메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 140, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 3-27

Tornado maintenance investigated with high-resolution dual-doppler and EnKF analysis

Author keywords

Data assimilation; Radars Radar observations; Supercells; Tornadoes

Indexed keywords

AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT; BAROCLINIC; DATA ASSIMILATION; ENSEMBLE KALMAN FILTER; GUST FRONTS; HIGH RESOLUTION; HORIZONTAL VORTICITY; REAR-FLANK; SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS; SUPER CELL; TORNADIC SUPERCELLS; VORTEX LINES;

EID: 84855787741     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00025.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (97)

References (56)
  • 1
    • 31344482281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ph.D. dissertation, University ofOklahoma. [Available fromSchool of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, 100 East Boyd, Suite 1310, Norman, OK 73019.]
    • Adlerman, E. J., 2003: Numerical simulations of cyclic storm behavior: Mesocyclogenesis and tornado genesis. Ph.D. dissertation, University ofOklahoma, 217 pp. [Available fromSchool of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, 100 East Boyd, Suite 1310, Norman, OK 73019.]
    • (2003) Numerical simulations of cyclic storm behavior Mesocyclogenesis and tornado genesis , pp. 217
    • Adlerman, E.J.1
  • 2
    • 68249141511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multi-case comparative assessment of the ensemble Kalman filter for assimilation of radar observations. Part I Storm-scale analyses
    • Aksoy, A., D. C. Dowell, and C. Snyder, 2009: A multi-case comparative assessment of the ensemble Kalman filter for assimilation of radar observations. Part I: Storm-scale analyses. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1805-1824.
    • (2009) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.137 , pp. 1805-1824
    • Aksoy, A.1    Dowell, D.C.2    Snyder, C.3
  • 3
    • 78651081828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Updated mobile radar climatology of supercell tornado structures and dynamics. Preprints
    • Savannah, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 19.4. Available online at
    • Alexander, C., and J. Wurman, 2008: Updated mobile radar climatology of supercell tornado structures and dynamics. Preprints, 24th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 19.4. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/141821.pdf.]
    • (2008) 24th Conf. on Severe Local Storms
    • Alexander, C.1    Wurman, J.2
  • 4
    • 0035655814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ensemble adjustment Kalman filter for data assimilation
    • Anderson, J., 2001: An ensemble adjustment Kalman filter for data assimilation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2884-2903.
    • (2001) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.129 , pp. 2884-2903
    • Anderson, J.1
  • 6
    • 0000085181 scopus 로고
    • A technique for maximizing details in numerical weather map analysis
    • Barnes, S. L., 1964: A technique for maximizing details in numerical weather map analysis. J. Appl. Meteor., 3, 396-409.
    • (1964) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.3 , pp. 396-409
    • Barnes, S.L.1
  • 7
    • 0001440639 scopus 로고
    • Mesocyclone evolution and tornado genesis Some observations
    • Brandes, E. A., 1978: Mesocyclone evolution and tornado genesis: Some observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 995-1011.
    • (1978) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.106 , pp. 995-1011
    • Brandes, E.A.1
  • 8
    • 0021552472 scopus 로고
    • Vertical vorticity generation and mesoscyclone sustenance in tornadic thunderstorms The observational evidence
    • Brandes, E. A., 1984: Vertical vorticity generation and mesoscyclone sustenance in tornadic thunderstorms: The observational evidence. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 2253-2269.
    • (1984) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.112 , pp. 2253-2269
    • Brandes, E.A.1
  • 9
    • 84855770793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tornadogenesis in supercell storms-What we know and what we don't know. Preprints
    • Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P2.2. Available online at
    • Davies-Jones, R., 2006: Tornadogenesis in supercell storms-What we know and what we don't know. Preprints, Symp. on the Challenges of Severe Convective Storms, Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P2.2. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/Annual2006/techprogram/paper_104563.htm.]
    • (2006) Symp. on the Challenges of Severe Convective Storms
    • Davies-Jones, R.1
  • 11
    • 0000743591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Arcadia, Oklahoma, storm of 17 May 1981 Analysis of a supercell during tornadogenesis
    • Dowell, D. C., and H. B. Bluestein, 1997: The Arcadia, Oklahoma, storm of 17 May 1981: Analysis of a supercell during tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2562-2582.
    • (1997) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.125 , pp. 2562-2582
    • Dowell, D.C.1    Bluestein, H.B.2
  • 12
    • 0036852847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 8 June 1995 McLean, Texas, storm. Part II Cyclic tornado formation, maintenance, and dissipation
    • Dowell, D. C., and H. B. Bluestein, 2002: The 8 June 1995 McLean, Texas, storm. Part II: Cyclic tornado formation, maintenance, and dissipation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2649-2670.
    • (2002) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.130 , pp. 2649-2670
    • Dowell, D.C.1    Bluestein, H.B.2
  • 13
    • 0346847665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stability of an iterative dual-Doppler wind synthesis in Cartesian coordinates
    • Dowell, D. C., and A. Shapiro, 2003: Stability of an iterative dual-Doppler wind synthesis in Cartesian coordinates. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 20, 1552-1559.
    • (2003) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.20 , pp. 1552-1559
    • Dowell, D.C.1    Shapiro, A.2
  • 14
    • 68249144065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Additive noise for storm-scale ensemble data assimlation
    • Dowell, D. C., and L. J. Wicker, 2009: Additive noise for storm-scale ensemble data assimlation. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26, 911-927.
    • (2009) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.26 , pp. 911-927
    • Dowell, D.C.1    Wicker, L.J.2
  • 15
    • 34047196875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations of the formation of low-level rotation The 5 June 2001 Sumner County, Kansas, storm. Preprints
    • SanAntonio, TX, Amer.Meteor. Soc., 12.3. Available online at
    • Dowell, D. C., Y. Richardson, and J. Wurman, 2002: Observations of the formation of low-level rotation: The 5 June 2001 Sumner County, Kansas, storm. Preprints, 21st Conf. on Severe Local Storms, SanAntonio, TX, Amer.Meteor. Soc., 12.3. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/47335.pdf.]
    • (2002) 21st Conf. on Severe Local Storms
    • Dowell, D.C.1    Richardson, Y.2    Wurman, J.3
  • 16
    • 4444315259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind and temperature retrievals in the 17 May 1981 Arcadia, Oklahoma, supercell Ensemble Kalman filter experiments
    • Dowell, D. C., F. Zhang, L. J. Wicker, C. Snyder, and N. A. Crook, 2004: Wind and temperature retrievals in the 17 May 1981 Arcadia, Oklahoma, supercell: Ensemble Kalman filter experiments. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1982-2005.
    • (2004) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.132 , pp. 1982-2005
    • Dowell, D.C.1    Zhang, F.2    Wicker, L.J.3    Snyder, C.4    Crook, N.A.5
  • 17
    • 14344258778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centrifuging of hydrometeors and debris in tornadoes Radarreflectivity patterns and wind-measurement errors
    • Dowell, D. C., C. R. Alexander, J. M. Wurman, and L. J. Wicker, 2005: Centrifuging of hydrometeors and debris in tornadoes: Radarreflectivity patterns and wind-measurement errors. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 1501-1524.
    • (2005) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.133 , pp. 1501-1524
    • Dowell, D.C.1    Alexander, C.R.2    Wurman, J.M.3    Wicker, L.J.4
  • 19
    • 77953605117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mobile mesonet observations of an intense RFD and multiple RFD gust fronts in the May 23 Quniter, Kansas, tornadic supercell during TWISTEX 2008. Preprints
    • Savannah, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P3.18. Available online at
    • Finley, C. A., and B. D. Lee, 2008: Mobile mesonet observations of an intense RFD and multiple RFD gust fronts in the May 23 Quniter, Kansas, tornadic supercell during TWISTEX 2008. Preprints, 24th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P3.18. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/142133.pdf.]
    • (2008) 24th Conf. on Severe Local Storms
    • Finley, C.A.1    Lee, B.D.2
  • 20
    • 84855803610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mobile mesonet observations of the rear-flank downdraft evolution associated with a violent tornado near Bowdle, SD on 22 May 2010. Preprints
    • Denver, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 8A.2. [Available online at
    • Finley, C. A., B. D. Lee, M. Grzych, C. D. Karstens, and T. M. Samaras, 2010: Mobile mesonet observations of the rear-flank downdraft evolution associated with a violent tornado near Bowdle, SD on 22 May 2010. Preprints, 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 8A.2. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/176132.pdf.]
    • (2010) 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms
    • Finley, C.A.1    Lee, B.D.2    Grzych, M.3    Karstens, C.D.4    Samaras, T.M.5
  • 21
    • 0033023511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Construction of correlation functions in two and three dimensions
    • Gaspari, G., and S. E. Cohn, 1999: Construction of correlation functions in two and three dimensions. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 723-757.
    • (1999) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.125 , pp. 723-757
    • Gaspari, G.1    Cohn, S.E.2
  • 22
    • 3943064234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precipitation and evolution sensitivity in simulated deep convective storms: comparisons between liquid-only and simple ice and liquid phase microphysics
    • Gilmore, M. S., J. M. Straka, and E. N. Rasmussen, 2004: Precipitation and evolution sensitivity in simulated deep convective storms: comparisons between liquid-only and simple ice and liquid phase microphysics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1897-1916.
    • (2004) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.132 , pp. 1897-1916
    • Gilmore, M.S.1    Straka, J.M.2    Rasmussen, E.N.3
  • 23
    • 0029412914 scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of a tornado vortex
    • Grasso, L. D., and W. R. Cotton, 1995: Numerical simulation of a tornado vortex. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1192-1203.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 1192-1203
    • Grasso, L.D.1    Cotton, W.R.2
  • 24
    • 33846681857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic analysis of supercell rear-flank downdrafts from Project ANSWERS
    • Grzych, M. L., B. D. Lee, and C. A. Finley, 2007: Thermodynamic analysis of supercell rear-flank downdrafts from Project ANSWERS. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 240-246.
    • (2007) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.135 , pp. 240-246
    • Grzych, M.L.1    Lee, B.D.2    Finley, C.A.3
  • 25
    • 0035506430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distancedependent filtering of background error covariance estimates in an ensemble Kalman filter
    • Hamill, T. M., J. S. Whitaker, and C. Snyder, 2001: Distancedependent filtering of background error covariance estimates in an ensemble Kalman filter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2776-2790.
    • (2001) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.129 , pp. 2776-2790
    • Hamill, T.M.1    Whitaker, J.S.2    Snyder, C.3
  • 26
    • 52149112873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface analysis of the rear-flank downdraft outflow in two tornadic supercells
    • Hirth, B. D., J. L. Schroeder, and C. C. Weiss, 2008: Surface analysis of the rear-flank downdraft outflow in two tornadic supercells. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2344-2363.
    • (2008) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.136 , pp. 2344-2363
    • Hirth, B.D.1    Schroeder, J.L.2    Weiss, C.C.3
  • 27
    • 0020870348 scopus 로고
    • The heat burst of 29 May 1976
    • Johnson, B. C., 1983: The heat burst of 29 May 1976. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1776-1792.
    • (1983) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.111 , pp. 1776-1792
    • Johnson, B.C.1
  • 28
    • 0020969404 scopus 로고
    • A study of the tornadic region within a supercell thunderstorm
    • Klemp, J. B., and R. Rotunno, 1983: A study of the tornadic region within a supercell thunderstorm. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 359-377.
    • (1983) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.40 , pp. 359-377
    • Klemp, J.B.1    Rotunno, R.2
  • 29
    • 0020970640 scopus 로고
    • An interactive Barnes objective map analysis scheme for use with satellite and conventional data
    • Koch, S. E., M. DesJardins, and P. J. Kocin, 1983: An interactive Barnes objective map analysis scheme for use with satellite and conventional data. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1487-1503.
    • (1983) J. Climate Appl. Meteor. , vol.22 , pp. 1487-1503
    • Koch, S.E.1    DesJardins, M.2    Kocin, P.J.3
  • 30
    • 84855809944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic and kinematic analysis near and within the Tipton, KS tornado on May 29 during TWISTEX 2008
    • Preprints, Savannah, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P3.13. Available online at
    • Lee, B. D., C. A. Finley, and T. M. Samaras, 2008: Thermodynamic and kinematic analysis near and within the Tipton, KS tornado on May 29 during TWISTEX 2008. Preprints, 24th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P3.13. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/142078.pdf.]
    • (2008) 24th Conf. on Severe Local Storms
    • Lee, B.D.1    Finley, C.A.2    Samaras, T.M.3
  • 31
    • 0018720292 scopus 로고
    • Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis
    • Lemon, L. R., and C. A. Doswell, 1979: Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1184-1197.
    • (1979) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.107 , pp. 1184-1197
    • Lemon, L.R.1    Doswell, C.A.2
  • 32
    • 0020968202 scopus 로고
    • Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model
    • Lin, Y., R. D. Farley, and H. D. Orville, 1983: Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1065-1092.
    • (1983) J. Climate Appl. Meteor. , vol.22 , pp. 1065-1092
    • Lin, Y.1    Farley, R.D.2    Orville, H.D.3
  • 34
    • 0036614320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mobile mesonet observations on 3 May 1999
    • Markowski, P. M., 2002: Mobile mesonet observations on 3 May 1999. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 430-444.
    • (2002) Wea. Forecasting , vol.17 , pp. 430-444
    • Markowski, P.M.1
  • 35
    • 0036645999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct surface thermodynamic observations within the rear-flank downdrafts of nontornadic and tornadic supercells
    • Markowski, P. M., J. M. Straka, and E. N. Rasmussen, 2002: Direct surface thermodynamic observations within the rear-flank downdrafts of nontornadic and tornadic supercells. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1692-1721.
    • (2002) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.130 , pp. 1692-1721
    • Markowski, P.M.1    Straka, J.M.2    Rasmussen, E.N.3
  • 36
    • 0348074676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tornadogenesis resulting from the transport of circulation by a downdraft: Idealized numerical simulations
    • Markowski, P. M., J. M. Straka, and E. N. Rasmussen, 2003: Tornadogenesis resulting from the transport of circulation by a downdraft: Idealized numerical simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 795-823.
    • (2003) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.60 , pp. 795-823
    • Markowski, P.M.1    Straka, J.M.2    Rasmussen, E.N.3
  • 37
    • 84866429454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of the wind field in a trip of nontornadic lowlevel mesocyclones observed by the Doppler on Wheels radars
    • Markowski, P. M., M. Majcen, Y. Richardson, J. Marquis, and J. Wurman, 2011: Characteristics of the wind field in a trip of nontornadic lowlevel mesocyclones observed by the Doppler on Wheels radars. Electron. J. Severe Storms Meteor., 5 (7), 1-24.
    • (2011) Electron. J. Severe Storms Meteor. , vol.5 , Issue.7 , pp. 1-24
    • Markowski, P.M.1    Majcen, M.2    Richardson, Y.3    Marquis, J.4    Wurman, J.5
  • 38
    • 64149094275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single- and dual-Doppler analysis of a tornadic vortex and surrounding storm scale flow in the Crowell, TX, supercell of 30 April 2000
    • Marquis, J. N., Y. P.Richardson, J. M.Wurman, and P. M. Markowski, 2008: Single- and dual-Doppler analysis of a tornadic vortex and surrounding storm scale flow in the Crowell, TX, supercell of 30 April 2000. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 5017-5043.
    • (2008) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.136 , pp. 5017-5043
    • Marquis, J.N.1    Richardson, Y.P.2    Wurman, J.M.3    Markowski, P.M.4
  • 39
    • 0001447101 scopus 로고
    • The theoretical, discrete, and actual response of the Barnes objective analysis scheme for one- and two-dimensional fields
    • Pauley, P. M., and X. Wu, 1990: The theoretical, discrete, and actual response of the Barnes objective analysis scheme for one- and two-dimensional fields. Mon.Wea. Rev., 118, 1145-1163.
    • (1990) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.118 , pp. 1145-1163
    • Pauley, P.M.1    Wu, X.2
  • 40
    • 34247638004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of low-level angular momentum in the 2 June 1995 Dimmitt, Texas, tornado cyclone
    • Rasmussen, E. N., and J. M. Straka, 2007: Evolution of low-level angular momentum in the 2 June 1995 Dimmitt, Texas, tornado cyclone. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1365-1378.
    • (2007) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.64 , pp. 1365-1378
    • Rasmussen, E.N.1    Straka, J.M.2
  • 41
    • 2142712808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High resolution dual-Doppler analyses of two thunderstorms during the pretornadogenesis and mature tornado stages
    • Preprints, Munich, Germany, Amer. Meteor. Soc
    • Richardson, Y., D. Dowell, and J. Wurman, 2001: High resolution dual-Doppler analyses of two thunderstorms during the pretornadogenesis and mature tornado stages. Preprints, 30th Int. Conf. on Radar Meterology, Munich, Germany, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 295-297.
    • (2001) 30th Int. Conf. on Radar Meterology , pp. 295-297
    • Richardson, Y.1    Dowell, D.2    Wurman, J.3
  • 43
    • 0141571533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assimilation of simulated Doppler radar observations with an ensemble Kalman filter
    • Snyder, C., and F. Zhang, 2003: Assimilation of simulated Doppler radar observations with an ensemble Kalman filter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1663-1677.
    • (2003) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.131 , pp. 1663-1677
    • Snyder, C.1    Zhang, F.2
  • 44
    • 33846663157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unusually long duration, multiple-Doppler radar observation of a front in a convective boundary layer
    • Stonitsch, J. R., and P. M. Markowski, 2007: Unusually long duration, multiple-Doppler radar observation of a front in a convective boundary layer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 93-117.
    • (2007) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.135 , pp. 93-117
    • Stonitsch, J.R.1    Markowski, P.M.2
  • 45
    • 53649102494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An observational and idealized numerical examination of low-level counter-rotating vortices toward the rear flank of supercells
    • Straka, J. M., E. N. Rasmussen, R. P. Davies-Jones, and P. M. Markowski, 2007: An observational and idealized numerical examination of low-level counter-rotating vortices toward the rear flank of supercells. Electron. J. Severe StormsMeteor., 2 (8), 1-22.
    • (2007) Electron. J. Severe StormsMeteor. , vol.2 , Issue.8 , pp. 1-22
    • Straka, J.M.1    Rasmussen, E.N.2    Davies-Jones, R.P.3    Markowski, P.M.4
  • 46
    • 0035245587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Real-time low-level wind and temperature analysis using single WSR-88D data
    • Sun, J., and N. A. Crook, 2001: Real-time low-level wind and temperature analysis using single WSR-88D data. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 117-132.
    • (2001) Wea. Forecasting , vol.16 , pp. 117-132
    • Sun, J.1    Crook, N.A.2
  • 47
    • 0029414219 scopus 로고
    • Tornado-like vortexgenesis in a simplified numerical model
    • Trapp, R. J., and B. H. Fiedler, 1995: Tornado-like vortexgenesis in a simplified numerical model. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3757-3778.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 3757-3778
    • Trapp, R.J.1    Fiedler, B.H.2
  • 48
    • 0031436830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tornadogenesis with and without a dynamic pipe effect
    • Trapp, R. J., and R. Davies-Jones, 1997: Tornadogenesis with and without a dynamic pipe effect. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 113-133.
    • (1997) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.54 , pp. 113-133
    • Trapp, R.J.1    Davies-Jones, R.2
  • 50
    • 0026613184 scopus 로고
    • Observations of a Colorado tornado. Part II: Combined photgrammetric and Doppler radar analysis
    • Wakimoto, R. M., and B. E. Martner, 1992: Observations of a Colorado tornado. Part II: Combined photgrammetric and Doppler radar analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 522-543.
    • (1992) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.120 , pp. 522-543
    • Wakimoto, R.M.1    Martner, B.E.2
  • 51
    • 0000427260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Garden City, Kansas, storm during VORTEX 95. Part II: The wall cloud and tornado
    • Wakimoto, R. M., and C. Liu, 1998: The Garden City, Kansas, storm during VORTEX 95. Part II: The wall cloud and tornado. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 393-408.
    • (1998) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.126 , pp. 393-408
    • Wakimoto, R.M.1    Liu, C.2
  • 52
    • 0029413973 scopus 로고
    • Simulation and analysis of tornado development and decay within a three-dimensional supercell thunderstorm
    • Wicker, L. J., and R. B. Wilhelmson, 1995: Simulation and analysis of tornado development and decay within a three-dimensional supercell thunderstorm. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2675-2703.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 2675-2703
    • Wicker, L.J.1    Wilhelmson, R.B.2
  • 54
    • 33847652380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual-Doppler and single-Doppler analysis of a tornadic storm undergoing mergers and repeated tornado-genesis
    • Wurman, J., Y. Richardson, C. Alexander, S. Weygandt, and P. F. Zhang, 2007a: Dual-Doppler and single-Doppler analysis of a tornadic storm undergoing mergers and repeated tornado-genesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 736-758.
    • (2007) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.135 , pp. 736-758
    • Wurman, J.1    Richardson, Y.2    Alexander, C.3    Weygandt, S.4    Zhang, P.F.5
  • 55
    • 33847653513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual-Doppler analysis of winds and vorticity budget terms near a tornado
    • Wurman, J., Y. Richardson, C. Alexander, S. Weygandt, and P. F. Zhang, 2007b: Dual-Doppler analysis of winds and vorticity budget terms near a tornado. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 2392-2405.
    • (2007) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.135 , pp. 2392-2405
    • Wurman, J.1    Richardson, Y.2    Alexander, C.3    Weygandt, S.4    Zhang, P.F.5
  • 56
    • 78651060070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Finescale single- and dual-Doppler analysis of tornado intensification, maintenance, and dissipation in the Orlenas, Nebraska, supercell
    • Wurman, J., K. Kosiba, P. Markowski, Y. Richardson, D. Dowell, and P. Robinson, 2010: Finescale single- and dual-Doppler analysis of tornado intensification, maintenance, and dissipation in the Orlenas, Nebraska, supercell. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 4439-4455.
    • (2010) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.138 , pp. 4439-4455
    • Wurman, J.1    Kosiba, K.2    Markowski, P.3    Richardson, Y.4    Dowell, D.5    Robinson, P.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.