Second opinions and institutional design

Virginia Law Review

Volumn 97, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 1435-1474

  Vermeule, Adrian ^a  

^a HARVARD LAW SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84855865544     PISSN: 00426601     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. In law, see David A. Hyman, A Second Opinion on Second Opinions, 84 Va. L. Rev. 1439 (1998); (Pubitemid 128443501) (Pubitemid 128443501)
2. Michael Klausner, Geoffrey Miller & Richard Painter, Second Opinions in Litigation, 84 Va. L. Rev. 1411 (1998). (Pubitemid 128443500) (Pubitemid 128443500)
3. In health, see Richard Bayliss, Second Opinions, 296 Brit. Med. J. 808 (1988);
4. Economic treatments include Wolfgang Pesendorfer & Asher Wolinsky, Second Opinions and Price Competition: Inefficiency in the Market for Expert Advice, 70 Rev. Econ. Stud. 417 (2003);
5. Miklos Sarvary, Temporal Differentiation and the Market for Second Opinions, 39 J. Marketing Res. 129 (2002).
6. George Tsebelis & Jeannette Money, Bicameralism 40 (1997).
7. The Federalist No. 63, at 352 (James Madison) (Clinton Rossiter ed., 2d ed. 1999).
8. For relevant mechanisms, see Jon Elster, The Night of August 4, 1789: A Study of Social Interaction, in Collective Decision-Making, 45 Revue Européenne des Sciences Sociales 71, 86-88 (2007).
9. Parliamentary Debates on the Subject of the Confederation of the British North American Provinces, 3rd Sess., 8th Provincial Parliament of Canada, at 35 (Quebec, Hunter, Rose & Co. 1865).
10. Joel Yellin, High Technology and the Courts: Nuclear Power and the Need for Institutional Reform, 94 Harv. L. Rev. 489, 497 (1981).
11. John Hart Ely, War and Responsibility: Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath 4 (1993).
12. Charles L. Black, Jr., A Note on Senatorial Consideration of Supreme Court Nominees, 79 Yale L.J. 657, 660 (1970).
13. Doni Gewirtzman, Our Founding Feelings: Emotion, Commitment, and Imagination in Constitutional Culture, 43 U. Rich. L. Rev. 623, 646-47 (2009).
14. See Jon Elster1, Ulysses Unbound: Studies in Rationality, Precommitment, and Constraints 117-18 (2000).
15. Adrian Vermeule, The Constitutional Law of Congressional Procedure, 71 U. Chi. L. Rev. 361, 431-34 (2004).
16. see The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: Political Tactics 130-31 (Michael James et al. eds., 1999).
17. See Jacob E. Gersen, Temporary Legislation, 74 U. Chi. L. Rev. 247, 266-72 (2007)
18. Kent Roach, The Role and Capacities of Courts and Legislatures in Reviewing Canada's Anti-Terrorism Law, 24 Windsor Rev. Legal & Soc. Issues 5, 6 (2008).
19. Alexander M. Bickel, The Least Dangerous Branch: The Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics 26 (2d ed. 1986)
20. (quoting Harlan F. Stone, The Common Law in the United States, 50 Harv. L. Rev. 4, 25 (1936)).
21. See, e.g., Albert M. Sacks, The Supreme Court: 1953 Term: Foreword, 68 Harv. L. Rev. 96, 96 (1954).
22. See, e.g., Keith E. Whittington, Herbert Wechsler's Complaint and the Revival of Grand Constitutional Theory, 34 U. Rich. L. Rev 509, 538 (2000).
23. Thomas M. Franck, On Proportionality of Countermeasures in International Law, 102 Am. J. Int'l L. 715, 717-18 (2008).
24. Alexander M. Bickel, The Supreme Court 1960 Term: Foreword: The Passive Virtues, 75 Harv. L. Rev. 40, 77-78 (1961);
25. see also Dan T. Coenen, A Constitution of Collaboration: Protecting Fundamental Values with Second-Look Rules of Interbranch Dialogue, 42 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 1575, 1582-83 (2001).
26. Robert F. Nagel, Disagreement and Interpretation, 56 Law & Contemp. Probs. 11, 13 (1993).
27. John S. Applegate, A Beginning and Not an End in Itself: The Role of Risk Assessment in Environmental Decision-Making, 63 U. Cin. L. Rev. 1643, 1652 (1995).
28. Todd J. Zywicki & Anthony B. Sanders, Posner, Hayek, and the Economic Analysis of Law, 93 Iowa L. Rev. 559, 579-80 (2008).
29. See, e.g., United States v. Appalachian Elec. Power Co., 311 U.S. 377, 403 (1940)
30. Baumgartner v. United States, 322 U.S. 665, 671 (1944).
31. See Robert M. Cover, The Uses of Jurisdictional Redundancy: Interest, Ideology and Innovation, 22 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 639, 642-54 (1981)
32. Gary Peller, In Defense of Habeas Corpus Relitigation, 16 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 579, 666-68 (1982).
33. See, e.g., Moore v. Dempsey, 261 U.S. 86, 91-92 (1923) (Holmes, J.)
34. Memorandum on Regulatory Review for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies, 74 Fed. Reg. 5977, 5977 (Jan. 30, 2009).
35. See Walter E. Dellinger et al., Principles to Guide the Office of Legal Counsel, Am. Const. Soc'y for L. & Pol'y, 5 (Dec. 21, 2004), http://www.acslaw.org/files/2004% 20programs-OLC%20principles-white%20paper.pdf.
36. See Henslee v. Union Planters Bank, 335 U.S. 595, 600 (1949) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting)
37. See Stefan M. Herzog & Ralph Hertwig, The Wisdom of Many in One Mind: Improving Individual Judgments with Dialectical Bootstrapping, 20 Psychol. Sci. 231, 231 (2009);
38. Edward Vul & Harold Pashler, Measuring the Crowd Within: Probabilistic Representations Within Individuals, 19 Psychol. Sci. 645, 645 (2008).
39. see James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies, and Nations (2004).
40. For examples, see Adrian Vermeule, The Parliament of the Experts, 58 Duke L.J. 2231 (2009).
41. Thomas W. Higginson, The Birth of a Nation, 68 Harper's New Monthly Mag. 238, 242 (1884).
42. For the apocryphal character of the anecdote, see Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations Requested from the Congressional Research Service 60 (Suzy Platt ed., 1989).
43. 2 Laurence Sterne, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, 79-80 (1894) (emphasis added).
44. Cf. Don Herzog, Romantic Anarchism and Pedestrian Liberalism, 35 Pol. Theory 313, 329 (2007).
45. Antonio R. Damasio, Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain 193-94 (1994).
46. Cf. Archon Fung, Recipes for Public Spheres: Eight Institutional Design Choices and Their Consequences, 11 J. Pol. Phil. 338, 345 (2003)
47. Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Agricola and Germany 49 (A. R. Birley trans., 1999) (emphasis added).
48. See generally Scott E. Page, The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies (2007)
49. Richard P. Larrick & Jack B. Soll, Intuitions About Combining Opinions: Misappreciation of the Averaging Principle, 52 Mgmt. Sci. 111, 112 (2006);
50. Jeremy Waldron, The Dignity of Legislation 92-93 (1999).
51. Ilan Yaniv, The Benefit of Additional Opinions, 13 Current Directions in Psychol. Sci. 75, 75 (2004).
52. Krishna K. Ladha, The Condorcet Jury Theorem, Free Speech, and Correlated Votes, 36 Am. J. Pol. Sci. 617, 629 (1992).
53. For an overview of information cascades, see Abhijit V. Banerjee, A Simple Model of Herd Behavior, 107 Q.J. Econ. 797 (1992);
54. Sushil Bikhchandani et al., A Theory of Fads, Fashion, Custom, and Cultural Change as Informational Cascades, 100 J. Pol. Econ. 992 (1992);
55. Ivo Welch, Sequential Scales, Learning, and Cascades, 47 J. Fin. 695 (1992).
56. For an overview of reputational cascades, see Timur Kuran, Ethnic Norms and Their Transformation Through Reputational Cascades, 27 J. Legal Stud. 623 (1998); (Pubitemid 128429247) (Pubitemid 128429247)
57. Timur Kuran & Cass R. Sunstein, Availability Cascades and Risk Regulation, 51 Stan. L. Rev. 683, 727-28 (1999).
58. Jon Elster, Concluding Reflections on Collective Wisdom (2010) (unpublished manuscript).
59. For an exploration of various senses of legitimacy, see Richard H. Fallon, Jr., Legitimacy and the Constitution, 118 Harv. L. Rev. 1787, 1794-96 (2005).
60. (citing Charles L. Black, Jr., The People and the Court: Judicial Review in a Democracy 53 (1960)).
61. Cass R. Sunstein, The Cost-Benefit State: The Future of Regulatory Protection 10-12 (2002).
62. Confucius, Lun Yu, Confucius Publishing Co. Ltd., ch. 5, verse 19 (William Cheung ed., 1985), http://www.confucius.org/lunyu/ed0519.htm (last visited May 18, 2011).
63. See E. Bruce Brooks & A. Takeo Brooks, The Original Analects: Sayings of Confucius and His Successors 26 (1998).
64. 1 James Boswell, The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. 336 (John W. Croker ed., Carter, Hendee and Co. 1832).
65. Compare Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52, 119 (1926) (yes),
66. with Humphrey's Ex'r v. United States, 295 U.S. 602, 626-28 (1935) (no).
67. see Cass R. Sunstein & Edna Ullmann-Margalit, Second-Order Decisions, 110 Ethics 5, 8 (1999).
68. Or so I understand the explanation in David Hine, Governing Italy: The Politics of Bargained Pluralism 190-91 (1993).
69. See Blonder-Tongue Labs. v. Univ. of Ill. Found., 402 U.S. 313, 329 (1971).
70. See Suzanne Grisez Martin et al., Impact of a Mandatory Second-Opinion Program on Medicaid Surgery Rates, 20 Med. Care 21, 31 (1982)
71. See Matthew C. Stephenson, Endogenous Information Acquisition and Institutional Design, 124 Harv. L. Rev. (forthcoming 2011) (manuscript at 49-52), available at http://www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/Stephenson.pdf.
72. 1 Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States § 556, at 414 (Melville M. Bigelow ed., 5th ed. William S. Hein & Co, Inc. 1994).
73. Minnesota House of Representatives House Research, Unicameral or Bicameral State Legislatures: The Policy Debate (Aug. 1999), http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/hrd/issinfo/uni-bicam.htm.
74. See James R. Rogers, Bicameral Sequence: Theory and State Legislative Evidence, 42 Am. J. Pol. Sci. 1025, 1025 (1998).
75. Charles Warren, The Making of the Constitution, 274-77, 664-71 (Little, Brown, and Co. 1928).
76. Ana Torriente, Study of Mexican Supreme Court Decisions Concerning the Rights of State Employees to Organize in the States of Jalisco and Oaxaca, U.S. Dep't of Labor, Bureau of Int'l Labor Affairs, http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/ reports/nao/Torriente Study.htm#IIB2 (last visited, May 18, 2011).
77. Michael Abramowicz & Thomas B. Colby, Notice-and-Comment Judicial Decisionmaking, 76 U. Chi. L. Rev. 965, 967 (2009).
78. 317 U.S. 1 (1942).
79. Cf. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 569 (2004) (Scalia, J., dissenting) (calling Quirin "not this Court's finest hour").
80. 323 U.S. 214 (1944).
81. 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
82. David A. Strauss, The Living Constitution 96 (2010) (emphasis added).
83. This assessment of Roe is itself bipartisan. See, e.g., Richmond Med. Ctr. v. Gilmore, 219 F.3d 376, 376-78 (4th Cir. 2000) (Luttig, J.).
84. Michael C. Dorf, The Supreme Court 1997 Term: Foreword: The Limits of Socratic Deliberation, 112 Harv. L. Rev 4, 65-66 (1998).
85. 501 U.S. 808 (1991).