The thrombotic potential of oral pathogens

Journal of Oral Microbiology

Volumn 1, Issue 2009, 2009, Pages

  Kerrigan, Steven W ^a   Cox, Dermot ^a  

^a ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS IN IRELAND   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Bacteria; Cardiovascular Disease; Oral Pathogens; Platelets; Streptococci; Thrombosis; Virulence

Indexed keywords

EID: 84855472814     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20002297     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3402/jom.v1i0.1999     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Ruggeri ZM. Platelet adhesion under flow. Microcirculation 2009; 16: 58-83.
2. Clemetson KJ, Clemetson JM, Proudfoot AE, Power CA, Baggiolini M, Wells TN. Functional expression of CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, and CXCR4 chemokine receptors on human platelets. Blood 2000; 96: 4046-54.
3. Youssefian T, Drouin A, Masse JM, Guichard J, Cramer EM. Host defense role of platelets: engulfment of HIV and Staphylococcus aureus occurs in a specific subcellular compartment and is enhanced by platelet activation. Blood 2002; 99: 4021-9.
4. Klinger MH. Platelets and inflammation. Anat Embryol (Berlin) 1997; 196: 1-11.
5. Lindemann S, Tolley ND, Eyre JR, Kraiss LW, Mahoney TM, Weyrich AS. Integrins regulate the intracellular distribution of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E in platelets. A checkpoint for translational control. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 33947-51.
6. Yeaman MR, Puentes SM, Norman DC, Bayer AS. Partial characterization and staphylocidal activity of thrombininduced platelet microbicidal protein. Infect Immun 1992; 60: 1202-9.
7. Clawson CC, White JG. Platelet interaction with bacteria. I. Reaction phases and effects of inhibitors. Am J Pathol 1971; 65: 367-80.
8. Clawson CC, White JG. Platelet interaction with bacteria. II. Fate of the bacteria. Am J Pathol 1971; 65: 381-97.
9. Clawson CC. Platelet interaction with bacteria. 3. Ultrastructure. Am J Pathol 1973; 70: 449-71.
10. Clawson CC, Rao GH, White JG. Platelet interaction with bacteria. IV. Stimulation of the release reaction. Am J Pathol 1975; 81: 411-20.
11. Patel SR, Hartwig JH, Italiano Jr, JE. The biogenesis of platelets from megakaryocyte proplatelets. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 3348-54.
12. Weiss HJ. Platelet physiology and abnormalities of platelet function (first of two parts). N Engl J Med 1975; 293: 531-41.
13. Weiss HJ. Platelet physiology and abnormalities of platelet function (second of two parts). N Engl J Med 1975; 293: 580-8.
14. Ruggeri ZM, Orje JN, Habermann R, Federici AB, Reininger AJ. Activation-independent platelet adhesion and aggregation under elevated shear stress. Blood 2006; 108: 1903-10.
15. Ruggeri ZM, Mendolicchio GL. Adhesion mechanisms in platelet function. Circ Res 2007; 100: 1673-85.
16. Chesterman CN, Berndt MC. Platelet and vessel wall interaction and the genesis of atherosclerosis. Clin Haematol 1986; 15: 323-53.
17. Santoro SA. Identification of a 160,000 dalton platelet membrane protein that mediates the initial divalent cationdependent adhesion of platelets to collagen. Cell 1986; 46: 913-20.
18. Kunicki TJ, Nugent DJ, Staats SJ, Orchekowski RP, Wayner EA, Carter WG. The human fibroblast class II extracellular matrix receptor mediates platelet adhesion to collagen and is identical to the platelet glycoprotein Ia-IIa complex. J Biol Chem 1988; 263: 4516-9.
19. Nieuwenhuis HK, Akkerman JW, Houdijk WP, Sixma JJ. Human blood platelets showing no response to collagen fail to express surface glycoprotein Ia. Nature 1985; 318: 470-2.
20. Moroi M, Jung SM, Okuma M, Shinmyozu K. A patient with platelets deficient in glycoprotein VI that lack both collageninduced aggregation and adhesion. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 1440-5.
21. Moroi M, Jung SM, Shinmyozu K, Tomiyama Y, Ordinas A, Diaz-Ricart M. Analysis of platelet adhesion to a collagencoated surface under flow conditions: the involvement of glycoprotein VI in the platelet adhesion. Blood 1996; 88: 2081-92.
22. Savage B, Almus-Jacobs F, Ruggeri ZM. Specific synergy of multiple substrate-receptor interactions in platelet thrombus formation under flow. Cell 1998; 94: 657-66.
23. Savage B, Saldivar E, Ruggeri ZM. Initiation of platelet adhesion by arrest onto fibrinogen or translocation on von Willebrand factor. Cell 1996; 84: 289-97.
24. Diacovo TG, Puri KD, Warnock RA, Springer TA, von Andrian UH. Platelet-mediated lymphocyte delivery to high endothelial venules. Science 1996; 273: 252-5.
25. Diacovo TG, Roth SJ, Buccola JM, Bainton DF, Springer TA. Neutrophil rolling, arrest, and transmigration across activated, surface-adherent platelets via sequential action of P-selectin and the beta 2-integrin CD11b/CD18. Blood 1996; 88: 146-57.
26. Larsen E, Celi A, Gilbert GE, Furie BC, Erban JK, Bonfanti R, et al. PADGEM protein: a receptor that mediates the interaction of activated platelets with neutrophils and monocytes. Cell 1989; 59: 305-12.
27. Herd CM, Page CP. Pulmonary immune cells in health and disease: platelets. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 1145-60.
28. Mannaioni PF, Di Bello MG, Masini E. Platelets and inflammation: role of platelet-derived growth factor, adhesion molecules and histamine. Inflamm Res 1997; 46: 4-18.
29. Frigas E, Gleich GJ. The eosinophil and the pathophysiology of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986; 77: 527-37.
30. Brindley LL, Sweet JM, Goetzl EJ. Stimulation of histamine release from human basophils by human platelet factor 4. J Clin Invest 1983; 72: 1218-23.
31. Deuel TF, Senior RM, Huang JS, Griffin GL. Chemotaxis of monocytes and neutrophils to platelet-derived growth factor. J Clin Invest 1982; 69: 1046-9.
32. Tzeng DY, Deuel TF, Huang JS, Baehner RL. Platelet-derived growth factor promotes human peripheral monocyte activation. Blood 1985; 66: 179-83.
33. Wahl SM, Hunt DA, Wakefield LM, McCartney-Francis N, Wahl LM, Roberts AB, et al. Transforming growth factor type beta induces monocyte chemotaxis and growth factor production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 5788-92.
34. McIntyre TM, Prescott SM, Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA. Cell-cell interactions: leukocyte-endothelial interactions. Curr Opin Hematol 2003; 10: 150-8.
35. Patrono C, Patrignani P, Garcia Rodriguez LA. Cyclooxygenase-selective inhibition of prostanoid formation: transducing biochemical selectivity into clinical read-outs. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 7-13.
36. Kameyoshi Y, Dorschner A, Mallet AI, Christophers E, Schroder JM. Cytokine RANTES released by thrombinstimulated platelets is a potent attractant for human eosinophils. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 587-92.
37. Krijgsveld J, Zaat SA, Meeldijk J, van Veelen PA, Fang G, Poolman B, et al. Thrombocidins, microbicidal proteins from human blood platelets, are C-terminal deletion products of CXC chemokines. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 20374-81.
38. Yeaman MR, Tang YQ, Shen AJ, Bayer AS, Selsted ME. Purification and in vitro activities of rabbit platelet microbicidal proteins. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 1023-31.
39. Johnson FB, Donaldson DM. Purification of staphylocidal beta-lysin from rabbit serum. J Bacteriol 1968; 96: 589-95.
40. Donaldson DM, Tew JG. Beta-lysin of platelet origin. Bacteriol Rev 1977; 41: 501-13.
41. Levine RL, LeClerc JR, Bailey JE, Monberg MJ, Sarwat S. Venous and arterial thromboembolism in severe sepsis. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99: 892-8.
42. Lindsberg PJ, Grau AJ. Inflammation and infections as risk factors for ischemic stroke. Stroke 2003; 34: 2518-32.
43. Meier CR, Derby LE, Jick SS, Vasilakis C, Jick H. Antibiotics and risk of subsequent first-time acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 1999; 281: 427-31.
44. Zahn R, Schneider S, Frilling B, Seidl K, Tebbe U, Weber M, et al. Antibiotic therapy after acute myocardial infarction: a prospective randomized study. Circulation 2003; 107: 1253-9.
45. Desvarieux M, Demmer RT, Rundek T, Boden-Albala B, Jacobs DR, Sacco Jr, RL, et al. Periodontal microbiota and carotid intima-media thickness: the oral infections and vascular disease epidemiology study (INVEST). Circulation 2005; 111: 576-82.
46. Tonetti MS. Periodontitis and risk for atherosclerosis: an update on intervention trials. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36: 15-9.
47. Beck JD, Offenbacher S. Systemic effects of periodontitis: epidemiology of periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol 2005; 76: 2089-100.
48. Dorfer CE, Becher H, Ziegler CM, Kaiser C, Lutz R, Jorss D, et al. The association of gingivitis and periodontitis with ischemic stroke. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31: 396-401.
49. Grau AJ, Becher H, Ziegler CM, Lichy C, Buggle F, Kaiser C, et al. Periodontal disease as a risk factor for ischemic stroke. Stroke 2004; 35: 496-501.
50. Moreillon P, Que YA. Infective endocarditis. Lancet 2004; 363: 139-49.
51. Nicu EA, Van der Velden U, Nieuwland R, Everts V, Loos BG. Elevated platelet and leukocyte response to oral bacteria in periodontitis. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7: 162-70.
52. Fitzgerald JR, Foster TJ, Cox D. The interaction of bacterial pathogens with platelets. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006; 4: 445-57.
53. Zhao L, Ohtaki Y, Yamaguchi K, Matsushita M, Fujita T, Yokochi T, et al. LPS-induced platelet response and rapid shock in mice: contribution of O-antigen region of LPS and involvement of the lectin pathway of the complement system. Blood 2002; 100: 3233-9.
54. Wachowicz B, Saluk J, Kaca W. Response of blood platelets to Proteus mirabilis lipopolysaccharide. Microbiol Immunol 1998; 42: 47-9.
55. Stahl AL, Svensson M, Morgelin M, Svanborg C, Tarr PI, Mooney JC, et al. Lipopolysaccharide from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli binds to platelets through TLR4 and CD62 and is detected on circulating platelets in patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome. Blood 2006; 108: 167-76.
56. Ward JR, Bingle L, Judge HM, Brown SB, Storey RF, Whyte MK, et al. Agonists of toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 are unable to modulate platelet activation by adenosine diphosphate and platelet activating factor. Thromb Haemost 2005; 94: 831-8.
57. O'Brien L, Kerrigan SW, Kaw G, Hogan M, Penades J, Litt D, et al. Multiple mechanisms for the activation of human platelet aggregation by Staphylococcus aureus: roles for the clumping factors ClfA and ClfB, the serine-aspartate repeat protein SdrE and protein A. Mol Microbiol 2002; 44: 1033-44.
58. Fitzgerald JR, Loughman A, Keane F, Brennan M, Knobel M, Higgins J, et al. Fibronectin-binding proteins of Staphylococcus aureus mediate activation of human platelets via fibrinogen and fibronectin bridges to integrin GPIIb/IIIa and IgG binding to the FcgammaRIIa receptor. Mol Microbiol 2006; 59: 212-30.
59. Byrne MF, Kerrigan SW, Corcoran PA, Atherton JC, Murray FE, Fitzgerald DJ, et al. Helicobacter pylori binds von Willebrand factor and interacts with GPIb to induce platelet aggregation. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 1846-54.
60. Loughman, A, Fitzgerald JR, Brennan MP, Higgins J, Downer R, Cox D, et al. Roles for fibrinogen, immunoglobulin and complement in platelet activation promoted by Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor A. Mol Microbiol 2005; 57: 804-18.
61. Ford I, Douglas CW, Cox D, Rees DG, Heath J, Preston FE. The role of immunoglobulin G and fibrinogen in platelet aggregation by Streptococcus sanguis. Br J Haematol 1997; 97: 737-46.
62. Ford I, Douglas CW, Heath J, Rees C, Preston FE. Evidence for the involvement of complement proteins in platelet aggregation by Streptococcus sanguis NCTC 7863. Br J Haematol 1996; 94: 729-39.
63. Lourbakos A, Yuan YP, Jenkins AL, Travis J, Andrade-Gordon P, Santulli R, et al. Activation of protease-activated receptors by gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis leads to platelet aggregation: a new trait in microbial pathogenicity. Blood 2001; 97: 3790-7.
64. Proulx F, Seidman EG, Karpman D. Pathogenesis of Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Res 2001; 50: 163-71.
65. Cooling LL, Walker KE, Gille T, Koerner TA. Shiga toxin binds human platelets via globotriaosylceramide (Pk antigen) and a novel platelet glycosphingolipid. Infect Immun 1998; 66: 4355-66.
66. Kerrigan SW, Clarke N, Loughman A, Meade G, Foster TJ, Cox D. Molecular basis for Staphylococcus aureus-mediated platelet aggregate formation under arterial shear in vitro. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28: 335-40.
67. Kerrigan SW, Douglas I, Wray A, Heath J, Byrne MF, Fitzgerald D, et al. A role for glycoprotein Ib in Streptococcus sanguis-induced platelet aggregation. Blood 2002; 100: 509-16.
68. Kerrigan SW, Jakubovics NS, Keane C, Maguire P, Wynne K, Jenkinson HF, et al. Role of Streptococcus gordonii surface proteins SspA/SspB and Hsa in platelet function. Infect Immun 2007; 75: 5740-7.
69. Young Lee S, Cisar JO, Bryant JL, Eckhaus MA, Sandberg AL. Resistance of Streptococcus gordonii to polymorphonuclear leukocyte killing is a potential virulence determinant of infective endocarditis. Infect Immun 2006; 74: 3148-55.
70. Heimdahl A, Hall G, Hedberg M, Sandberg H, Soder PO, Tuner K, et al. Detection and quantitation by lysis-filtration of bacteremia after different oral surgical procedures. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 2205-9.
71. Scheld WM, Valone JA, Sande MA. Bacterial adherence in the pathogenesis of endocarditis. Interaction of bacterial dextran, platelets, and fibrin. J Clin Invest 1978; 61: 1394-404.
72. Herzberg MC, Brintzenhofe KL, Clawson CC. Aggregation of human platelets and adhesion of Streptococcus sanguis. Infect Immun 1983; 39: 1457-69.
73. Erickson PR, Herzberg MC. Purification and partial characterization of a 65-kDa platelet aggregation-associated protein antigen from the surface of Streptococcus sanguis. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 14080-7.
74. Erickson PR, Herzberg MC. Evidence for the covalent linkage of carbohydrate polymers to a glycoprotein from Streptococcus sanguis. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 23780-3.
75. Erickson PR, Herzberg MC, Tierney G. Cross-reactive immunodeterminants on Streptococcus sanguis and collagen. Predicting a structural motif of platelet-interactive domains. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 10018-23.
76. Herzberg MC. Platelet-streptococcal interactions in endocarditis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1996; 7: 222-36.
77. Soberay AH, Herzberg MC, Rudney JD, Nieuwenhuis HK, Sixma JJ, Seligsohn U. Responses of platelets to strains of Streptococcus sanguis: findings in healthy subjects, Bernard-Soulier, Glanzmann's, and collagen-unresponsive patients. Thromb Haemost 1987; 57: 222-5.
78. Gong K, Wen DY, Ouyang T, Rao AT, Herzberg MC. Platelet receptors for the Streptococcus sanguis adhesin and aggregation-associated antigens are distinguished by anti-idiotypical monoclonal antibodies. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 3628-33.
79. Herzberg MC, Nobbs A, Tao L, Kilic A, Beckman E, Khammanivong A, et al. Oral streptococci and cardiovascular disease: searching for the platelet aggregation-associated protein gene and mechanisms of Streptococcus sanguis-induced thrombosis. J Periodontol 2005; 76: 2101-5.
80. Herzberg MC, Brintzenhofe KL. ADP-like platelet aggregation activity generated by viridans streptococci incubated with exogenous ATP. Infect Immun 1983; 40: 120-5.
81. MacFarlane GD, Sampson DE, Clawson DJ, Clawson CC, Kelly KL, Herzberg MC. Evidence for an ecto-ATPase on the cell wall of Streptococcus sanguis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1994; 9: 180-5.
82. Plummer C, Wu H, Kerrigan SW, Meade G, Cox D, Ian Douglas CW. A serine-rich glycoprotein of Streptococcus sanguis mediates adhesion to platelets via GPIb. Br J Haematol 2005; 129: 101-9.
83. McNicol A, Zhu R, Pesun R, Pampolina C, Jackson EC, Bowden GH, et al. A role for immunoglobulin G in donorspecific Streptococcus sanguis-induced platelet aggregation. Thromb Haemost 2006; 95: 288-93.
84. Pampolina C, McNicol A. Streptococcus sanguis-induced platelet activation involves two waves of tyrosine phosphorylation mediated by FcgammaRIIA and alphaIIbbeta3. Thromb Haemost 2005; 93: 932-9.
85. Takahashi Y, Yajima A, Cisar JO, Konishi K. Functional analysis of the Streptococcus gordonii DL1 sialic acid-bindingadhesin and its essential role in bacterial binding to platelets. Infect Immun 2004; 72: 3876-82.
86. Bensing BA, Sullam PM. An accessory sec locus of Streptococcus gordonii is required for export of the surface protein GspB and for normal levels of binding to human platelets. Mol Microbiol 2002; 44: 1081-94.
87. Takahashi Y, Sandberg AL, Ruhl S, Muller J, Cisar JO. A specific cell surface antigen of Streptococcus gordonii is associated with bacterial hemagglutination and adhesion to alpha2-3-linked sialic acid-containing receptors. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 5042-51.
88. Takahashi Y, Konishi K, Cisar JO, Yoshikawa M. Identification and characterization of Hsa, the gene encoding the sialic acid-binding adhesin of Streptococcus gordonii DL1. Infect Immun 2002; 70: 1209-18.
89. Wu H, Zeng M, Fives-Taylor P. The glycan moieties and the Nterminal polypeptide backbone of a fimbria-associated adhesin, Fap1, play distinct roles in the biofilm development of Streptococcus parasanguinis. Infect Immun 2007; 75: 2181-8.
90. Takahashi Y, Ruhl S, Yoon JW, Sandberg AL, Cisar JO. Adhesion of viridans group streptococci to sialic acid-, galactose- and N-acetylgalactosamine-containing receptors. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2002; 17: 257-62.
91. Yajima A, Takahashi Y, Konishi K. Identification of platelet receptors for the Streptococcus gordonii DL1 sialic acidbinding adhesin. Microbiol Immunol 2005; 49: 795-800.
92. Takamatsu D, Bensing BA, Cheng H, Jarvis GA, Siboo IR, Lopez JA, et al. Binding of the Streptococcus gordonii surface glycoproteins GspB and Hsa to specific carbohydrate structures on platelet membrane glycoprotein Ibalpha. Mol Microbiol 2005; 58: 380-92.
93. Nobbs AH, Shearer BH, Drobni M, Jepson MA, Jenkinson HF. Adherence and internalization of Streptococcus gordonii by epithelial cells involves beta1 integrin recognition by SspA and SspB (antigen I/II family) polypeptides. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9: 65-83.
94. Heddle C, Nobbs AH, Jakubovics NS, Gal M, Mansell JP, Dymock D, et al. Host collagen signal induces antigen I/II adhesin and invasin gene expression in oral Streptococcus gordonii. Mol Microbiol 2003; 50: 597-607.
95. Prakobphol A, Xu F, Hoang VM, Larsson T, Bergstrom J, Johansson I, et al. Salivary agglutinin, which binds Streptococcus mutans and Helicobacter pylori, is the lung scavenger receptor cysteine-rich protein gp-340. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 39860-6.
96. Jakubovics NS, Stromberg N, van Dolleweerd CJ, Kelly CG, Jenkinson HF. Differential binding specificities of oral streptococcal antigen I/II family adhesins for human or bacterial ligands. Mol Microbiol 2005; 55: 1591-605.
97. Egland PG, Du LD, Kolenbrander PE. Identification of independent Streptococcus gordonii SspA and SspB functions in coaggregation with Actinomyces naeslundii. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 7512-6.
98. Demuth DR, Irvine DC, Costerton JW, Cook GS, Lamont RJ. Discrete protein determinant directs the species-specific adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis to oral Streptococci. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 5736-41.
99. Varki A. Selectin ligands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 7390-7.
100. Lehoux S, Tedgui A. Shear and signal transduction in the endothelial cell. Med Sci (Paris) 2004; 20: 551-6.
101. Bahou WF, Scudder L, Rubenstein D, Jesty J. A shearrestricted pathway of platelet procoagulant activity is regulated by IQGAP1. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 22571-7.
102. Takahashi Y, Takashima E, Shimazu K, Yagishita H, Aoba T, Konishi K. Contribution of sialic acid-binding adhesin to pathogenesis of experimental endocarditis caused by Streptococcus gordonii DL1. Infect Immun 2006; 74: 740-3.
103. Bensing BA, Rubens CE, Sullam PM. Genetic loci of Streptococcus mitis that mediate binding to human platelets. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 1373-80.
104. Bensing BA, Siboo IR, Sullam PM. Proteins PblA and PblB of Streptococcus mitis, which promote binding to human platelets, are encoded within a lysogenic bacteriophage. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 6186-92.
105. Mitchell J, Siboo IR, Takamatsu D, Chambers HF, Sullam PM. Mechanism of cell surface expression of the Streptococcus mitis platelet binding proteins PblA and PblB. Mol Microbiol 2007; 64: 844-57.
106. Chia JS, Lin YL, Lien HT, Chen JY. Platelet aggregation induced by serotype polysaccharides from Streptococcus mutans. Infect Immun 2004; 72: 2605-17.
107. Douglas CW, Brown PR, Preston FE. Platelet aggregation by oral streptococci. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990; 60: 63-7.
108. Douglas CW, Heath J, Hampton KK, Preston FE. Identity of viridans streptococci isolated from cases of infective endocarditis. J Med Microbiol 1993; 39: 179-82.
109. Stephenson AE, Wu H, Novak J, Tomana M, Mintz K, Fives-Taylor P. The Fap1 fimbrial adhesin is a glycoprotein: antibodies specific for the glycan moiety block the adhesion of Streptococcus parasanguis in an in vitro tooth model. Mol Microbiol 2002; 43: 147-57.
110. Pham K, Feik D, Hammond BF, Rams TE, Whitaker EJ. Aggregation of human platelets by gingipain-R from Porphyromonas gingivalis cells and membrane vesicles. Platelets 2002; 13: 21-30.
111. Naito M, Sakai E, Shi Y, Ideguchi H, Shoji M, Ohara N, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced platelet aggregation in plasma depends on Hgp44 adhesin but not Rgp proteinase. Mol Microbiol 2006; 59: 152-67.
112. Li X, Iwai T, Nakamura H, Inoue Y, Chen Y, Umeda M, et al. An ultrastructural study of Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced platelet aggregation. Thromb Res 2008; 122: 810-9.
113. Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, Baddour LM, Levison M, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association rheumatic fever, endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 2007; 116: 1736-54.
114. Boylan B, Gao C, Rathore V, Gill JC, Newman DK, Newman PJ. Identification of FcgammaRIIa as the ITAM-bearing receptor mediating alphaIIbbeta3 outside-in integrin signaling in human platelets. Blood 2008; 112: 2780-6.
115. Papapanagiotou D, Nicu EA, Bizzarro S, Gerdes VE, Meijers JC, Nieuwland R, et al. Periodontitis is associated with platelet activation. Atherosclerosis 2009; 202: 605-11.