Chiefdoms at the threshold: The competitive origins of the primary state

Journal of Anthropological Archaeology

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 22-37

  Redmond, Elsa M ^a   Spencer, Charles S ^a  

^a DIVISION OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Administration; American Bottom; Cahokia; Competition; Complex chiefdoms; Monte Alb n; Oaxaca; State origins

Indexed keywords

EID: 84855458400     PISSN: 02784165     EISSN: 10902686     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaa.2011.09.002     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Acosta J.R. Preclassic and classic architecture in Oaxaca. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Archaeology of Southern Mesoamerica, Part 2 1965, Vol. 3:814-836. University of Texas Press, Austin.
2. Acosta J.R. La XIII temporada de exploraciones arqueológicas en Monte Albán (1944-1945). Cultura y sociedad 1976, 3(4):14-26.
3. Algaze G. Expansionary dynamics of some early pristine states. American Anthropologist 1993, 95(2):304-333.
4. Alt S.M. Identities, traditions, and diversity in Cahokia's uplands. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 2002, 27(2):217-235.
5. Ambrose S.H., Buikstra J., Krueger H.W. Status and gender differences in diet at Mound 72, Cahokia, revealed by isotopic analysis of bone. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2003, 22(3):217-226.
6. Anderson D.G. The Savannah River Chiefdoms: Political Change in the Late Prehistoric Southeast 1994, The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
7. Anderson D.G. Examining chiefdoms in the Southeast: an application of multiscalar analysis. Great Towns and Regional Polities in the Prehistoric American Southwest and Southeast 1999, 215-241. Amerind Foundation and University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. J.E. Neitzel (Ed.).
8. Beck Jr., R.A., 2006. Persuasive politics and domination at Cahokia and Moundville. In: Butler, B.M., Welch, P.D. (Eds.), Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Occasional Paper 33, Carbondale, pp. 19-42.
9. Benson L.V., Pauketat T.R., Cook Edward R. Cahokia's boom and bust in the context of climate change. American Antiquity 2009, 74(3):467-483.
10. Birmingham R.A., Goldstein L.G. Aztalan: Mysteries of an Ancient Indian Town 2005, Wisconsin Historical Society Press, Madison.
11. Blanton R.E. Monte Albán: Settlement Patterns at the Ancient Zapotec Capital 1978, Academic Press, New York.
12. Blanton R.E., Kowalewski S.A., Feinman G.M., Finsten L. Ancient Mesoamerica: A Comparison of Change in Three Regions 1993, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
13. Blanton R.E., Feinman G.M., Kowalewski S.A., Nicholas L.M. Ancient Oaxaca 1999, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
14. Blitz J.H. Ancient Chiefdoms of the Tombigbee 1993, The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
15. Blitz J.H. New perspectives in Mississippian archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research 2010, 18:1-39.
16. Carneiro R.L. The chiefdom: precursor of the state. The Transition to Statehood in the New World 1981, 37-79. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. G. Jones, R. Kautz (Eds.).
17. Caso, A., 1938. Exploraciones en Oaxaca. Quinta y Sexta Temporadas 1936-1937. Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia. Publicación 34. México.
18. Caso, A., 1947. Calendario y Escritura de las Antiguas Culturas de Monte Albán. In: Obras Completas de Miguel Othón de Mendizábal, vol. 1, México.
19. Conrad L.A. The Middle Mississippian cultures of the Central Illinois River Valley. Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest 1991, 119-156. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. T.E. Emerson, R.B. Lewis (Eds.).
20. Drennan R.D., Peterson C.E. Patterned variation in prehistoric chiefdoms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2006, 103(11):3960-3967.
21. Earle T.K. Chiefdoms in archaeological and ethnohistorical perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology 1987, 16:279-308.
22. Elson, C., 2007. Excavations at Cerro Tilcajete: A Monte Albán II Administrative Center in the Valley of Oaxaca. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Memoirs 42, Ann Arbor.
23. Emerson T.E. Reflections from the countryside on Cahokian hegemony. Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World 1997, 167-189. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. T.R. Pauketat, T.E. Emerson (Eds.).
24. Emerson T.E. Cahokian elite ideology and the Mississippian cosmos. Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World 1997, 190-228. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. T.R. Pauketat, T.E. Emerson (Eds.).
25. Emerson T.E. Cahokia and the Archaeology of Power 1997, The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
26. Emerson T.E. An introduction to Cahokia 2002: diversity, complexity, and history. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 2002, 27(2):127-148.
27. Emerson T.E. Crossing boundaries between worlds: changing beliefs and mortuary practices. The Wisconsin Archaeologist 2003, 84:73-80.
28. Emerson T.E. Cahokia and the evidence for late Pre-Columbian war in the North American midcontinent. North American Indigenous Warfare and Ritual Violence 2007, 129-148. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. R.J. Chacon, R.G. Mendoza (Eds.).
29. Emerson T.E., Hughes R.E. Figurines, flint clay sourcing, the Ozark highlands, and Cahokian acquisition. American Antiquity 2000, 65(1):79-101.
30. Emerson T.E., Hargrave E.A., Hedman K. Death and ritual in early rural Cahokia. Theory, Method, and Practice in Modern Archaeology 2003, 163-181. Praeger, Westport, CT. R.J. Jeske, D.K. Charles (Eds.).
31. Emerson T.E., Hughes R.E., Hynes M.R., Wisseman S.U. The sourcing and interpretation of Cahokia-style figurines in the trans-Mississippi south and southeast. American Antiquity 2003, 68(2):287-313.
32. Feinman G.M. Scale and social organization: perspectives on the ancient state. Archaic States 1998, 95-133. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe. G.M. Feinman, J. Marcus (Eds.).
33. Flannery K.V. The cultural evolution of civilizations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1972, 3:399-426.
34. Flannery K.V. The legacy of the early urban period: an ethnohistoric approach to Monte Albán's temples, residences, and royal tombs. The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations 1983, 132-136. Academic Press, New York. K.V. Flannery, J. Marcus (Eds.).
35. Flannery K.V. The development of Monte Albán's Main Plaza in Period II. The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations 1983, 102-104. Academic Press, New York. K.V. Flannery, J. Marcus (Eds.).
36. Flannery K.V. The ground plans of archaic states. Archaic States 1998, 15-57. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe. G.M. Feinman, J. Marcus (Eds.).
37. Flannery K.V., Marcus J. Evolution of the public building in Formative Oaxaca. Cultural Change and Continuity: Essays in Honor of James Bennett Griffin 1976, 205-221. Academic Press, New York. C. Cleland (Ed.).
38. Flannery K.V., Marcus J. The earliest public buildings, tombs, and monuments at Monte Albán, with notes on the internal chronology of Period I. The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations 1983, 87-91. Academic Press, New York. K.V. Flannery, J. Marcus (Eds.).
39. 14C dates from ancient Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2003, 100(20):11801-11805.
40. Flannery K.V., Marcus J., Kowalewski S. The Preceramic and Formative of the Valley of Oaxaca. Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians 1981, vol.1:48-93. University of Texas Press, Austin.
41. Fowler, M.L., Rose, J., Vander Leest, B., Ahler, S.R., 1999. The Mound 72 Area: Dedicated and Sacred Space in Early Cahokia. Illinois State Museum Reports of Investigations 54, Illinois State Museum Society, Springfield.
42. Fried M. The Evolution of Political Society 1967, Random House, New York.
43. Goldstein, L., 2000. Mississippian ritual as viewed through the practice of secondary disposal of the dead. In: Ahler, S.R. (Ed.), Mounds, Modoc, and Mesoamerica: Papers in Honor of Melvin L. Fowler. Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers 28, Illinois State Museum Society, Springfield, pp. 193-206.
44. Goldstein L.G., Richards J.D. Ancient Aztalan: the cultural and ecological context of a late prehistoric site in the Midwest. Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest 1991, 193-206. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. T.E. Emerson, R.B. Lewis (Eds.).
45. Hally D.J. Platform-mound construction and the instability of Mississippian chiefdoms. Political Structure and Change in the Prehistoric Southeastern United States 1996, 92-127. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. J.F. Scarry (Ed.).
46. Kelly J.E. Stirling-phase sociopolitical activity at East St. Louis and Cahokia. Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World 1997, 141-166. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. T.R. Pauketat, T.E. Emerson (Eds.).
47. Kowalewski, S.A., Feinman, G.M., Finsten, L., Blanton, R.E., Nicholas, L.M., 1989. Monte Albán's Hinterland, Part II: Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in Tlacolula, Etla, and Ocotlán, the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Memoirs 23, Ann Arbor.
48. Kuttruff, C., Autry Jr., W.O., 1978. Appendix IX. Test Excavations at Terrace 1227. In: Blanton, R.E., Monte Albán: Settlement Patterns at the Ancient Zapotec Capital. Academic Press, New York, pp. 403-415.
49. Marcus J. The iconography of power among the Classic Maya. World Archaeology 1974, 6(1):83-94.
50. Marcus J. The iconography of militarism at Monte Albán and neighboring sites in the Valley of Oaxaca. The Origins of Religious Art and Iconography in Preclassic Mesoamerica 1976, 123-139. UCLA Latin American Center, Los Angeles. H.B. Nicholson (Ed.).
51. Marcus J. Monumentality in archaic states: lessons learned from large-scale excavations of the past. Theory and Practice in Mediterranean Archaeology: Old World and New World Perspectives 2003, 115-134. UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Los Angeles. J.K. Papadopoulos, R.M. Leventhal (Eds.).
52. Marcus, J., 2005. Place glyphs and polity boundaries: two Zapotec cases. In: Hill Boone, E. (Ed.), Painted Books and Indigenous Knowledge in Mesoamerica: Manuscript Studies in Honor of Mary Elizabeth Smith. Middle American Research Institute Publication 69, Tulane University, New Orleans, pp. 91-108.
53. Marcus J. The archaeological evidence for social evolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 2008, 37:251-266.
54. Marcus J. How Monte Albán represented itself. The Art of Urbanism: How Mesoamerican Kingdoms Represented Themselves in Architecture and Imagery 2009, 77-110. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC. W.L. Fash, L. López Luján (Eds.).
55. Marcus J., Flannery K.V. Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley 1996, Thames & Hudson, London.
56. Milner G.R. The late prehistoric Cahokia cultural system of the Mississippi river valley: foundations, florescence, and fragmentation. Journal of World Prehistory 1990, 4(1):1-43.
57. Milner G.R. Warfare in prehistoric and early historic Eastern North America. Journal of Archaeological Research 1999, 7(2):105-151.
58. Milner G.R. Archaeological indicators of rank in the Cahokia chiefdom. Theory, Method and Practice in Modern Archaeology 2003, 133-148. Praeger, Westport, CT. R.J. Jeske, D.K. Charles (Eds.).
59. Milner G.R. Introduction to the 2006 paperback edition. The Cahokia Chiefdom: The Archaeology of a Mississippian Society 2006, xvii-xxvii. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
60. Milner G.R., Anderson E., Smith V.G. Warfare in late prehistoric west-central Illinois. American Antiquity 1991, 56(4):581-603.
61. Pauketat T.R. Cahokian political economy. Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World 1997, 30-51. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. T.R. Pauketat, T.E. Emerson (Eds.).
62. Pauketat T.R. A fourth-generation synthesis of Cahokia and Mississippianization. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 2002, 27(2):149-170.
63. Pauketat T.R. Resettled farmers and the making of a Mississippian polity. American Antiquity 2003, 68(1):39-66.
64. Pauketat T.R. Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians 2004, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
65. Pauketat T.R. Chiefdoms and Other Archaeological Delusions 2007, Altamira Press, Lanham.
66. Pauketat T.R., Emerson T.E. Conclusion: Cahokia and the four winds. Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World 1997, 269-278. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. T.R. Pauketat, T.E. Emerson (Eds.).
67. Pauketat T.R., Lopinot N.H. Cahokian population dynamics. Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World 1997, 103-123. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. T.R. Pauketat, T.E. Emerson (Eds.).
68. Pauketat T.R., Kelly L.S., Fritz G.J., Lopinot N.H., Elias S., Hargrave E. The residues of feasting and public ritual at Early Cahokia. American Antiquity 2002, 67(2):257-279.
69. Price T.D., Burton J.H., Stoltman J.B. Place of origin of prehistoric inhabitants of Aztalan, Jefferson Co., Wisconsin. American Antiquity 2007, 72(3):524-538.
70. Redmond, E.M., 1983. A Fuego y Sangre: Early Zapotec Imperialism in the Cuicatlán Cañada, Oaxaca. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Memoirs 16, Ann Arbor.
71. Redmond, E.M., 1994. Tribal and Chiefly Warfare in Northern South America. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Memoirs 28, Ann Arbor.
72. Redmond E.M., Spencer C.S. From raiding to conquest: warfare strategies and early state development in Oaxaca, Mexico. The Archaeology of Warfare: Prehistories of Raiding and Conquest 2006, 336-393. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. E.N. Arkush, M.W. Allen (Eds.).
73. Redmond E.M., Spencer C.S. Rituals of sanctification and the development of standardized temples in Oaxaca, Mexico. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2008, 18(2):239-266.
74. Renfrew C. Transformations. Transformations: Mathematical Approaches to Culture Change 1979, 3-44. Academic Press, New York. C. Renfrew, K.L. Cooke (Eds.).
75. Sahlins M., Service E. Evolution and Culture 1960, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
76. Sanders, W.T., 1974. Chiefdom to state: political evolution at Kaminaljuyú, Guatemala. In: Moore, C.B. (Ed.), Reconstructing Complex Societies: An Archaeological Colloquium. Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 20. Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, pp. 97-116.
77. Scott J.F. The Danzantes of Monte Albán. Part I: Text. Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology 1978, vol. 13. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.
78. Service E.R. Primitive Social Organization 1962, Random House, New York.
79. Spencer C.S. The Cuicatlán Cañada and Monte Albán. A Study of Primary State Formation 1982, Academic Press, New York.
80. Spencer C.S. On the tempo and mode of state formation: neoevolutionism reconsidered. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1990, 9:1-30.
81. Spencer C.S. A mathematical model of primary state formation. Cultural Dynamics 1998, 10:5-20.
82. Spencer C.S. Testing the morphogenesist model of primary state formation: the Zapotec Case. Macroevolution in Human Prehistory: Evolutionary Theory and Processual Archaeology 2009, 133-155. Springer, New York. A.M. Prentiss, I. Kuijt, J.C. Chatters (Eds.).
83. Spencer C.S. Territorial expansion and primary state formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2010, 107(16):7119-7126.
84. Spencer, C.S., Redmond, E.M., 1997. Archaeology of the Cañada de Cuicatlán, Oaxaca. American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers 80, New York.
85. Spencer C.S., Redmond E.M. Multilevel selection and political evolution in the Valley of Oaxaca, 500-100 B.C. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2001, 20:195-229.
86. Spencer C.S., Redmond E.M. The chronology of conquest: implications of new radiocarbon analyses from the Cañada de Cuicatlán, Oaxaca. Latin American Antiquity 2001, 12(2):182-202.
87. Spencer C.S., Redmond E.M. Militarism, resistance, and early state development in Oaxaca, Mexico. Social Evolution and History 2003, 2(1):25-70.
88. Spencer C.S., Redmond E.M. Primary state formation in Mesoamerica. Annual Review of Anthropology 2004, 33:173-199.
89. Spencer C.S., Redmond E.M. A Late Monte Albán I phase (300-100 B.C.) palace in the Valley of Oaxaca. Latin American Antiquity 2004, 15(4):441-455.
90. Steadman D.W. Warfare related trauma at Orendorf, a Middle Mississippian site in west-central Illinois. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2008, 136:51-64.
91. Stoltman, J.B., 2000. A reconsideration of the cultural processes linking Cahokia to its northern hinterlands during the period A.D. 1000-1200. In: Ahler, S.R. (Ed.), Mounds, Modoc, and Mesoamerica: Papers in Honor of Melvin L. Fowler. Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers 28, Illinois State Museum Society, Springfield, pp. 439-454.
92. Stoltman J.B. New evidence in the Upper Mississippi Valley for Premississippian cultural interaction with the American Bottom. American Antiquity 2008, 73(2):317-336.
93. Trubitt M.B.D. Mississippian period warfare and palisade construction at Cahokia. Theory, Method, and Practice in Modern Archaeology 2003, 149-162. Praeger, Westport, CT. R.J. Jeske, D.K. Charles (Eds.).
94. Welch P.D. Archaeology at Shiloh Indian Mounds, 1899-1999 2006, The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
95. Wilson, G.D., 2012. Living with war: the impact of chronic violence in the Mississippian-period Central Illinois Valley. In: Timothy, R. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, in press.
96. Wilson, G.D., Steadman, D., 2007. City Walls and Frontier Fortifications: Variation in Warfare between the Middle Mississippian American Bottom and Central Illinois River Valley. Paper Delivered at Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Knoxville, TN.
97. Winter, M., 1994. El Proyecto Especial Monte Albán 1992-1994: Antecedentes, intervenciones y perspectivas. In: Winter, M. (Ed.), Monte Albán: Estudios recientes: Contribución No. 2 del Proyecto Especial Monte Albán 1992-1994. Centro INAH Oaxaca, Oaxaca, pp. 1-24.
98. Wright H.T. Recent research on the origin of the state. Annual Review of Anthropology 1977, 6:379-397.
99. Wright H.T. Prestate political formations. On the Evolution of Complex Societies: Essays in Honor of Harry Hoijer 1982 1984, 41-77. Undena Publications, Malibu, CA. T. Earle (Ed.).
100. Wright H.T. Uruk states in southwestern Iran. Archaic States 1998, 173-197. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe. G.M. Feinman, J. Marcus (Eds.).
101. Wright H.T. Early state dynamics as political experiment. Journal of Anthropological Research 2006, 62(3):305-319.
102. Wright H.T., Johnson G.A. Population, exchange, and early state formation in southwestern Iran. American Anthropologist 1975, 77:267-289.