The relationship between cadence, pedalling technique and gross eYciency in cycling

European Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 111, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 2885-2893

  Leirdal, Stig ^a   Ettema, Gertjan ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

Author keywords

Cadence; Inclined; Level; Pedalling; Technique

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BICYCLE; BODY POSTURE; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; PRODUCTIVITY; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE;

ADULT; BICYCLING; EFFICIENCY; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE TEST; HUMANS; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYSICAL EXERTION; POSTURE; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84855641625     PISSN: 14396319     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1914-3     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Baldari C, Bonavolonta V, Emerenziani GP, Gallotta MC, Silva AJ, Gudetti L (2009) Accuracy, reliability, linearity of accutrend and Lactate Pro versus EBIO plus analyzer. Eur J Appl Physiol 107:105-111
2. Belli A, Hintzy F (2002) Influence of pedalling rate on the energy cost of cycling in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 88:158-162 (Pubitemid 40826322)
3. Bertucci W, Grappe F, Girard A, Betik A, Rouillon JD (2005) Effects of the crank torque profile when changing pedalling cadence in level ground and inclined road cycling. J Biomech 38:1003-1010 (Pubitemid 40431441)
4. Brown DA, Kautz SA, Dairaghi CA (1996) Muscle activity patterns al-tered during pedalling at different body orientations. J Biomech 29(10):1349-1356 (Pubitemid 26302380)
5. Caldwell GE, Li L, Mc Cole SD, Hagberg JM (1998) Pedal and crank kinetics in inclined cycling. J Appl Biomech 14:245-259 (Pubitemid 28387084)
6. Caldwell GE, Hagberg JM, Mc Cole SD, Li L (1999) Lower extremity joint moments during inclined cycling. J Appl Biomech 15:166-181 (Pubitemid 29222572)
7. Candotti CT, Ribeiro J, Soares DP, De Oliveira AR, Loss JF, Guimaraes ACS (2007) Effective force and economy of triathletes and cyclists. Sport Biomech 6(1):31-43
8. Coast JR, Welch HG (1985) Linear increase in optimal pedal rate with increased power output in cycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol 53:339-342 (Pubitemid 15120596)
9. Coyle EF, Feltner ME, Kautz SA, Hamilto MT, Montain SJ, Baylor AM, Abraham LD, Petrek GW (1991) Physiological and biome-chanical factors associated with elite endurance cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 23(1):93-107
10. Dorel S, Drouet JM, Couturier A, Champoux Y, Hug F (2009) Changes of pedalling technique and muscle coordination during an exhaustive exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41(6):1277-1286
11. Ericson MO, Nisell R (1988) Efficiency of pedal forces during ergometer cycling. Int J Sports Med 9:118-122
12. Ettema G, Huijing PA (1994) Frequency response of rat gastrocnemius medialis in small amplitude vibrations. J Biomech 27:1015-1022 (Pubitemid 24177125)
13. Ettema G, Lorås H (2009) Efficiency in cycling: a review. Eur J Appl Physiol 106(1):1-14
14. Ettema G, Lorås H, Leirdal S (2009) The effects of cycling cadence on the phases of joint power, crank power, force and FE. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 19(2):94-101
15. Faria EW, Parkel DL, Faria IE (2005) The science of cycling: factors affecting performance\-Part 1. Sport Med 35:285-312
16. Foss Ø, Hallen J (2004) The most economical cadence increases with increasing workload. Eur J Appl Physiol 92, 443-451 (Pubitemid 39248357)
17. Foss Ø, Hallen J (2005) Cadence and performance in elite cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol, 93. 453-462 (Pubitemid 40074306)
18. Hansen EA, Sjøgaard G (2007) Relationship between efficiency and pedal rate in cycling: significance of internal power and muscle fiber composition. Scand J Med Sci Sports 17:408-414
19. Heil DP, Derrick TR, Whittlesey S (1997) The relationship between preffered and optimal positioning during submaximal cycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol 75:160-165
20. Hug F, Drouet JM, Champoux Y, Couturier A, Dorel S (2008) Interin-dividual variability of electromyographic patterns and pedal force profiles in trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 104(4):667-678
21. Kautz SA, Hull ML (1993) A theoretical basis for interpreting the force applied to the pedal in cycling. J Biomech 26(2):155-165 (Pubitemid 23067445)
22. Kautz SA, Neptune RR (2002) Biomechanical determinants of pedalling energetics: internal and external work are not independent. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 30(4):159-165 (Pubitemid 35204530)
23. Korff T, Romer LM, Mayhew I, Martin JC (2007) Effect of pedalling technique on mechanical effectiveness and efficiency in cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39(6):991-995 (Pubitemid 46883471)
24. Leirdal S, Ettema G (2009) Freely chosen pedal rate during free cycling on a roller and ergometer cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 106:799-805
25. Leirdal S, Ettema G (2010) Pedalling technique and energy cost in cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181 f6b7ea (accepted 23 Aug 2010)
26. Lorås H, Leirdal S, Ettema G (2009) The muscle force component in pedalling retains constant direction across pedalling rates. J Appl Biomech 25:1-9
27. Mc Ghie D, Ettema G (2011) The effect of cadence on timing of muscle activation and mechanical output in cycling: On the activation dynamics hypothesis. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 21:18-24
28. Medbø JI, Mamen A, Holth Olsen O, Evertsen F (2000) Examination of four different instruments for measuring blood lactate concentration. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 60:367-380
29. Millet GP, Tronche C, Fuster N, Candau R (2002) Level ground and inclined cycling efficiency in seated and standing positions. Med Sci Sport Exer 34:(10)1645-1652
30. Patterson RP, Pearson JL (1983) The influence offlywheel weight and pedalling frequency on the biomechanics and physiological response to bicycle exercise. Ergonomics 26(7):659-668
31. Price D, Donne B (1997) Effect of variation in seat tube angle at different seat heights on submaximal cycling performance in man. J Sport Sci 15:395-402 (Pubitemid 27387100)
32. Pyne DB, Boston T, martin DT, Logan A (2000) Evaluation of the lactate Pro blood lactate analyser. Eur J Appl Physiol 82:112-116 (Pubitemid 30312851)
33. Ricard MD, Hills-Meyer P, Miller MG, Michael TJ (2006) The effects of bicycle frame geometry on muscle activation and power during a Wingate anaerobic test. J. Sport Sci Med 5:25-32 (Pubitemid 43580526)
34. Samozino P, Nicolas H, Hintzy F (2006) Interactions between cadence and power output effects on mechanical efficiency during sub maximal cycling exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 97:133-139 (Pubitemid 43949797)
35. Sanderson DJ (1991) The influence of cadence and power output on the biomechanics of force application during steady-rate cycling in competitive and recreational cyclists. J Sport Sci 9:191-203
36. Sanderson DJ, Black A (2003) The effect of prolonged cycling on pedal forces. J Sport Sci 21:191-199 (Pubitemid 36410380)
37. Seabury JJ, Adams WC, Ramey MR (1977) Influence of pedalling rate and power output on energy expenditure during bicycle ergometry. Ergonomics 20(5):491-498 (Pubitemid 8206062)
38. Umberger BR, Scheuchenzuber HJ, Manos TM (1998) Differences in power output during cycling at different seat tube angles. J Hum Move Stud 35:21-36
39. Welbergen E, Clijsen LPVM (1990) The influence of body position on maximal performance in cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 61:138-142 (Pubitemid 20327157)
40. Zameziati K, Mornieux DR, Belli A (2006) Relationship between the increase of effectiveness indexes and the increase of muscular efficiency with cycling power. Eur J Appl Physiol 96:274-281 (Pubitemid 43193027)