, M., 2009. The Future of Nuclear Energy: Facts or Fiction? Availabe on-line at http://www.theoildrum.com/node/5929.
19. Drew B., Plummer A.R., Sahinjaya M.N. A review of wave energy converter technology. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 2009, 223:887-902.
20. EIA, 2009. Annual Energy Outlook. DOE/EIA-0383(2009), Washington, DC, March 2009.
21. Emsley J. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements 2003, Oxford University Press, 560 p.
22. Energy Watch Group, 2006. Uranium Resources and Nuclear Energy. EWG-Series No 1/2006.
23. Energy Watch Group Natural gas reserves: a false hope. Solar and Wind Energy 2009, 12:16-18.
24. European Copper Institute, 2007. Les Atouts Du Cuivre Pour Construire Un Avenir Durable Usage, Chiffres-Clés Et Nouvelles Applications. Dossier De Presse 13 mars 2007, Bruxelles. Available at: http://www.eurocopper.org/files/presskit/dp_cuivreetdeveloppementdurable_13-03-07_fr.pdf.
25. Feltrin A., Freundlich A. Material considerations for terawatt level development of photovoltaics. Renewable Energy 2008, 33:180-185.
26. Fernández-González A. Analysis of the thermal performance and comfort conditions produced by five different passive solar heating strategies in the United States Midwest. Solar Energy 2007, 81:581-583.
27. Fleming D. The Lean Guide to Nuclear Energy: A Life-Cycle in Trouble 2007, The Lean Economy Connection Publications, London.
28. Fthenakis V., Mason J.E., Zweibel K. The technical, geographical, and economic feasibility of solar energy to supply the energy needs of the US. Energy Policy 2009, 37:387-399.
29. Gaines, L., Cuenca, R., 2000. Costs of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Vehicles. United States Department of Energy, Center for Transportation Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439-4815. Available electronically at http://www.doe.gov/bridge.
30. Gaines, L., Nelson, P., 2009. Lithium-ion batteries: possible materials issues. Paper Presented at the 13th International Battery Materials Recycling Seminar and Exhibit, Broward County Convention Center, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, March 16-18 2009. http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/B/583.PDF.
31. GEODAS, 2010. Online Geophysical Data System of NOAA. Custom grids can be created online at: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/geodas/geodas.html.
32. Givoni B. Characteristics, design implications and applicability of passive solar heating systems for buildings. Solar Energy 1991, 47:425-435.
33. Global Green Grid, 2010. Global HVDC connection maps are available at: http://www.global-green-grid.com.
34. Gupta A.K., Hall A.S. A review of the past and current state of EROI Data. Sustainability 2011, 3:1796-1809. 10.3390/su3101796.
35. Hall C.A.S., Balogh S., Murphy D.J.R. What is the minimum EROI that a sustainable society must have?. Energies 2009, 2:25-47.
36. Hall C.A.S., Powers R., Schoenberg W. Peak oil, EROI, investments and the economy in an uncertain future. Renewable Energy Systems: Environmental and Energetic Issues 2008, 113-136. Elsevier, London. D. Pimentel (Ed.).
37. Hamilton, J., 2009. Causes and Consequences of the Oil Shock of 2007-2008. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. http://www.brookings.edu/economics/bpea.aspx.
38. Harris M. Culture, People, Nature-An Introduction to General Anthropology 1997, Allyn & Bacon.
39. Heinberg, R., 2009. Searching for a miracle. Report False Solution Series No. 4. The International Forum on Globalization and The Post Carbon Institute.
40. Hirsch R., Bezdek R., Wendling R. Peaking of World Oil Production: Impacts, Mitigation, & Risk Management. US Department of Energy 2005, http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/others/pdf/Oil_Peaking_NETL.pdf.
41. Hoste, G.R.G., Dvorak, M.J., Jacobson, M.J., 2008. Matching Hourly and Peak Demand by Combining Different Renewable Energy Sources-A Case Study for California in 2020. Atmosphere/Energy Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University. Available at: http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/HosteFinalDraft.pdf.
42. IEA World Energy Outlook 2009 2009, International Energy Agency, Paris, France.
43. Jacobson M.J. Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security. Energy and Environmental Science 2009, 2:148-173.
44. Jacobson M.Z., Delucchi M.A. A path to sustainable energy by 2030. Scientific American 2009, 301(5):58-65.
45. Jacobson M.Z., Delucchi M.A. Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, part I: technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials. Energy Policy 2011, 39(3):1154-1169.
46. Jensen, P.R., 2007. RUF, the Podcar City. In: Proceedings of the International PRT Conference, Uppsala, October 2007. More information on the RUF system can be obtained at: http://www.ruf.dk.
47. Kempton W., Tomic J. Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: from stablizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy. Journal of Power Sources 2005, 144:280-294.
48. Knies, G., 2006. Global energy and climate security through solar power from deserts. Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation (TREC) in co-operation with The Club of Rome. Report available at: 〈gerhard.knies@trec-eumena.org〉.
49. Kramer D. Concern grows over China's dominance of rare-earth metals. Physics Today 2010, 63(5):22-24.
50. Krogstad H.E., Barstow S.F. Satellite wave measurements for coastal engineering applications. Coastal Engineering 1999, 37:283-307.
51. Kubiszewski, I., Cleveland, C.J., Endres, P.K., Saundry, P., 2007. Energy return on investment (EROI) for wind energy. In: Cleveland, Cutler J. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington, DC.
52. Kümmel R. The impact of energy on industrial growth. Energy 1982, 7:189-203.
53. Kurtz, S., 2009. Opportunities and Challenges for Development of a Mature Concentrating Photovoltaic Power Industry. Technical Report NREL/TP-520-43208. NREL, US Department of Energy, Colorado. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge.
54. Laing, D., Bauer, T., Steinmann, W.-D., Lehmann, D., 2009. Advanced High Temperature Latent Heat Storage System-Design and Test Results. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Thermal Energy Storage-Effstock, 14-17 June 2009, Stockholm, Sweden.
55. Lee R.B. What Hunters Do for a Living, or How to Make Out on Scarce Resources. In Man the Hunter 1968, 30-43. Aldine, Chicago. R.B. Lee, I. DeVore (Eds.).
56. Llewellyn C., Ward D. Fusion. Energy Policy 2008, 36:4331-4334.
57. Mata T.M., Martins A.A., Caetano N.S. Microalgae for biodiesel production and their applications: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010, 14:217-232.
58. Mercurio de Calama, 2010. Llaman a licitación para parque eólico. March 5. http://www.sustentable.cl/noticias_extendida.php?nid=2413.
59. Montesinos, J., 2010. Catenaria CR 220 Para Velocidad Alta. Spanish Trains On Line (STOL) Technical Report. Available at: http://www.cuerpo8.es/STOL/tecnico/STOLTcat220.html.
60. Mohr, E., 2010. Projection of World Fossil Fuel Production with Supply and Demand Interactions. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Newcastle, Australia.
61. Murphy D.J., Hall C.A.S., Powers B. New perspectives on the energy return on (energy) investment (EROI) of corn ethanol. Environment, Development and Sustainability 2010, 10.1007/s10668-010-9255-7.
62. Nalukowe, B.B., Liu, J., Damien, W., Lukawski, T., Life cycle Assessment of a Wind Turbine. May 2006, Unpublished. Available online at: http://www.infra.kth.se/fms/utbildning/lca/projects%202006/Group%2007%20(Wind%20turbine).pdf.
63. Nihous G.C. A preliminary assessment of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Resources. Transactions of the ASME 2007, 129:10-17. March 2007.
64. Leitner, Arnold, 2002. Fuel from the Sky: Solar Power's Potential for Western Energy Supply. NREL/SR-550-32160. Available electronically at: http://www.osti.gov/bridge.
65. Pacala S., Socolow R. Stabilization wedges: solving the climate problem for the next 50 years with current technologies. Science 2004, 305:968-972.
66. Parasiliti, F., Villani, M., Paris, C., Walti, O., Songini, G., Novello, A., Rossi, T., 2004. Three-phase induction motor efficiency improvements with die-cast copper rotor cage and premium steel. In: Proceedings of SPEEDAM 2004, June 16th-18th, Capri, Italy.
67. Patzek T.W., Croft G.D. A global coal production forecast with multi-Hubbert cycle analysis. Energy 2010, 35:3109-3122.
68. Prieto, P., Hall, C.A.S., 2011. How much net energy does Spain's solar PV program deliver? A case study. In: Proceedings of the ESF Third Biophysical Economics Conference, April 15th-16th 2011, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York.
69. Red Electrica, Española, 2009. Demand Curves. Available online at: http://www.ree.es/operacion/curvas_demanda.asp.
70. Reijnders L. Conditions for the sustainability of biomass based fuel use. Energy Policy 2006, 34:863-876.
71. Roberts, S., (Ed.), 2010. The Oil Crunch: A Wake-up Call for the UK Economy. Second Report of the UK Industry Taskforce on Peak Oil and Energy Security (ITPOES).
72. Rohr, B., 2009. The Promise of Small Heliostats. Northeast Sun, Spring 2009, pp. 7-12. Available at:. http://www.nesea.org/uploads/universe/docs/wysiwyg/documents/nesea-sp09_Small_Heliostats.pdf.
73. Ruth, M., Laffen, M., Timbario, A., 2009. Hydrogen Pathways: Cost, Well-to-Wheels Energy Use, and Emissions for the Current Technology Status of Seven Hydrogen Production, Delivery and Distribution Scenarios. NREL/TP-GAL-46612. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/46612.pdf.
74. Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, 2007. Forty-Third Annual Report. http://www.sama.gov.sa/sites/samaen/ReportsStatistics/Pages/AnnualReport.aspx.
75. Siemons R.V. How European waste will contribute to renewable energy. Energy Policy 2002, 30(6):471-475.
76. Solar Millennium AG, 2008. The Parabolic Trough Power Plants Andasol 1 to 3, The Largest Solar Power Plants in the World-Technology Premiere in Europe. Report available at: http://www.solarmillennium.de.
77. Sovacool B.K., Watts C. Going completely renewable: is it possible (let alone desirable)?. The Electricity Journal 2009, 22(4):95-111.
78. SQM, 2010. Corporate Presentation. March 2010. Available at: http://www.sqm.com/aspx/investor/Presentations.aspx.
79. Tahil, W., 2006. The Trouble with Lithium. Implications of Future PHEV Production for Lithium Demand. Meridian International Research. Available at: http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/nuclear/TroubleLithium.pdf.
80. The World Factbook, 2010. Skyhorse Publishing. Available online at: http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2085.html.
81. Tokimatsu K., Fujino J., Konishi S., Ogawa Y., Yamaji K. Role of nuclear fusion in future energy systems and the environment under future uncertainties. Energy Policy 2003, 31:775-797.
82. Tomich, G., 1999. Gigantes de los caminos. La Nación, 11 de Septiembre de 1999. Available at: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/201752-gigantes-de-los-caminos.
83. Trieb, F., 2006. Trans-Mediterranean Interconnection for Concentrating Solar Power. TRANS-CSP Study Report, DESERTEC Project. Available at: http://www.dlr.de/tt/trans-csp.
84. UNEP, 2011. Recycling Rates of Metals. A Status Report of the Working Group on the Global Metal Flows to the International Resource Panel: Graedel, T.E., Alwood, J., Birat, J.P., Reck, B.K., Sibley, S.F., Sonnemann, G., Buchert, M., Hagelüken, C. Available at: http://www.unep.org/resourcepanel/Portals/24102/PDFs/Metals_Recycling_Rates_110412-1.pdf.
85. US DOE, 2008. Twenty per cent Wind Energy by 2030. Increasing Wind Energy's Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply. US Department of Energy. Available at: US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062. Available electronically at: http://www.osti.gov/bridge.
86. US DOE Report to Congress, 2007. Concentrating Solar Power Commercial Application Study: Reducing Water Consumption of Concentrating Solar Power Electricity Generation. Available online at: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/csp_water_study.pdf.
87. US Geological Survey, 2009. Mineral Commodity Summaries. Available at: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2009/mcs2009.pdf.
88. USGS Fact Sheet, 2009. Facts About Copper. Copper Uses, Resources, Supply, Demand and Production Information. Reprinted available at: http://geology.com/usgs/uses-of-copper/.
89. Vant-Hull L. Solar thermal power-generation-the solar tower, progress toward commercialization. Natural Resources Journal 1985, 25:1099-1117.
90. Vega L.A. Ocean thermal energy conversion primer. Marine Technology Society Journal 2003, 6(4):25-35. Winter 2002/2003.
91. Yang C.-J. An impending platinum crisis and its implications for the future of the automobile. Energy Policy 2009, 37:1805-1808.
92. Wadia C., Alivisatos A.P., Kammen D.M. Materials availability expands the opportunity for large-scale photovoltaics deployment. Environmental Science and Technology 2009, 43:2072-2077.
93. Walsh, M.P., 2005. Motor Vehicles: Overview, Alternatives, Issues. Available at: http://walshcarlines.com/pdf/Walsh%20Climate%20ConferenceVersion2.pdf.
94. Wang, M., Saricks, C., Lee, H., 2003. Fuel-Cycle Energy and Emission Impacts of Ethanol-Diesel Blends in Urban Buses and Farming Tractors. Centre for Transportation Research, Argonne National Laboratory. Report prepared for the Illinois Department of Commerce. Available at: http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/280.pdf.
95. Warr B., Ayres R. REXS: a forecasting model for assessing the impact of natural resource consumption and technological change on economic growth. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 2006, 17:329-378.
96. Warr B., Ayres R., Eisenmenger N., Krausmann F., Schandl H. Energy use and economic development: a comparative analysis of useful work supply in Austria, Japan, the United Kingdom and the US during 100 years of economic growth. Ecological Economics 2010, 69:1904-1917.
97. Westbrook M.H. The Electric Car: Development and Future of Battery, Hybrid and Fuel-cell Cars 2001, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, UK and Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, USA.