Mercury toxicity and treatment: A review of the literature

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

Volumn 2012, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Bernhoft, Robin A ^a  

^a Bernhoft Center for Advanced Medicine ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DENTAL ALLOY; GOLD; MERCURY; METHYLMERCURY; UNITHIOL; CHELATING AGENT;

CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG SAFETY; FISH MEAT; HALF LIFE TIME; HUMAN; MERCURIALISM; MINING; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; CHELATION THERAPY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; METHODOLOGY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

CHELATING AGENTS; CHELATION THERAPY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMANS; MERCURY; MERCURY POISONING; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITHIOL;

EID: 84855572955     PISSN: 16879805     EISSN: 16879813     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2012/460508     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Environmental Health Department, Ministry of the Environment, Minimata Disease: The History and Measures 2002 Tokyo, Japan Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan
2. Bakir F., Damluji S. F., Amin Zaki I., Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq: an interuniversity report Science 1973 181 4096 230 241
3. Skerfving S. B., Copplestone J. F., Poisoning caused by the consumption of organomercury dressed seed in Iraq Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1976 54 1 101 112
4. Clarkson T. W., Magos L., Cox C., Tests of efficacy of antidotes for removal of methylmercury in human poisoning during the Iraq outbreak Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1981 218 1 74 83 (Pubitemid 11033721)
5. Berlin M., Zalups R. K., Fowler B. A., Nordberg G. F., Fowler B. A., Nordberg M., Friberg L. T., Mercury Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals 2007 3rd chapter 33 New York, NY, USA Elsevier
6. Aposhian H. V., DMSA and DMPSwater soluble antidotes for heavy metal poisoning Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 1983 23 193 215 (Pubitemid 13079373)
7. World Health Organization, Inorganic mercury: environmental health criteria 118 International Programme on Chemical Safety 1991 Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization
8. Richardson M., The Safety of Dental Amalgam 1996 Canada Minister of Health ISBN 0-662-24873-2
9. Boylan H. M., Cain R. D., Kingston H. M., A new method to assess mercury emissions: a study of three coal-fired electric-generating power station configurations Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 2003 53 11 1318 1325 (Pubitemid 37356532)
10. Berglund A., Pohl L., Olsson S., Bergman M., Determination of the rate of release of intra-oral mercury vapor from amalgam Journal of Dental Research 1988 67 9 1235 1242
11. Zeitz P., Orr M. F., Kaye W. E., Public health consequences to mercury spills: hazardous substances emergency events surveillance system, 19931998 Environmental Health Perspectives 2002 110 2 129 132 (Pubitemid 34163028)
12. Schwartz J. G., Snider T. E., Montiel M. M., Toxicity of a family from vacuumed mercury American Journal of Emergency Medicine 1992 10 3 258 261
13. Burger J., Jeitner C., Gochfeld M., Locational differences in mercury and selenium levels in 19 species of saltwater fish from New Jersey Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 2011 74 13 863 874
14. Kudsk F. N., The influence of ethyl alcohol on the absorption of mercury vapour from the lungs in man Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 1965 23 2 263 274
15. Hursh J. B., Clarkson T. W., Cherian M. G., Clearance of mercury (Hg-197, Hg-203) vapor inhaled by human subjects Archives of Environmental Health 1976 31 6 302 309 (Pubitemid 8005015)
16. Eggleston D. W., Nylander M., Correlation of dental amalgam with mercury in brain tissue The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 1987 58 6 704 707
17. Nordberg G. F., Serenius F., Distribution of inorganic mercury in the guinea pig brain Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 1969 27 4 269 283
18. Clarkson T. W., Magos L., Greenwood M. R., The transport of elemental mercury into fetal tissues Biology of the Neonate 1972 21 3 239 244
19. Guzzi G., Grandi M., Cattaneo C., Calza S., Minoia C., Ronchi A., Gatti A., Severi G., Dental amalgam and mercury levels in autopsy tissues: food for thought American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 2006 27 1 42 45 (Pubitemid 44389204)
20. Reinhardt J. W., Side-effects: mercury contribution to body burden from dental amalgam Advances in Dental Research 1992 6 110 113
21. Bjrkman L., Lundekvam B. F., Lgreid T., Bertelsen B. I., Morild I., Lilleng P., Lind B., Palm B., Vahter M., Mercury in human brain, blood, muscle and toenails in relation to exposure: an autopsy study Environmental Health 2007 6, article 30
22. Wenstrup D., Ehmann W. D., Markesbery W. R., Trace element imbalances in isolated subcellular fractions of Alzheimer's disease brains Brain Research 1990 533 1 125 131 (Pubitemid 20375807)
23. Nylander M., Friberg L., Lind B., Mercury concentrations in the human brain and kidneys in relation to exposure from dental amalgam fillings Swedish Dental Journal 1987 11 5 179 187
24. Mutter J., Curth A., Naumann J., Deth R., Walach H., Does inorganic mercury play a role in Alzheimer's disease? A systematic review and an integrated molecular mechanism Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2010 22 2 357 374
25. Siblerud R. L., The relationship between mercury from dental amalgam and mental health American Journal of Psychotherapy 1989 43 4 575 587 (Pubitemid 20091914)
26. Clarkson T. W., Gatzy J., Dalton E., UR-582 1961 Rochester, NY, USA Division of Radiation Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Rochester Atomic Energy Project
27. Crespo-Lpez M. E., Macdo G. L., Pereira S. I. D., Arrifano G. P. F., Picano-Diniz D. L. W., Nascimento J. L. M. D., Herculano A. M., Mercury and human genotoxicity: critical considerations and possible molecular mechanisms Pharmacological Research 2009 60 4 212 220
28. Frustaci A., Magnavita N., Chimenti C., Caldarulo M., Sabbioni E., Pietra R., Cellini C., Possati G. F., Maseri A., Marked elevation of myocardial trace elements in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy compared with secondary cardiac dysfunction Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1999 33 6 1578 1583
29. Matsuo N., Suzuki T., Akagi H., Mercury concentration in organs of contemporary Japanese Archives of Environmental Health 1989 44 5 298 303 (Pubitemid 20000571)
30. Hahn L. J., Kloiber R., Vimy M. J., Takahashi Y., Lorscheider F. L., Dental 'silver' tooth fillings: a source of mercury exposure revealed by whole-body image scan and tissue analysis FASEB Journal 1989 3 14 2641 2646 (Pubitemid 20013279)
31. Vimy M. J., Takahashi Y., Lorscheider F. L., Maternal-fetal distribution of mercury released from dental amalgam fillings American Journal of Physiology 1990 258 4 R939 R945
32. Danscher G., Horsted-Bindslev P., Rungby J., Traces of mercury in organs from primates with amalgam fillings Experimental and Molecular Pathology 1990 52 3 291 299 (Pubitemid 20238211)
33. Hultman P., Nordberg G. F., Fowler B. A., Nordberg M., Friberg L. T., Immunotoxicology of metals Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals 2007 3rd Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elsevier 205 206
34. Park S. H., Araki S., Nakata A., Kim Y. H., Park J. A., Tanigawa T., Yokoyama K., Sato H., Effects of occupational metallic mercury vapour exposure on suppressor-inducer (CD4+CD45RA+) T lymphocytes and CD57+CD16+ natural killer cells International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 2000 73 8 537 542
35. Suzuki T., Takemoto T. I., Shishido S., Kani K., Mercury in human amniotic fluid Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 1977 3 1 32 35 (Pubitemid 8072260)
36. Goodman, Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 1990 8th
37. Norseth T., Clarkson T. W., Intestinal transport of 203 Hg-labeled methyl mercury chloride. Role of biotransformation in rats Archives of Environmental Health 1971 22 5 568 577
38. Kostial K., Kello D., Jugo S., Influence of age on metal metabolism and toxicity Environmental Health Perspectives 1978 25 81 86 (Pubitemid 9067638)
39. Jansson T., Amino acid transporters in the human placenta Pediatric Research 2001 49 2 141 147 (Pubitemid 32119207)
40. Taugner R., zum Winkel K., Iravani J., The localization of mercuric chloride concentration in the rat kidney Virchows Archiv 1966 340 4 369 383
41. Cherian M. G., Clarkson T. W., Radioactive mercury distribution in biological fluids and excretion in human subjects after inhalation of mercury vapor Archives of Environmental Health 1978 33 3 109 114 (Pubitemid 9005430)
42. Berlin M., Ullberg S., Accumulation and retention of mercury in the mouse. I. An autoradiographic study after a single intravenous injection of mercuric chloride Archives of Environmental Health 1963 6 589 601
43. Bjrnberg K. A., Vahter M., Berglund B., Niklasson B., Blennow M., Sandborgh-Englund G., Transport of methylmercury and inorganic mercury to the fetus and breast-fed infant Environmental Health Perspectives 2005 113 10 1381 1385 (Pubitemid 41511997)
44. Rahola T., Hattula T., Lorolainen A., The Elimination of 203 Hg-methylmercury in man Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 1971 27 supplement 116 77
45. Kershaw T. G., Clarkson T. W., Dhahir P. H., The relationship between blood levels and dose of methylmercury in man Archives of Environmental Health 1980 35 1 28 36 (Pubitemid 10183989)
46. Suda I., Takahashi H., Degradation of methyl and ethyl mercury into inorganic mercury by other reactive oxygen species besides hydroxyl radical Archives of Toxicology 1992 66 1 34 39
47. Berglund M., Lind B., Bjrnberg K. A., Palm B., Einarsson O., Vahter M., Inter-individual variations of human mercury exposure biomarkers: a cross-sectional assessment Environmental Health 2005 4, article 20
48. Nierenberg D. W., Nordgren R. E., Chang M. B., Siegler R. W., Blayney M. B., Hochberg F., Toribara T. Y., Cernichiari E., Clarkson T., Delayed cerebellar disease and death after accidental exposure to dimethylmercury New England Journal of Medicine 1998 338 23 1672 1676 (Pubitemid 28267912)
49. Berlin M., Lidmark A., Dental Materials and Health 2003 Stockholm Statens Offentliga Utredningar 17 57
50. Garnier R., Fuster J. M., Conso F., Acute mercury vapour poisoning Toxicological European Research 1981 3 2 77 86 (Pubitemid 11095158)
51. Friberg L., Nordberg G. F., Mercury in the Environment 1972 Boca Raton, Fla, USA CRC Press
52. Baldi G., Vigliani E. C., Zurlo N., Mercury poisoning in hat industry La Medicina del Lavoro 1953 44 4 160 199
53. Barnes J. L., McDowell E. M., McNeil J. S., Studies on the pathophysiology of acute renal failure. V. Effect of chronic saline loading on the progression of proximal tubular injury and functional impairment following administration of mercuric chloride in the rat Virchows Archiv Abteilung B Cell Pathology 1980 32 3 233 260 (Pubitemid 10150715)
54. de Vos G., Abotaga S., Liao Z., Jerschow E., Rosenstreich D., Selective effect of mercury on Th2-type cytokine production in humans Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 2007 29 3-4 537 548 (Pubitemid 350261191)
55. Ilback N. G., Sundberg J., Oskarsson A., Methyl mercury exposure via placenta and milk impairs natural killer (NK) cell function in newborn rats Toxicology Letters 1991 58 2 149 158
56. Ellingsen D. G., Efskind J., Haug E., Thomassen Y., Martinsen I., Gaarder P. I., Effects of low mercury vapour exposure on the thyroid function in chloralkali workers Journal of Applied Toxicology 2000 20 6 483 489 (Pubitemid 32038004)
57. Rao M. V., Sharma P. S. N., Protective effect of vitamin E against mercuric chloride reproductive toxicity in male mice Reproductive Toxicology 2001 15 6 705 712 (Pubitemid 34000939)
58. Nadorfy-Lopez E., Torres S. H., Finol H., Mendez M., Bello B., Skeletal muscle abnormalities associated with occupational exposure to mercury vapours Histology and Histopathology 2000 15 3 673 682 (Pubitemid 30488549)
59. Gruenwedel D. W., Lu D. S., Changes in the sedimentation characteristics of DNA due to methylmercuration Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1970 40 3 542 548
60. Herman S. P., Klein R., Talley F. A., Krigman M. R., An ultrastructural study of methylmercury-induced primary sensory neuropathy in the rat Laboratory Investigation 1973 28 1 104 118
61. Fowler B. A., Woods J. S., Ultrastructural and biochemical changes in renal mitochondria during chronic oral methyl mercury exposure. The relationship to renal function Experimental and Molecular Pathology 1977 27 3 403 412 (Pubitemid 8234400)
62. Olivieri G., Brack C., Mller-Spahn F., Sthelin H. B., Herrmann M., Renard P., Brockhaus M., Hock C., Mercury induces cell cytotoxicity and oxidative stress and increases -amyloid secretion and tau phosphorylation in SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cells Journal of Neurochemistry 2000 74 1 231 236 (Pubitemid 30012773)
63. Yee S., Choi B. H., Oxidative stress in neurotoxic effects of methylmercury poisoning NeuroToxicology 1996 17 1 17 26 (Pubitemid 26190692)
64. Ilback N. G., Sundberg J., Oskarsson A., Methyl mercury exposure via placenta and milk impairs natural killer (NK) cell function in newborn rats Toxicology Letters 1991 58 2 149 158
65. Park S. H., Araki S., Nakata A., Kim Y. H., Park J. A., Tanigawa T., Yokoyama K., Sato H., Effects of occupational metallic mercury vapour exposure on suppressor-inducer (CD4+CD45RA+) T lymphocytes and CD57+CD16+ natural killer cells International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 2000 73 8 537 542
66. Santarelli L., Bracci M., Mocchegiani E., In vitro and in vivo effects of mercuric chloride on thymic endocrine activity, NK and NKT cell cytotoxicity, cytokine profiles (IL-2, IFN-, IL-6): role of the nitric oxide-l-arginine pathway International Immunopharmacology 2006 6 3 376 389 (Pubitemid 43120452)
67. Vimercati L., Santarelli L., Pesola G., Drago I., Lasorsa G., Valentino M., Vacca A., Soleo L., Monocyte-macrophage system and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in workers exposed to low levels of metallic mercury Science of the Total Environment 2001 270 13 157 163 (Pubitemid 32273566)
68. de Vos G., Abotaga S., Liao Z., Jerschow E., Rosenstreich D., Selective effect of mercury on Th2-type cytokine production in humans Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 2007 29 3-4 537 548 (Pubitemid 350261191)
69. Tanigawa T., Takehashi H., Nakata A., Nave (CD4+CD45RA+) T cell subpopulation is susceptible to various types of hazardous substances in the workplace International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology 2004 17 supplement 2 109 114
70. Gruenwedel D. W., Cruickshank M. K., Effect of methylmercury(II) on the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid and protein in HeLa S3 cells Biochemical Pharmacology 1979 28 5 651 655 (Pubitemid 9141778)
71. Friberg L., Nordberg G. F., Mercury in the Environment 1972 Boca Raton, Fla, USA CRC Press
72. Andersen A., Ellingsen D. G., Morland T., Kjuus H., A neurological and neurophysiological study of chloralkali workers previously exposed to mercury vapour Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1993 88 6 427 433 (Pubitemid 23347534)
73. Smith P. J., Langolf G. D., Goldberg J., Effects of occupational exposure to elemental mercury on short term memory British Journal of Industrial Medicine 1983 40 4 413 419 (Pubitemid 14230675)
74. Cavalleri A., Belotti L., Gobba F., Luzzana G., Rosa P., Seghizzi P., Colour vision loss in workers exposed to elemental mercury vapour Toxicology Letters 1995 77 13 351 356
75. Echeverria D., Heyer N. J., Martin M. D., Naleway C. A., Woods J. S., Bittner Jr. A. C., Behavioral effects of low-level exposure to Hg among dentists Neurotoxicology and Teratology 1995 17 2 161 168
76. Kosan C., Topaloglu A. K., Ozkan B., Chronic mercury intoxication simulating pheochromocytoma: effect of captopril on urinary mercury excretion Pediatrics International 2001 43 4 429 430 (Pubitemid 32777601)
77. Siblerud R. L., Motl J., Kienholz E., Psychometric evidence that mercury from silver dental fillings may be an etiological factor in depression, excessive anger, and anxiety Psychological Reports 1994 74 1 67 80
78. Salonen J. T., Seppanen K., Nyyssonen K., Korpela H., Kauhanen J., Kantola M., Tuomilehto J., Esterbauer H., Tatzber F., Salonen R., Intake of mercury from fish, lipid peroxidation, and the risk of myocardial infarction and coronary, cardiovascular, and any death in Eastern Finnish men Circulation 1995 91 3 645 655
79. Chan H. M., Egeland G. M., Fish consumption, mercury exposure, and heart diseases Nutrition Reviews 2004 62 2 68 72 (Pubitemid 38327620)
80. Booth S., Zeller D., Mercury, food webs, and marine mammals: implications of diet and climate change for human health Environmental Health Perspectives 2005 113 5 521 526 (Pubitemid 40711338)
81. Grandjean P., Weihe P., White R. F., Debes F., Araki S., Yokoyama K., Murata K., Srensen N., Dahl R., Jrgensen P. J., Cognitive deficit in 7-year-old children with prenatal exposure to methylmercury Neurotoxicology and Teratology 1997 19 6 417 428 (Pubitemid 27489345)
82. Ramirez G. B., Pagulayan O., Akagi H., Francisco Rivera A., Lee L. V., Berroya A., Vince Cruz M. C., Casintahan D., Tagum study II: follow-up study at two years of age after prenatal exposure to mercury Pediatrics 2003 111 3 289 295
83. Aitio A., Valkonen S., Kivisto H., Yrjanheikki E., Effect of occupational mercury exposure on plasma lysosomal hydrolases International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 1983 53 2 139 147 (Pubitemid 14213029)
84. Berlin M., Fazackerley J., Nordberg G., The uptake of mercury in the brains of mammals exposed to mercury vapor and to mercuric salts Archives of Environmental Health 1969 18 5 719 729
85. Berlin M., Gibson S., Renal uptake, excretion, and retention of mercury. I. A study in the rabbit during infusion of mercuric chloride Archives of Environmental Health 1963 6 617 625
86. Drasch G., Wanghofer E., Roider G., Are blood, urine, hair, and muscle valid biomonitors for the internal burden of men with the heavy metals mercury, lead and cadmium? An investigation on 150 deceased Trace Elements in Medicine 1997 14 3 116 123 (Pubitemid 27367596)
87. Smith R. G., Vorwald A. J., Patil L. S., Mooney T. F., Effects of exposure to mercury in the manufacture of chlorine American Industrial Hygiene Association journal 1970 31 6 687 700
88. 3rd National report on human exposure to environmental chemicals 2005 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
89. Haut M. W., Morrow L. A., Pool D., Callahan T. S., Haut J. S., Franzen M. D., Neurobehavioral effects of acute exposure to inorganic mercury vapor Applied Neuropsychology 1999 6 4 193 200 (Pubitemid 30030300)
90. Chaffin D. B., Dinman D. B., Miller J. M., Final report NIOSH 1973 contract no HSM-099-71-62 Ann Arbor, Mich, USA University of Michigan
91. Meyer-Baron M., Schaeper M., Seeber A., A meta-analysis for neurobehavioural results due to occupational mercury exposure Archives of Toxicology 2002 76 3 127 136 (Pubitemid 34328046)
92. Lucchini R., Cortesi I., Facco P., Benedetti L., Camerino D., Carta P., Urbano M. L., Zaccheo A., Alessio L., Neurotoxic effect of exposure to low doses of mercury Medicina del Lavoro 2002 93 3 202 214 (Pubitemid 36267818)
93. Echeverria D., Vasken Aposhian H., Woods J. S., Heyer N. J., Aposhian M. M., Bittner A. C., Mahurin R. K., Cianciola M., Neurobehavioral effects from exposure to dental amalgam Hg 0: new distinctions between recent exposure and Hg body burden FASEB Journal 1998 12 11 971 980 (Pubitemid 28359578)
94. Roels H. A., Hoet P., Lison D., Usefulness of biomarkers of exposure to inorganic mercury, lead, or cadmium in controlling occupational and environmental risks of nephrotoxicity Renal Failure 1999 21 3-4 251 262 (Pubitemid 29318191)
95. Rice D. C., The US EPA reference dose for methylmercury: sources of uncertainty Environmental Research 2004 95 3 406 413 (Pubitemid 38833592)
96. Kazantzis G., Mercury exposure and early effects: an overview Medicina del Lavoro 2002 93 3 139 147 (Pubitemid 36267812)
97. Aposhian H. V., Arroyo A., Cebrian M. E., Del Razo L. M., Hurlbut K. M., Dart R. C., Gonzalez-Ramirez D., Kreppel H., Speisky H., Smith A., Gonsebatt M. E., Ostrosky-Wegman P., Aposhian M. M., DMPS-arsenic challenge test. I: increased urinary excretion of monomethylarsonic acid in humans given dimercaptopropane sulfonate Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1997 282 1 192 200 (Pubitemid 27425541)
98. Kazantzis G., Nordberg G. F., Diagnosis and treatment of metal poisoninggeneral aspects Handbook on The Toxicology of Metals 2007 3rd chapter 15 New York, NY, USA Elsevier 313 314
99. Schiele V. R., Schaller K. H., Weltle D., Aus dem Institut fur Arbeits-und Sozialmedizin und der Poliklinik fur Berufskrankheiten de Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg 1989 249 251
100. Godfrey M., Campbell N., Confirmation of mercury retention and toxicity using 2,3 dimercapto-1-propane sulphonic acid sodium salt (DMPS) Journal of Advancement in Medicine 1994 7 1 19 30
101. Daunderer M., Mobilization test for environmental metal poisonings Forum des Praktischen und Allgemein-Arztes 1989 28 3 88 94
102. Molin M., Schutz A., Skerfving S., Sallsten G., Mobilized mercury in subjects with varying exposure to elemental mercury vapour International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 1991 63 3 187 192
103. Aaseth J., Jacobsen D., Andersen O., Wickstrom E., Treatment of mercury and lead poisonings with dimercaptosuccinic acid and sodium dimercaptopropanesulfonate. A review Analyst 1995 120 3 853 854
104. Torres-Alanis O., Garza-Ocanas L., Pineyro-Lopez A., Evaluation of urinary mercury excretion after administration of 2,3-dimercaptol-propane sulfonic acid to occupationally exposed men Journal of ToxicologyClinical Toxicology 1995 33 6 717 720 (Pubitemid 26005219)
105. Aposhian H. V., Maiorino R. M., Rivera M., Bruce D. C., Dart R. C., Hurlbut K. M., Levine D. J., Zheng W., Fernando Q., Carter D., Aposhian M. M., Human studies with the chelating agents, DMPS and DMSA Journal of ToxicologyClinical Toxicology 1992 30 4 505 528
106. Maiorino R. M., Dart R. C., Carter D. E., Aposhian H. V., Determination and metabolism of dithiol chelating agents. XII. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate in humans Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1991 259 2 808 814
107. Hurlbut K. M., Maiorino R. M., Mayersohn M., Dart R. C., Bruce D. C., Aposhian H. V., Determination and metabolism of dithiol chelating agents XVI: pharmacokinetics of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonate after intravenous administration to human volunteers Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1994 268 2 662 668 (Pubitemid 24085861)
108. Aposhian H. V., Mobilization of mercury and arsenic in humans by sodium 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonate (DMPS) Environmental Health Perspectives 1998 106 4 1017 1025 (Pubitemid 28419787)
109. Aposhian H. V., Maiorino R. M., Gonzalez-Ramirez D., Zuniga-Charles M., Xu Z., Hurlbut K. M., Junco-Munoz P., Dart R. C., Aposhian M. M., Mobilization of heavy metals by newer, therapeutically useful chelating agents Toxicology 1995 97 13 23 38
110. 2,3 Dimercapto-1-propane sulfonic acid (DMPS) in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning. FDA Docket 98-n-0182 entry for DMPS and Nguyen H. T., 1999, http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/DOCKETS/98n0182/nom005b.pdf
111. Sallsten G., Barregard L., Schutz A., Clearance half life of mercury in urine after the cessation of long term occupational exposure: influence of a chelating agent (DMPS) on excretion of mercury in urine Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1994 51 5 337 342 (Pubitemid 24176658)
112. Torres-Alanis O., Garza-Ocanas L., Pineyro-Lopez A., Evaluation of urinary mercury excretion after administration of 2,3-dimercaptol-propane sulfonic acid to occupationally exposed men Journal of ToxicologyClinical Toxicology 1995 33 6 717 720 (Pubitemid 26005219)
113. Gonzalez-Ramirez D., Zuniga-Charles M., Narro-Juarez A., Molina-Recio Y., Hurlbut K. M., Dart R. C., Aposhian H. V., DMPS (2,3-dimercaptopropane-1- sulfonate, dimaval) decreases the body burden of mercury in humans exposed to mercurous chloride Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1998 287 1 8 12 (Pubitemid 29140179)
114. Bse-O'Reilly S., Drasch G., Beinhoff C., Maydl S., Vosko M. R., Roider G., Dzaja D., The Mt. Diwata study on the Philippines 2000Treatment of mercury intoxicated inhabitants of a gold mining area with DMPS (2,3-Dimercapto-1- propane-sulfonic acid, Dimaval) Science of the Total Environment 2003 307 13 71 82 (Pubitemid 36452340)
115. Drasch G., Bse-O'Reilly S., Beinhoff C., Roider G., Maydl S., The Mt. Diwata study on the Philippines 1999Assessing mercury intoxication of the population by small scale gold mining Science of the Total Environment 2001 267 13 151 168 (Pubitemid 32175709)
116. Campbell J. R., Clarkson T. W., Omar M. D., The therapeutic use of 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate in two cases of inorganic mercury poisoning Journal of the American Medical Association 1986 256 22 3127 3130 (Pubitemid 17045828)
117. Pendergrass J. C., Haley B. E., Vimy M. J., Winfield S. A., Lorscheider F. L., Mercury vapor inhalation inhibits binding of GTP to tubulin in rat brain: similarity to a molecular lesion in Alzheimer diseased brain NeuroToxicology 1997 18 2 315 324 (Pubitemid 27392641)
118. Fujimura M., Usuki F., Sawada M., Takashima A., Methylmercury induces neuropathological changes with tau hyperphosphorylation mainly through the activation of the c-jun-N-terminal kinase pathway in the cerebral cortex, but not in the hippocampus of the mouse brain NeuroToxicology 2009 30 6 1000 1007
119. Monnet-Tschudi F., Zurich M. G., Boschat C., Corbaz A., Honegger P., Involvement of environmental mercury and lead in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases Reviews on Environmental Health 2006 21 2 105 117 (Pubitemid 44077520)
120. Aschner M., Onishchenko N., Ceccatelli S., Toxicology of alkylmercury compounds Metal Ions in Life Sciences 2010 7 403 423
121. Mutter J., Curth A., Naumann J., Deth R., Walach H., Does inorganic mercury play a role in Alzheimer's disease? A systematic review and an integrated molecular mechanism Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2010 22 2 357 374
122. Johnson F. O., Atchison W. D., The role of environmental mercury, lead and pesticide exposure in development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis NeuroToxicology 2009 30 5 761 765
123. Yang D. J., Shi S., Zheng L. F., Yao T. M., Ji L. N., Mercury(II) promotes the in vitro aggregation of tau fragment corresponding to the second repeat of microtubule-binding domain: coordination and conformational transition Biopolymers 2010 93 12 1100 1107
124. (NHANES III) 3rd National report on human exposure to environmental chemicals 2005 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
125. (NHANES IV) 4th National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals 2009 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
126. Toxicological profile for mercury. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1999, http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/ tp46.pdf
127. Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols for safer, effective mercury human biohazard management Consensus Development Working Group of the International College of Integrative Medicine 2003
128. Chelation Module 2010 Irvine, Calif, USA American College for Advancement in Medicine
129. Advanced Medical Education and Services Physician Association, Introduction to Clinical Metal Toxicology 2007 San Antonio, Tex, USA Advanced Medical Education and Services Physician Association
130. Clinician Seminar Level 1 2010 San Diego, Calif, USA Autism Research Institute
131. Bernhoft R. A., Buttar R. A., Autism: a multi-system oxidative and inflammatory disorder Townsend Letter 2008 86 90