Quantification of dispersion and distribution of carbon nanotubes in polymer composites using microscopy techniques

Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Composites: Preparation, Properties and Applications

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 265-294

  Pegel, S ^a   Villmow, T ^a   Potschke P ^a  

^a LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE OF POLYMER RESEARCH DRESDEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Carbon nanotube composites; Dispersion analysis; Image processing

Indexed keywords

BOOLEAN FUNCTIONS; COMPOSITE MATERIALS; DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS; HIGH RESOLUTION TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; IMAGE PROCESSING; LIGHT TRANSMISSION; NANOTUBES; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; YARN;

CARBON-NANOTUBE COMPOSITES; DIFFERENT LENGTH SCALE; DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUE; DISPERSION ANALYSIS; MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUE; QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION; SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS; THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS;

CARBON NANOTUBES;

EID: 84855734922     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1533/9780857091390.2.265     Document Type: Chapter

References (34)

1. Abramoff M.D., Magelhaes P.J., Ram S.J. Image processing with ImageJ. Biophoton. Intern. 2004, 11:36-42.
2. ASTM Standard Test Methods for Carbon Black-Dispersion in Rubber 2008, D 2663.
3. Bellayer S., Gilman J.W., Eidelman N., Bourbigot S., Flambard X., Fox D.M., De Long H.C., Trulove P.C. Preparation of homogeneously dispersed multiwalled carbon nanotube/polystyrene nanocomposites via melt extrusion using trialkyl imidazolium compatibilizer. Advanced Functional Materials 2005, 15:910-916.
4. Bhattacharyya A.R., Sreekumar T.V., Liu T., Kumar S., Ericson L.M., Hauge R.H., Smalley R.E. Crystallization and orientation studies in polypropylene/single wall carbon nanotube composite. Polymer 2003, 44:2373-2377.
5. Du F., Fischer J.E., Winey K.I. Effect of nanotube alignment on percolation conductivity in carbon nanotube/polymer composites. Physical Review B (Condensed Matter and Materials Physics) 2005, 72:121404-1-121404-4.
6. Fischer J.E., Zhou W., Vavro J., Llaguno M.C., Guthy C., Haggenmueller R., Casavant M.J., Walters D.E., Smalley R.E. Magnetically aligned single wall carbon nanotube films: Preferred orientation and anisotropic transport properties. Journal of Applied Physics 2003, 93:2157-2163.
7. Fornes T.D., Baur J.W., Sabba Y., Thomas E.L. Morphology and properties of melt-spun polycarbonate fibers containing single-and multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Polymer 2006, 47:1704-1714.
8. Gommes C., Blacher S., Masenelli-Varlot K., Bossuot C., McRae E., Fonseca A., Nagy J.B., Pirard J.P. Image analysis characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon 2003, 41:2561-2572.
9. Jin L., Bower C., Zhou O. Alignment of carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix by mechanical stretching. Applied Physics Letters 1998, 73:1197-1199.
10. Kapur J.N., Sahoo P.K., Wong A.K.C. A new method for gray-level picture thresholding using the entropy of the histogram. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing 1985, 29:273-285.
11. Kasaliwal G.R., Pegel S., Göldel A., Pötschke P., Heinrich G. Analysis of agglomerate dispersion mechanisms of multiwalled carbon nanotubes during melt mixing in polycarbonate. Polymer 2010, 51:2708-2720.
12. Kashiwagi T., Fagan J., Douglas J.F., Yamamoto K., Heckert A.N., Leigh S.D., Obrzut J., Du F., Lin-Gibson S., Mu M. Relationship between dispersion metric and properties of PMMA/SWNT nanocomposites. Polymer 2007, 48:4855-4866.
13. Krause B., Ritschel M., Täschner C., Oswald S., Gruner W., Leonhardt A., Pötschke P. Comparison of nanotubes produced by fixed bed and aerosol-CVD methods and their electrical percolation behaviour in melt mixed polyamide 6.6 composites. Composites Science and Technology 2010, 70:151-160.
14. Le H.H., Kasaliwal G., Ilisch S. Online measured electrical conductance: in-process characterization of the dispersion behavior of carbon nanotubes in rubber compounds, KGK. Kautschuk, Gummi, Kunststoffe 2009, 06:326-333.
15. Li J., Ma P.C., Chow W.S., To C.K., Tang B.Z., Kim J.K. Correlations between percolation threshold, dispersion state, and aspect ratio of carbon nanotubes. Advanced Functional Materials 2007, 17:3207-3215.
16. Michler G.H., Lebek W., Godehardt R., Gnägi H., Vastenhout B. Ultramikrotomie in der Materialforschung 2004, Hanser Fachbuchverlag, Munich.
17. Otsu N. A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms. Automatica 1975, 11:285-296.
18. Pegel S., Pötschke P., Villmow T., Stoyan D., Heinrich G. Spatial statistics of carbon nanotube polymer composites. Polymer 2009, 50:2123-2132.
19. Pötschke P., Bhattacharyya A.R., Janke A. Melt mixing of polycarbonate with multiwalled carbon nanotubes: microscopic studies on the state of dispersion. European Polymer Journal 2004, 40:137-148.
20. Pötschke P., Brünig H., Janke A., Fischer D., Jehnichen D. Orientation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in composites with polycarbonate by melt spinning. Polymer 2005, 46:10355-10363.
21. Pötschke P., Pegel S., Claes M., Bonduel D. A novel strategy to incorporate carbon nanotubes into thermoplastic matrices. Macromolecular Rapid Communications 2008, 29:244-251.
22. Rasband W.S. ImageJ 2008, Bethesda, MD, USA: U.S. National Institutes of Health. Available at, 1997-2009. http://www.rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/, 1.41 edn.
23. Russ J.C., Woods R.P. The Image Processing Handbook 1995, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
24. Sahoo P.K., Soltani S., Wong A.K.C., Chen Y.C. A survey of thresholding techniques. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing 1988, 41:233-260.
25. Sakai T. Relation between thickness and interference colors of biological ultrathin section. Journal of Electron Microscopy 1980, 29:369-375.
26. Sandler J.K.W., Pegel S., Cadek M., Gojny F., VanEs M., Lohmar J., Blau W.J., Schulte K., Windle A.H., Shaffer M.S.P. A comparative study of melt spun polyamide-12 fibres reinforced with carbon nanotubes and nanofibres. Polymer 2004, 45:2001-2015.
27. Sezgin M., Sankur B. Survey over image thresholding techniques and quantitative performance evaluation. Journal of Electronic Imaging 2004, 13:146-165.
28. Shaffer M.S.P., Fan X., Windle A.H. Dispersion and packing of carbon nanotubes. Carbon 1998, 36:1603-1612.
29. Stoyan D., Kendall W.S., Mecke J. Stochastic Geometry and its Applications 1987, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester.
30. Torquato S. Random Heterogeneous Materials: Microstructure and Macroscopic Properties 2006, Springer, Berlin.
31. Villmow T., Pegel S., Pötschke P., Wagenknecht U. Influence of injection molding parameters on the electrical resistivity of polycarbonate filled with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Composites Science and Technology 2008, 68:777-789.
32. Villmow T., Pötschke P., Pegel S., Häussler L., Kretzschmar B. Influence of twin-screw extrusion conditions on the dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in a poly (lactic acid) matrix. Polymer 2008, 49:3500-3509.
33. Wicksell S.D. The corpuscle problem. Biometrika 1925, 17:84-99.
34. Wood J.R., Zhao Q., Wagner H.D. Orientation of carbon nanotubes in polymers and its detection by Raman spectroscopy. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 2001, 32:391-399.