Exploring the variation between EC and BC in a variety of locations

Aerosol and Air Quality Research

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-7

  Salako, Gbenga Oladoyin ^a   Hopke, Philip K ^a   Cohen, David D ^b   Begum, Bilkis A ^c   Biswas, Swapan K ^c   Pandit, Gauri Girish ^d   Chung, Yong Sam ^e   Rahman, Shamsiah Abd ^f   Hamzah, Mohd Suhaimi ^f   Davy, Perry ^g   Markwitz, Andreas ^g   Shagjjamba, Dagva ^h   Lodoysamba, Sereeter ^h   Wimolwattanapun, Wanna ⁱ   Bunprapob, Supamatthree ⁱ  

^a Clarkson University   (United States)

^b AUSTRALIAN NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION   (Australia)

^c ATOMIC ENERGY CENTER   (Bangladesh)

^d BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE   (India)

^e Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute   (South Korea)

^f MALAYSIAN NUCLEAR AGENCY   (Malaysia)

^g GNS SCIENCE   (New Zealand)

^h NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MONGOLIA   (Mongolia)

ⁱ Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology Bangkok   (Thailand)

Author keywords

Black carbon; Elemental carbon; Light absorbing aerosols; Particulate matter

Indexed keywords

BANGKOK , THAILAND; BANGLADESH; BLACK CARBON; CARBONACEOUS PARTICULATE MATTER; CORRELATION COEFFICIENT; DIESEL VEHICLES; DIFFUSION SYSTEMS; ELEMENTAL CARBON; FILTER SAMPLE; INTENSIVE RESEARCH; INTERAGENCY MONITORING OF PROTECTED VISUAL ENVIRONMENTS; MONGOLIA; MUMBAI , INDIA; NEW ZEALAND; PARTICULATE MATTER; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; STANDARD METHOD; SUBURBAN LOCATION;

COAL COMBUSTION; DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES;

CARBON;

ABSORBANCE; AEROSOL; AIR SAMPLING; BIOMASS BURNING; BLACK CARBON; CARBON; COMBUSTION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); CORRELATION; DATA SET; DIESEL ENGINE; EMISSION INVENTORY; EXPLORATION; POLLUTANT SOURCE; SUBURBAN AREA; TRAFFIC EMISSION; URBAN AREA;

ASIA; PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (SOUTH);

EID: 84855576657     PISSN: 16808584     EISSN: 20711409     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.2011.09.0150     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Ackerman, A.S., Toon, O.B., Stevens, D.E., Heymsfield, A.J., Ramanathan, V. and Welton, E.J. (2000). Reduction of Tropical Cloudiness by Soot. Science 288: 1042-1047.
2. Babich, P., Davey, M., Allen, G. and Koutrakis, P. (2000). Method Comparisons for Particulate Nitrate, Elemental Carbon, and PM2.5 Mass in Seven U.S. Cities. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 50: 1095-1105.
3. Baxla, S.P., Roy, A.A., Gupta, T., Tripathi, S.N. and Bandyopadhyaya, R. (2009). Analysis of Diurnal and Seasonal Variation of Submicron Outdoor Aerosol Mass and Size Distribution in a Northern Indian City and its Correlation to Black Carbon. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 9: 458-469.
4. Begum, A.B., Biswas, K.S. and Hopke, K.P. (2007). Source Apportionment of Air Particulate Matter by Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) and Comparison with Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) Model. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 7: 446-468.
5. Begum, A.B., Biswas, K.S., Gauri, G. Pandit, G.G., Saradhi, V.I., Waheed, S., Siddique, N., Seneviratne, M.C.S., Cohen, D.D., Andreas, M. and Hopke, P.K. (2011). Long-range Transport of Soil Dust and Smoke pollution in the South Asian Region. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 2: 151-157.
6. Begum, A.B., Hossain, A., Saroar, G., Biswas, K.S., Nasiruddin, Md., Nahar, N., Chowdury, Z. and Hopke, K.P. (2012). Sources of Carbonaceous Materials in the Airborne Particulate Matter of Dhaka, Asian. J. Atmos. Environ., In Press.
7. Begum, B.A., Kim, E., Biswas, S.K., and Hopke, P.K., (2004). Investigation of Sources of Atmospheric Aerosol at Urban and Semi-Urban Areas in Bangladesh. Atmos. Environ. 38: 3025-3038.
8. Behera, S.N. and Sharma, M. (2010). Reconstructing Primary and Secondary Components of PM2.5 Composition for an Urban Atmosphere. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 44: 983-992.
9. Birch, M.E. and Cary, R.A. (1996). Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 25: 221-241.
10. Biswas, S.K., Tarafdar, S.A., Islam, A., Khaliquzzaman, M., Tervahattu, H. and Kupiainen, K. (2003). Impact of Unleaded Gasoline Introduction on the Concentration of Lead in the Air of Dhaka, Bangladesh. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 53: 1355-1362.
11. Chow, J.C. and Watson, J.G. (2002). PM2.5 Carbonate Concentrations at Regionally Representative Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environment Sites. J. Geophys. Res. 107: 8344-8353.
12. Chow, J.C., Watson, J.G., Chen, L.W., Arnott, W.P., Moosmüller, H. and Fung, K.K. (2004). quivalence of Elemental Carbon by Thermal/Optical Reflectance and Transmittance with Different Temperature Protocols. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38: 4414-4422.
13. Chow, J.C., Watson, J.G., Chen, L.W.A., Chang, M.C.O., Robinson, N.F., Trimble, D. and Kohl, S. (2007) The IMPROVE_A Temperature Protocol for Thermal/Optical Carbon Analysis: Maintaining Consistency with a Long-Term Database. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 57: 1014-1023.
14. Chow, J.C., Watson, J.G., Crow, D., Lowenthal, D.H. and Merrifield, T. (2001).Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH Carbon Measurements. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 34: 23-34.
15. Chow, J.C., Watson, J.G., Pritchett, L.C., Pierson, W.R., Frazier, C.A. and Purcell, R.G. (1993). The DRI Thermal/Optical Reflectance Carbon Analysis System: Description, Evaluation and Applications in U.S. Air Quality Studies. Atmos. Environ. 8: 1185-1201.
16. Chung, Y.S., Kim, S.A., Moon, J.H., Kim, Y.J., Lim, J.M. and Lee, J.H. (2006). Source Identification and Long-term Monitoring of Airborne Particulate Matter (PM2.5/PM10) in an Urban Region of Korea. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 267: 35-48.
17. Cohen, D. (1994). Environmental Pollutants Monitoring Network Using Nuclear Techniques, Proceedings of the 9th Pacific Basin Nuclear Conference, Sydney, Australia, 1: 357-364
18. Cohen, D.D., Stelcer, E., Garton, D. and Crawford, J. (2011). Fine Particle Characterization, Source Apportionment and Long- range Dust transport into the Sydney Basin: A Long Term Study between 1998 and 2009. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 2: 182-189.
19. Cyrys, J., Heinrich, J., Hoek, G., Meliefste, K., Lewne, M., Gehring, U., Bellander, T., Fischer, P., Van Vliet, P., Brauer, M., Wichmann, H.E. and Brunekreef, B. (2003) Comparison between Different Traffic-related Particle Indicators: Elemental. Carbon (EC), PM2.5 Mass, and Absorbance. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 13: 134-143.
20. Davy, P.K., Gunchin, G., Markwitz, A., Trompetter, W.J., Barry, B.J., Shagjjamba, D. and Lodoysamba, S. (2011) Air Particulate Matter Pollution in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: Determination of Composition, Source Contributions and Source Locations. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 2: 126-137.
21. Edwards, J.D., Ogren, J.A., Weiss, R.E., Charlson, R.J. (1983). Particulate Air Pollutants: A Comparison of British "Smoke" with Optical Absorption Coefficient and Elemental Carbon Concentration. Atmos. Environ. 17: 2337-2341.
22. Gangwar, J., Gupta, T., Gupta, S. and Avinash, A.K. (2011). Emissions from Diesel versus Biodiesel Fuel Used in a CRDI SUV Engine: PM Mass and Chemical Composition. Inhal. Toxicol. 23: 449-458.
23. Gray, H.A. and Cass, G.R. (1998). Source Contributions to Atmospheric Fine Carbon Particle Concentrations. Atmos. Environ. 32:3805-3825.
24. Hopke, P.K., Cohen, D.D., Begum, B.A., Biswas, S.K., Ni, B., Pandit, G.G., Santoso, M., Chung, Y.S., Davy, P., Markwitz, A., Waheed, S., Siddique, N., Santos, F.L., Pabroa, P.C.B., Seneviratne, M.C.S., Wimolwattanapun, W., Bunprapob, S., Vuong, T.B. and Markowicz, A. (2008). Urban Air Quality in the Asian Region. Sci. Total Environ. 404: 103-112.
25. Hopke, P.K., Xie, Y., Raunemaa, T., Biegalski, S., Landsberger, S., Maenhaut, W., Artaxo, P. and Cohen, D. (1997). Characterization of the Gent Stacked Filter Unit PM10 Sampler. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 27: 726-735.
26. Horvath, H. (1993). Atmospheric Light Absorption - A Review. Atmos. Environ. 3: 293
27. Jacobson, M.Z. (2001). Strong Radiative Heating Due tothe Mixing State of Black Carbon in Atmospheric Aerosols. Nature 409: 695-697.
28. Jeong, C.H., Hopke, P.K., Kim, E. and Lee, D.W. (2004). The Comparison between Thermal- Optical Transmittance Elemental Carbon and Aethalometer Black Carbon Measured at Multiple Monitoring Sites. Atmos. Environ. 31: 5193-5204.
29. Kaul, D.S., Tarun, G., Tripathi, S.N., Tare, V. and Collett, J.L. (2011). Secondary Organic Aerosol: A Comparison between Foggy and Nonfoggy Days. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45: 7307-7313.
30. Kothai, P., Saradhi, I.V., Pandit, G.G., Markwitz, A., Puranik, V.D. (2011) Chemical haracterization and Source Identification of Particulate Matter at an Urban Site of Navi Mumbai, India. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 11: 560-569.
31. Lili, T., Shengjie, N., Mingliang, Y., Xuwen, L., Xiangzhi, Z., Yuan, Z., Honglei, S., Minjun, X. and Lei, T. (2011). Observational Study of Black Carbon in the North Suburb of Nanjing, China. InTech 2: 1-18.
32. Lim, H.J., Turpin, B.J., Russell, L.M. and Bates, T.S. (2003). Organic and Elemental Carbon Measurements during ACE-Asia Suggest a Longer Atmospheric Lifetime for Elemental Carbon. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37: 1-7.
33. Lou, S.J., Mao, J.T. and Wang, M.H. (2005). Observational Study of Black Carbon Aerosol in Beijing. Acta Sci. Circumst. 25: 17-22.
34. Nordmann, S., Birmili, W., Weinhold, K., Wiedensohler, A., Mertes, S., Müller, K., Gnauk, T., Herrmann, H., Pitz, M., Cyrys, J., Flentje, H., Ries, L. and Wirtz, K. (2009). Atmospheric Aerosol Measurements in the German Ultrafine Aerosol Network (GUAN), Part 2: Comparison of Measurements Techniques for Graphitic, Lightabsorbing, and Elemental Carbon, and Non- volatile Particle Volume under Field Conditions. Gefahrstoffe - Reinhaltung der Luft, 69 Nr. 11/12, p. 469-474.
35. Park, S.S., Hansen, D.A.A. and Cho, Y.S. (2010). Measurement of Real Time Black Carbon for Investigating Spot Loading Effects of Aethalometer Data. Atmos. Environ.44: 1449-1455.
36. Pavuluri, C.M., Kawamura, K., Aggarwal, S.G. and Swaminathan, T. (2011). Characteristics, Seasonality and Sources of Carbonaceous and Ionic Components in the Tropical Indian Aerosols. Atmos. Chem. Phys.11: 3937-3976.
37. Rahman, S.A., Hamzah, M.S., Wood, A.K., Elias, M.S., Salam, N.A.A. and Sanuri, E. (2011) Sources Apportionment of Fine and Coarse Aerosol in Klang Valley, Kuala Lumpur Using Positive Matrix Factorization. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 2: 197-206.
38. Ramanathan, V. and Carmichael, G. (2008). Global and Regional Climate Changes Due to Black Carbon. Nat. Geosci. 4: 221-227.
39. Richard, W.B., Dennis, D.L., Glen, A.M. and Russell, W.W. (2001). Performance Evaluation of the Portable MiniVOL Particulate Matter Sampler. Atmos. Environ 35: 6087-6091.
40. Schauer, J.J. (2003). Evaluation of Elemental Carbon as a Marker for Diesel Particulate Matter. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 13: 443-453.
41. Schauer, J.J., Mader, B.T., Deminter, J.T., Heidemann, G., Bae, M.S., Seinfeld, J.H., Flagran, R.C., Cary, R.A., Smith, D., Huebert, B.J., Bertram, T., Howell, S., Kline, J.T., Quinn, P., Bates, T., Turpin, B., Lim, H.J., Yu, J.Z., Yang, H., and Keywood, M.D. (2003). ACE-Asia Intercomparison of a Thermal-Optical Method for the Determination of Particle-Phase Organic and Elemental Carbon. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37: 993-1001.
42. Sharma, S., Brook, J.R., Cachier, H., Chow, J., Gaudenzi, A. and Lu, G. (2002). Light Absorption and Thermal Measurements of Black Carbon in Different Regions of Canada. J. Geophys. Res. 107: 1-11.
43. Stone, A.E., Schauer, J.J., Pradhan, B.B., Dangol, M.P., Habib, G., Venkataraman, C. and Ramanathan, V. (2010). Characterization of Emissions from South Asian Biofuels and Application to Source Apportionment of Carbonaceous Aerosol in the Himalayas. J. Geophys. Res. 115: 1-14.
44. Watson, J.G. and Chow, J.C. (2002). Comparison and Evaluation of In-situ and Filter Carbon easurements at the Fresno Supersite. J. Geophys. Res. 107: 3-15.
45. Watson, J.G., Chow, J.C. and Chen, L.W.A. (2004). Summary of Methods and Comparison Studies for Organic and Elemental Carbon: Implications for Visibility and Global Warming, Regional and Global Perspectives on Haze: Causes, Consequences and Controversies Visibility Specialty conference, Ashville, North Carolina, A&WMA, Available at http://secure awma.org/onlinelibrary/samples/VIP-134-CD_TOC.pdf
46. Watson, J.G., Chow, J.C. and Chen, L.W.A. (2005). Summary of Organic and Elemental Carbon/Black Carbon Analysis Methods and Intercomparisons. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 5: 65-102.
47. Wimolwattanapun, W., Hopke, K.P. and Pongkiatkul, P. (2011). Source Apportionment and Potential Source Locations of PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 at Residential Sites in Metropolitan Bangkok. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 2: 1-10.