International Perspectives on the Epidemiology and Aetiology of Suicide and Self-Harm

International Handbook of Suicide Prevention: Research, Policy and Practice

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 27-57

  Windfuhr, Kirsten ^a   Kapur, Navneet ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Association of mental illness with suicide and self harm suicidal behaviour; Cross national rates, and trends in suicide inconsistencies and variability; Death determination, medical examiners or coroners and cross national differences; Global disease burden of suicide tenth leading cause of death worldwide; International perspectives, on epidemiology and aetiology of suicide and self harm; Self harm, multifaceted and complex behaviour varying in severity and intent; Socio economic and cultural factors Stack's overview of socioeconomic, cultural factors, and suicide; Suicide and mental illness key contributory factors, in suicide risk; Suicide and self harm major public health issues worldwide; Suicide, as an intentional self inflicted act resulting in death

Indexed keywords

EID: 84855510286     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781119998556.ch2     Document Type: Chapter

References (146)

1. Ajdacic-Gross, V., Lauber, C., Bopp, M., Eich, D., Gostynki, M., Gutzwiller, F., Burns, T., & Rössler, W. (2008). Reduction in the suicide rate during Advent - A time series analysis. Psychiatry Research, 157, 139-146.
2. Ajdacic-Gross, V., Wang, J., Bopp, M., Eich, D., Rossler, W., & Gutzwiller, F. (2003). Are seasonalities in suicide dependent on suicide methods? A reappraisal. Social Science and Medicine, 57, 1173-1181.
3. Ajdacic-Gross, V., Weiss, M. G., Ring, M., Hepp, U., Bopp, M., Gutzwiller, F., & Rössler, W. (2008). Methods of suicide: International suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86, 726-732.
4. Alcantara, C. & Gone, J. P (2007). Reviewing suicide in Native American communities: Situating risk and protective factors within a transactional-ecological framework. Death Studies, 31, 457-477.
5. Andriessen, K. (2006). Do we need to be cautious in evaluating suicide statistics? European Journal of Public Health, 16, 445-447.
6. Appleby, L., Shaw, J., Kapur, N., Windfuhr, K., Ashton, A., Swinson, N., While, D., Lowe, R., Bickley, H., Flynn, S., Hunt, I. M., McDonnell, S., Pearson, A., Da Cruz, D., Rodway, C., Roscoe, A., Saini, P., Turnbull, P., Burns, J., Hadfield, K., & Stones, P. (2006). Avoidable Deaths: Five-year report of the National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness, available at www.manchester.ac.uk/nci, accessed 14 June 2010.
7. Appleby, L., Shaw, J., Kapur, N., Windfuhr, K., Ashton, A., Swinson, N., While, D., Lowe, R., Bickley, H., Flynn, S., Hunt, I. M., Pearson, A., Turnbull, P., Da Cruz, D., Rodway, C., Roscoe, A., Saini, P, Burns, J., Hadfield, K., & Stones, P. (2008). Lessons for Mental Health Care in Scotland, available at www.manchester.ac.uk/nci, accessed 14 June 2010.
8. Baldessarini, R. & Hennen, J. (2004). Genetics of suicide: An overview. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12, 1-13.
9. Barraclough, B., Bunch, J., Nelson, B., & Sainsbury, P (1974). One hundred cases of suicide: clinical aspects. British Journal of Psychiatry, 125, 355-373.
10. Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. L. (1985).Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books.
11. Bennewith, O., Gunnell, D., Peters, T. J., Hawton, K., & House, A. (2004). Variations in the hospital management of self-harm in adults in England: An observational study. British Medical Journal, 328, 1108-1109.
12. Berk, M., Dodd, S., & Henry, M. (2006). The effect of macroeconomic variables in suicide. Psychological Medicine, 36, 181-189.
13. Bertolote, J. M., & Fleischmann, A. (2002). Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: A worldwide perspective. World Psychiatry, 1, 181-185.
14. Bertolote, J. M., Fleischmann, A., De Leo, D., Bolhari, J., Botega, N., De Silva, D., Huong, H. T. T., Phillips, M., Schlebusch, L., Värnik, L., Vijayakumar, L., & Wasserman, D. (2005). Suicide attempts, plans, and ideation in culturally diverse sites: the WHO SUPRE-MISS community survey. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1457-1465.
15. Bhui, K. S. & McKenzie, K. (2008). Rates and risk factors by ethnic group for suicides within a year of contact with mental health services in England and Wales. Psychiatric Services, 59, 414-420.
16. Biddle, L., Brock, A., Brookes, S. T., & Gunnell, D. (2008). Suicide rates in young men in England and Wales in the 21st century: time trend study. British Medical Journal, 336, 539-542.
17. Bille-Brahe, U., Schmidtke, A., Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., De Leo, D., Lönnqvist, J., Platt, S., & Sampaio Faria, J. (1995). Background and introduction to the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Parasuicide. Crisis, 16, 72-84.
18. Burvill, P. W. (1998). Migrant suicide rates in Australia and in country of birth. Psychological Medicine, 28, 201-208.
19. Camidge, D. R., Wood, R. J., & Bateman, D. N. (2003). The epidemiology of self-poisoning. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 56, 613-619.
20. Carley, S. & Hamilton, M. (2004). Suicide at Christmas. Emergency Medicine Journal, 21, 716-717.
21. Cavanagh, J. T. O., Carson, A. J., Sharpe, M., & Lawrie S. M. (2003). Psychological autopsy studies of suicide: A systematic review, Psychological Medicine, 33, 395-405.
22. Chew, K. S. Y. & McCleary, R. (1995). The spring peak in suicide: A cross-national analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 40, 223-230.
23. Cooper, J., Husain, N., Webb, R., Waheed, W., Kapur, N., Guthrie, E., & Appleby, L. (2006). Self-harm in the UK. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41, 782-788.
24. Cooper, J., Kapur, N., Webb, R., Lawlor, M., Guthrie, E., Mackway-Jones, K., & Appleby, L. (2005). Suicide after deliberate self-harm: A 4-year cohort study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 297-303.
25. Corcoran, P, Arensman, E., & O'Mahony, D. (2006). Suicide and other external-cause mortality statistics in Ireland. Crisis, 27, 130-134.
26. Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007). Reflection, brooding, and suicidality: A preliminary study of different types of rumination individuals with a history of major depression. BritishJournalofClinicalPsychology, 46, 497-504.
27. De Leo, D. & Heller, T. S. (2004). Who are the kids who self-harm? An Australian self-report school survey. Medical Journal of Australia, 181, 140-144.
28. De Leo, D., Milner, A., & Xiangdong, W. (2009). Suicidal behavior in the Western Pacific region: Characteristics and trends. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 39, 72-81.
29. Department of Health (2002). available at http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Lettersandcirculars/Estatesalerts/DH_4122863, accessed 15 September 2009.
30. Duarté-Vélez, Y. M. & Bernal, G. (2007). Suicide behavior among Latino and Latina adolescents: Conceptual and methodological issues. Death Studies, 31, 435-455.
31. Duffy, D. F. (2009). Self-injury. Psychiatry, 5, 263-265.
32. Dumais, A., Lesage, A. D., Alda, M., Rouleau, G., Dumont, M., Chawky, N., Roy, M., Mann, J. J., Benkelfat, C., & Turecki, G. (2005). Risk factors for suicide completion in major depression: A case-control study of impulsive and aggressive behaviours in men. American Journal ofPsychiatry, 162, 2116-2124.
33. Durkheim E. (1951 [1897]). Suicide: study in sociology. New York: Free Press.
34. Eddleston, M. (2000). Patterns and problems of deliberate self-poisoning in the developing world. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 93, 715-731.
35. Eddleston, M. & Phillips, M. R. (2004). Self poisoning with pesticides. British Medical Journal, 328, 42-44.
36. Ellis, T. E. & Rutherford, B. (2008). Cognition and suicide: Two decades of progress. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1, 47-68.
37. Else, I. R. N., Andrade, N. N., & Nahulu, L. B. (2007). Suicide and suicidal-related behaviors among Indigenous Pacific Islanders in the United States. Death Studies, 31, 479-501.
38. Enticott, P. G. & Ogloff, J. R. P (2006). Elucidation of impulsivity. Australian Psychologist, 41, 3-14.
39. Ferrada-Noli, M. (1997). A cross-cultural breakdown of Swedish suicide. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 96, 108-116.
40. Fliege, H., Lee, J. R., Grimm, A., & Klapp, B. F. (2009). Risk factors and correlates of deliberate self-harm behaviour: A systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 66, 477-493.
41. Gould, M. S., Greenberg, T., & Velting, D. (2003). Youth suicide risk and preventive interventions: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 386-405.
42. Grøholt, B., & Ekeberg, Ø. (2003). Suicide in young people under 15 years: Problems of classification. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 57, 411-417.
43. Gunnell, D., Bennewith, O., Peters, T. J., House, A., & Hawton, K. (2005). The epidemiology and management of self-harm amongst adults in England. Journal of Public Health, 27, 67-73.
44. Hakko, H., Räsänen, P., Tiihonen, J., & Nieminen, P. (2002). Use of statistical techniques in studies of suicide seasonality, 1970-1997. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 32, 191-208.
45. Harris, E. C. & Barraclough, B. (1997). Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders. A metaanalysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 205-228.
46. Hawton, K., Bergen, H., Casey, D., Simkin, S., Palmer, B., Cooper, J., Kapur, N., Horrocks, J., House, A., Lilley, R., Noble, R., & Owens, D. (2007). Self-harm in England: A tale of three cities. SocialPsychiatryandPsychiatricEpidemiology, 42, 513-521.
47. Hawton, K., Fagg, J., Simkin, S., Bales, E., & Bond, A. (2000). Deliberate self-harm in adolescents in Oxford, 1985-1995. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 47-55.
48. Hawton, K. & Rodham, K. (2006).By Their Own Young Hand: Deliberate self-harm and suicidal ideas in adolescents. London: Jessica Kingsley.
49. Hawton, K., Rodham, K., Evans, E., & Weatherall, R. (2002). Deliberate self-harm in adolescents: Self-report survey in schools in England. British Medical Journal, 325, 1207-1211.
50. Hawton, K. & van Heeringen, K. (2009). Suicide. The Lancet, 373, 1372-1381.
51. Heikkinen, M. E., Isometsa, E. T., Marttunen, M. J., Aro, H. M., & Lönqvist, J. K. (1995). Social factors in suicide. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 747-753.
52. Hjern, A. & Allebeck, P. (2002). Suicide in first-and second-generation immigrants in Sweden. A comparative study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37, 423-429.
53. Høyer, G. & Lund, E. (1993). Suicide among women related to number of children in marriage. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 134-137.
54. Jessen, G. & Jenson, B.F. (1999). Postponed suicide death? Suicides around birthdays and major public holidays. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 29, 272-283.
55. Jessen, G., Jensen, B. F., Arensman, E., Bille-Brahe, U., Crepet, P, DeLe, D., Hawton, K., Haring, C., Hjelmeland, H., Ostamo, M. K., Salander-Renberg, E., Schmidtke, A., Temesvary, B., & Wasserman, D. (1999). Attempted suicide and major public holidays in Europe: Findings from the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Parasuicide. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 99, 412-418.
56. Joiner, T. E., Pettit, J. W., Walker, R. L., Voelz, Z. R., Cruz, J., Rudd, M. D., & Lester, D. (2002). Perceived burdensomeness and suicidality: Two studies on the suicide notes of those attempting and those completing suicide. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 531-545.
57. Kapur, N. (2005). Management of self-harm in adults: Which way now? British Journal ofPsychiatry, 187, 497-499.
58. Kapur, N. (2009). Suicide in the mentally ill. Psychiatry, 8, 257-260.
59. Kapur, N. & Appleby, L. (2008). Suicide and self-harm. In R. Murray, K. Kendelr, P. McGuffin, S. Wessely, & D. Castle (Eds.), Essential Psychiatry, 4th ed. (pp. 451-475). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
60. Kapur, N., Cooper, J., King-Hele, S., Webb, R., Lawlor, M., Rodway, C., & Appleby, L. (2006). The repetition of suicidal behaviour: A multicentre cohort study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 1599-1609.
61. Kapur, N. & Gask, L. (2009). Introduction to suicide and self-harm. Psychiatry, 8, 233-236.
62. Kapur, N., House, A., Creed, F., Feldman, E., Friedman, T., & Guthrie, E. (1998). Management of deliberate self-poisoning in adults in four teaching hospitals: Descriptive study. British Medical Journal, 316, 831-832.
63. Khan, F. & Waheed, W. (2009). Suicide and self-harm in South Asian immigrants. Psychiatry, 8, 261-264.
64. Klonsky, E. D. & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2007). Self-injury: A research review for the practitioner. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 1045-1056.
65. Kreitman, N. (1976). Coal-gas story-United Kingdom suicide rates, 1960-71. British Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine, 30, 86-93.
66. Largey, M., Kelly, B., & Stevenson, M. (2009). A study of suicide rates in Northern Ireland 1984-2002. Ulster Medical Journal, 78(1), 16-20.
67. Leong, F. T. L., Leach, M. M., Yeh, C., & Chou, E. (2007). Suicide among Asian Americans: What do we know? What do we need to know? Death Studies, 31, 417-434.
68. Leshem, R. & Glicksohn, J. (2007). The construct of impulsivity revisited. Personality andIndividual Differences, 43, 681-691.
69. Lester, D. (2002). The 'Troubles' in Northern Ireland and suicide. Psychological Reports, 90, 722.
70. Lester, D. (2006). Suicide and Islam. Archives of Suicide Research, 10, 77-97.
71. Lilley, R., Owens, D., Horrocks, J., House, A., Noble, R., Bergen, H., Hawton, K., Casey, D., Simkin, S., Murphy, E., Cooper, J., & Kapur, N. (2008). Hospital care and repetition following self-harm: Multicentre comparison of self-poisoning and self-injury. British Journal ofPsychiatry, 192, 440-445.
72. Liu, K. Y. (2009). Suicide rates in the world: 1950-2004. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 39, 204-213.
73. Liu, K. Y., Beautrais, A., Caine, E., Chan, K., Chao, A., Conwell, Y., Law, C., Lee, D., Li, P. C., & Yip, P. (2007). Charcoal-burning suicides in Hong Kong and urban Taiwan: An illustration of the impact of a novel suicide method on overall regional rates. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61, 248-253.
74. Lorant, V., Kunst, A. E., Huisman, M., Costa, G., & Mackenbach, J. (2005). Socio-economic inequalities in suicide: A European comparative study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187, 49-54.
75. Lu, Y. (2008). A test of the 'healthy migrant hypothesis': A longitudinal analysis of health selectivity of internal migration in Indonesia. Social Science and Medicine, 67, 1331-1339.
76. Luoma, J. B., Martin, C. E., & Pearson, J. L. (2002). Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: A review of the evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 909-916.
77. Madge, N., Hewitt, A., Hawton, K., De Wilde, E. J., Corcoran, P., Fekete, S., van Heeringen, K., De Leo, D., & Ystgaard, M. (2008). Deliberate self-harm within an international community sample of young people: Comparative findings from the Child and Adolescent Self-harm in Europe (CASE) Study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 667-677.
78. Mann, J. J. (2002). A current perspective of suicide and attempted suicide. Annals of Internal Medicine, 136, 302-311.
79. Mann, J. J., Apter, A., Bertolote, J., Beautrais, A., Currier, D., Haas, A., Hegerl, U., Lonnqvist, J., Malone, K., Marusic, A., Mehlum, L., Patton, G., Phillips, M., Rutz, W, Rihmer, Z., Schmidtke, A., Shaffer, D., Silverman, M., Yoshitomo, T., Varnik, A., Wasserman, D., Yip, IP, & Hendin, H. (2005). Suicide prevention strategies: A systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Association, 294, 2064-2074.
80. Maris, R. W. (2002). Suicide. The Lancet, 360, 319-326.
81. Marshall, J. R. (1981). Political-integration and the effect of war on suicide-United States, 1933-76. Social Forces, 59, 771-785.
82. McKenzie, K., Bui, K., Nanchahal, K., & Blizard, B. (2008). Suicide rates in people of South Asian origin in England and Wales: 1993-2003. British Journal of Psychiatry, 193, 406-409.
83. Middleton, N., Whitley, E., Frankel, S., Dorling, D., Sterne, J., & Gunnell, D. (2004). Suicide risk in small areas in England and Wales, 1991-1993. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 45-52.
84. Mohanty, S., Sahu, G., Mohanty, M. K., & Patnaik, M. (2007). Suicide in India-A four year retrospective study. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 14, 185-189.
85. Morrison, R. & O'Connor, R. C. (2008). A systematic review of the relationship between rumination and suicidality. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 38, 523-538.
86. Moscicki, E. K. (1995). Epidemiology of suicide. InternationalPsychogeriatics, 7, 137-148.
87. Nada-Raja, S., Skegg, K., Langley, J., Morrison, D., & Sowerby, P (2004). Self-harmful behaviors in a population-based sample of young adults. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 34, 177-186.
88. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2004). Self-harm: The short-term physical and psychological management and secondary prevention of self-harm in primary and secondary care. Clinical Guideline 16. London: Gaskell & British Psychological Society.
89. Nock, M. K., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Beautrais, A., Bruffaerts, R., Chiu, W. T., de Girolamo, G., Gluzman, S., de Graaf, R., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Huang, Y., Karam, E., Kessler, R. C., Lepine, J. P, Levinson, D., Medina-Mora, M. E., Ono, Y., PosadaVilla, J., & William, D. (2008). Cross-national prevalence and risk factors for suicidal ideation, plans and attempts. British Journal ofPsychiatry, 192, 98-105.
90. Nock, M. K., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Cha, C. B., Kessler, R. C., & Lee, S. (2008). Suicide and suicidal behaviour. Epidemiologic Reviews, 30, 133-154.
91. Nock, M. K., Hwang, I., Sampson, N., Kessler, R. C., Angermeyer, M., Beautrais, A., Borges, G., Bromet, E., Bruffaerts, R., de Girolamo, G., de Graaf, R., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Hu, C., Huang, Y., Karam, E. G., Kawakami, N., Kovess, V., Levinson, D., Posada-Villa, J., Sagar, R., Tomor, T., Viana, M. C., & Williams, D. R. (2009). Cross-national analysis of the associations among mental disorders and suicidal behaviour: Findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Public library of Science Medicine, 6, 1-17.
92. O'Carroll, W., Berman, A. L., Maris, R. W., Moscicki, E. K., Tanney, B. L., & Silverman, M. M. (1996). Beyond the Tower of Babel: A nomenclature for suicidology. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 26, 237-252.
93. O'Connor, R. C. (2007). The relations between perfectionism and suicidality: A systematic review. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37, 698-714.
94. O'Connor, R. C. & Cassidy, C. (2007). Predicting hopelessness: The interaction between optimism/ pessimism and specific future expectancies. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 596-613.
95. O'Connor, R. C., Rasmussen, S., Mile, J., & Hawton, K. (2009). Self-harm in adolescents: Self-report survey in schools in Scotland. British Journal ofPsychiatry, 194, 68-72.
96. Olfson, M., Gameroff, M., Marcus, S. C., Greenberg, T., & Shaffer, D. (2005). Emergency t reatment of young people following deliberate self-harm. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1122-1128.
97. O'Reilly, D., Rosato, M., Connolly, S., & Cardwell, C. (2008). Area factors and suicide: 5-year follow-up of the Northern Ireland population. British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, 106-111.
98. Owens, D., Horrocks, J., & House, A. (2002). Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm: Systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 193-199.
99. Page, A., Morrell, S., & Taylor, R. (2002). Suicide and political regime in New South Wales and Australia during the 20th century. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56, 766-772.
100. Phillips, M. R., Yang, G., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Ji, H., & Zhou, M. (2002). Risk factors for suicide in China: A national case-control psychological autopsy study. The Lancet, 360, 1728-1736.
101. Platt, S. & Hawton, K. (2000). Suicidal behaviour and the labour market. In K. Hawton & K. van Heeringen (Eds.), The International Handbook of Suicide and Attempted Suicide (pp. 309-384). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
102. Portzky, G., De Wilde, E. J., & van Heeringen, K. (2008). Deliberate self-harm in young people: Differences in prevalence and risk factors between the Netherlands and Belgium. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 17, 179-186.
103. Prescott, K., Stratton, R., Freyer, A., Hall, I., & Le Jeune, I. (2009). Detailed analysis of self-poisoning episodes presenting to a large regional teaching hospital in the UK. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 68, 260-266.
104. Qin, P, Agerbo, E., & Mortensen, P B. (2003). Suicide risk in relation to socioeconomic, demographic, psychiatric, and familial factors: A national register-based study of all suicides in Denmark, 1981-1997. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 765-772.
105. Reinecke, M. A. (2006). Problem solving: A conceptual approach to suicidability and psychotherapy. In T. Ellis (Ed.), Cognition and Suicide: Theory, research, and therapy (pp. 173-192). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
106. Reutfors, J., Ösby, U., Ekbom, A., Nordström, IP, Jokinen, J., & Papadopoulos, F. C. (2009). Seasonality of suicide in Sweden: Relationship with psychiatric disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 119, 59-65.
107. Roy, A., Rylander, G., Forslund, K., Asberg, M., Mazzanti, C. M., Goldman, D., & Nielsen, D. A. (2001). Excess tryptophan hydroxylase 17 779C allele in surviving cotwins of monozygotic twin suicide victims. Neuropsychobiology, 43, 233-236.
108. Salib, E. & Agnew, N. (2005). Suicide and undetermined death by drowning. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 9, 107-115.
109. Schmidtke, A., Bille-Brahe, U., De Leo, D., Kerkhof, A., Bjerke, T., Crepet, P, Haring, C., Hawton, K., Lonnqvist, J., Michel, K., Pommereau, X., Querejeta, I., Phillipe, I., Salander-Renberg, E., Temesvary, B., Wasserman, D., Fricke, S., Weinacker, B., & Sampaio Faria, J. G. (1996). Attempted suicide in Europe: Rates, trends and sociodemographic characteristics of suicide attempters during the period 1989-1992. Results of the WHO/EURO multicentre study on parasuicide. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 93, 327-338.
110. Schmidtke, A., Sell, R., & Loehr, C. (2008). Epidemiology of suicide in older persons. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie and Geriatrie, 4, 3-13.
111. Schmidtke, A., Weinacker, B., Loehr, C., Bille-Brahe, U., De Leo, D., Kerkhof, A., Apter, A., Batt, A., Crepet, P., Fekete, S., Grad, O., Haring, C., Hawton, K., van Heeringen, K., Hjelmeland, H., Kelleher, M., Loennquist, J., Michel, K., Pommereau, X., Querejeta, I., Philippe, A., Salander-Renberg, E., Sayil, I., Temesvary, B., Vaernik, A., Wasserman, D., & Rutz, W. (2004). Suicide and suicide attempts in Europe: An overview. In A. Schmidtke, U. Bille-Brahe, D. De Leo, & A. Kerkof (Eds.), Suicidal Behaviour in Europe: Results from the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Suicidal Behaviour (pp. 15-28). Gottingen: Hogrefe & Huber.
112. Scoliers, G., Portzky, G., van Heeringen, K., & Audenaert, K. (2009). Sociodemographic and psychopathological risk factors for repetition of attempted suicide: A 5-year follow-up study. Archives of Suicide Research, 13, 201-213.
113. Selakovic-Bursic, S., Haramic, E., & Leenaars, A. A. (2006). The Balkan Piedmont: Male suicide rates pre-war, wartime, and post-war in Serbia and Montenegro. Archives of Suicide Research, 10, 225-238.
114. Shah, A., Bhat, R., MacKenzie, S., & Koen, C. (2008). Elderly suicide rates: Cross-national comparisons of trends over a 10-year period. InternationalPsychogeriatrics 20, 673-686.
115. Shahid, M., Khan, M. M., Khan, S., Jamal, Y., Badshah, A., & Rehmani, R. (2009). Deliberate self-harm in the emergency department: Experience from Karachi, Pakistan. Crisis, 31, 85-89.
116. Sharma, B. R., Gupta, M., Sharma, A. K., Sharma, S., Gupta, H., Relhan, N., & Singh, H. (2007). Suicide in Northern India: Comparison of trends and review of literature. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 14, 318-326.
117. Skala, J. A. & Freedland, K. E. (2004). Death takes a raincheck. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 382-386.
118. Skegg, K. (2005). Self-harm. The Lancet, 366, 1471-1483.
119. Soni Raleigh, V. & Balarajan, R. (1992). Suicide levels and trends among immigrants in England and Wales. Health Trends, 24, 91-94.
120. Stack, S. (1982). Suicide: A decade review of the sociological literature. Deviant Behavior, 4, 41-66.
121. Stack, S. (2000a)). Suicide: A 15-year review of the sociological literature. Part 1: Cultural and economic factors. Suicide andLife ThreateningBehavior, 30, 145-162.
122. Stack, S. (2000b)). Suicide: A 15-year review of the sociological literature. Part II: Modernization and social integration perspectives. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 30, 163-172.
123. Stack, S. (2002). Political regime and suicide: Some relevant variables to be considered. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56, 727.
124. Stark, C., Stockton, D., & Henderson, R. (2008). Reduction in young male suicide in Scotland. BMC Public Health, 8, 80.
125. Steele, M. M. & Doey, T. (2007). Suicidal behaviour in children and adolescents. Part 1: Etiology and risk factors. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 21S-33S.
126. Stuckler, D., Basu, S., Suhrcke, M., Coutts, A., & McKee, M. (2009). The public health effect of economic crisis and alternative policy responses in Europe: An empirical analysis. The Lancet, 374, 315-323.
127. Tishler, C. L. & Reiss, N. S. (2009). Inpatient suicide: Preventing a common sentinel event. General Hospital Psychiatry, 31, 103-109.
128. Turvey, C., Stromquist, A., Kelly, K., Zwerling, C., & Merchant, J. (2002). Financial loss and suicidal ideation in a rural community sample. Acta Scandinavica Psychiatrica, 106, 373-380.
129. Utsey, S. O., Hook, J. N., & Stanard, P. (2007). A re-examination of cultural factors that mitigate risk and promote resilience in relation to African American Suicide: A review of the literature and recommendations for future research. Death Studies, 31, 399-416.
130. van Tubergen, F. & Ultee, W. (2006). Political integration, war and suicide. International Sociology, 21, 221-236.
131. Värnik, A., Kolves, K., Allik, J., Arensman, E., Aromaa, E., van Audenhove, C., Bouleau, J. H., van der Feltz-Corenlis, C. M., Giupponi, G., Gusmao, R., Kopp, M., Marusic, A., Maxwell, M., Óskarsson, H., Palmer, A., Pull, C., Realo, A., Eisch, T., Schmidtke, A., Sola, V. P., Wittenburg, L., & Hegerl, U. (2009). Gender issues in suicide rates, trends and methods among youths aged 15-24 in 15 European countries. Journal of Affective Disorders, 113, 216-226.
132. Vijayakumar, L. (2004). Suicide prevention: The urgent need in developing countries. World-Psychiatry, 3, 158-159.
133. Voracek, M. & Loibl, L. M. (2007). Genetics of suicide: A systematic review of twin studies. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 119, 463-475.
134. Voracek, M. & Loibl, L. M. (2008). Consistency of immigrant and country-of-birth suicide rates: A meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118, 259-271.
135. Wadsworth, T. & Kubrin, C.E. (2007). Hispanic suicide in US metropolitan areas: Examining the effects of immigration, assimilation, affluence, and disadvantage. American Journal of Sociology, 112, 1848-1885.
136. Wasserman, D., Cheng, Q., & Jian, G. X. (2005). Global suicide rates among young people aged 15-19. World Psychiatry, 4, 114-120.
137. Weissman, M. M., Bland, R. C., Canino, G. J., Greenwald, S., Hwu, H. G., Joyce, P. R., Karam, E. G., Lee, C. K., Lellouch, J., Lepine, J. P., Newman, S. C., Rubio-Stipec, M., Wells, J. E., Wickramaratne, P J., Wittchen, H. U., & Yeh, E. K. (1999). Prevalence of suicide ideation and suicide attempts in nine countries. Psychological Medicine, 29, 9-17.
138. Welch, S. S. (2001). A review of the literature on the epidemiology of parasuicide in the general population. Psychiatric Services, 52, 368-375.
139. Westman, J., Martelin, T., Härkänen, T., Koskinen, S., & Sundquist, K. (2008). Migration and self-rates health: A comparison between Finns living in Sweden and Finns living in Finland. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 36, 698-705.
140. Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., & Duggan, D. S. (2006). The role of overgeneral memory in suicidality. In T. Ellis (Ed.), Cognition and Suicide: Theory, research, and therapy (pp. 173-192). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
141. Windfuhr, K., While, D., Hunt, I., Turnbull, P, Lowe, R., Burns, J., Swinson, N., Shaw, J., Appleby, L., Kapur, N., & the National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness (2008). Suicide in juveniles and adolescents in the United Kingdom. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 1155-1165.
142. World Health Organisation (WHO). available at http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/ suicide_rates/en/index.html, accessed 21 April 2009.
143. Wyder, M., Ward, P, & De Leo, D. (2009). Separation as a suicide risk factor. Journal of Affective Disorders, 116, 208-213.
144. Yeh, J. Y., Xirasagar, S., Liu, T. C., Li, C. Y., & Lin, H. C. (2008). Does marital status predict the odds of suicidal death in Taiwan? A seven-year population based study. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 38, 302-310.
145. Zahl, D. L. & Hawton, K. (2004). Repetition of deliberate self-harm and subsequent suicide risk: Long-term follow-up study of 11,583 patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 70-75.
146. Zouk, H., Tousignant, M. Seguin, M., Lesage, A., & Turecki, G. (2006). Characterization of impulsivity in suicide completers: Clinical, behavioural and psychosocial dimensions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 92, 195-204.