Change in size and impact performance of football helmets from the 1970s to 2010

Annals of Biomedical Engineering

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 175-184

  Viano, David C ^a   Halstead, David ^b,c  

^a PROBIOMECHANICS LLC   (United States)

^b University of Tennessee   (United States)

^c Southern Impact Research Center LLC   (United States)

Author keywords

Concussion; Helmets; Protective headgear; Recreation and sport; Sport equipment

Indexed keywords

CONCUSSION; CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENTS; FRONTAL IMPACTS; HEAD IMPACT; HEAD INJURY CRITERION; HELMETS; IMPACT FORCE; IMPACT PERFORMANCE; IMPACTORS; PROTECTIVE HEADGEAR; RECREATION AND SPORTS; ROTATIONAL ACCELERATION;

ACCELEROMETERS; SAFETY DEVICES;

ACCIDENT PREVENTION;

ARTICLE; AUDIOVISUAL EQUIPMENT; EQUIPMENT; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; FOOTBALL; HEAD; HELMET; HISTORY; MATERIALS TESTING;

EQUIPMENT DESIGN; FOOTBALL; HEAD; HEAD PROTECTIVE DEVICES; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; MATERIALS TESTING; MODELS, ANATOMIC; SPORTS EQUIPMENT;

EID: 84855347254     PISSN: 00906964     EISSN: 15739686     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0395-1     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Backaitis, S. H., and H. J. Mertz (eds.). Hybrid III: The First Human-Like Crash Test Dummy. Warrendale: Society of Automotive Engineers, PT-44, 1994.
2. PJ Bishop RW Norman JW Kozey 1984 An evaluation of football helmets under impact conditions Am. J. Sports Med. 12 3 233 236 6742308 10.1177/ 036354658401200313 1:STN:280:DyaL2c3lsVensw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14107524)
3. IR Casson DC Viano EJ Pellman 2008 Synopsis of the National Football League Player Health and Safety Meeting: Chicago, Illinois, June 19, 2007 Neurosurgery 62 204 210 18300909 10.1227/01.NEU.0000311079.65895.3E
4. IR Casson DC Viano JW Powell EJ Pellman 2010 Twelve years of NFL concussion data Sports Health 2 6 471 483
5. SM Duma SJ Manoogian WR Bussone PG Brolinson MW Goforth JJ Donnenwerth RM Greenwald JJ Chu JJ Crisco 2005 Analysis of real-time head accelerations in collegiate football players Clin. J. Sport Med. 15 1 3 8 15654184 10.1097/00042752-200501000-00002 (Pubitemid 40283813)
6. VR Hodgson 1975 National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment football helmet certification program Med. Sci. Sports 7 3 225 232 1207436 1:STN:280:DyaE28%2FpvFyqtw%3D%3D
7. VR Hodgson 1980 Reducing serious injury in sports Interschol. Athletic Assoc. 7 2 11 14
8. Hodgson, V. R., M. W. Mason, and L. M. Thomas. Head model for impact. In: 16th Stapp Car Crash Conference: SAE 720969, Vol. 45. Warrendale: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1972, pp. 1-13.
9. Hodgson, V. R., and L. M. Thomas. Utility of head injury criterion in head injury prevention: past and present research. Detroit: Wayne State University, 1985.
10. Hodgson, V. R., L. M. Thomas, and P. Prasad. Testing the validity and limitations of the severity index. In: 14th Stapp Car Crash Conference: SAE 700901. Warrendale: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1970.
11. ML Levy BM Ozgur C Berry HE Aryan ML Apuzzo 2004 Birth and evolution of the football helmet Neurosurgery 55 3 656 661 15335433 10.1227/01.NEU. 0000134599.01917.AA (Pubitemid 39186864)
12. AS McIntosh P McCrory 2000 Impact energy attenuation performance of football headgear Br. J. Sports Med. 34 5 337 341 11049142 10.1136/bjsm.34.5.337 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3crgtFOisg%3D%3D
13. AS McIntosh P McCrory 2005 Preventing head and neck injury Br. J. Sports Med. 39 6 314 318 15911597 10.1136/bjsm.2005.018200 1:STN:280: DC%2BD2M3mvVCisw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 40780611)
14. Mertz, H. J., P. Prasad, and G. Nusholtz. Head Injury Risk Assessment for Forehead Impacts. Warrendale, PA: SAE 960099, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1996.
15. FO Mueller 1998 Fatalities from head and cervical spine injuries occurring in tackle football: 50 years' experience Clin. Sports Med. 17 1 169 182 9475981 10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70071-5 1:STN:280:DyaK1c7js1Cmug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28063637)
16. TJ Myers N Yoganandan A Sances Jr FA Pintar J Reinartz JH Battocletti 1993 Energy absorption characteristics of football helmets under low and high rates of loading Biomed. Mater. Eng. 3 1 15 24 8490531 1:STN:280: DyaK3s3lvVWgtw%3D%3D
17. JA Newman MC Beusenberg N Shewchenko C Withnall E Fournier 2005 Verification of biomechanical methods employed in a comprehensive study of mild traumatic brain injury and the effectiveness of American football helmets J. Biomech. 38 7 1469 1481 15922758 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.06.025 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M3nvFWmsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 40744904)
18. NOCSAE 001-04m05: Standard drop test method and equipment used in evaluating the performance characteristics of protective headgear. www.nocsae.org, 2004.
19. NOCSAE 002-98m03: Standard performance specification for newly manufactured football helmets. www.nocsae.org, 1998.
20. NOCSAE 021-98m05: Standard projectile impact testing method and equipment used in evaluating the performance characteristics of protective headgear, faceguards or projectiles. www.nocsae.org, 1998.
21. EJ Pellman JW Powell DC Viano IR Casson AM Tucker H Feuer M Lovell JF Waeckerle DW Robertson 2004 Concussion in professional football: epidemiological features of game injuries and review of the literature-Part 3 Neurosurgery 54 81 97 14683544 10.1227/01.NEU.0000097267.54786.54
22. EJ Pellman DC Viano AM Tucker IR Casson JF Waeckerle 2003 Concussion in Professional Football: Reconstruction of Game Impacts and Injuries Neurosurgery 53 4 799 814 14519212 (Pubitemid 37211024)
23. EJ Pellman DC Viano AM Tucker IR Casson JF Waeckerle 2003 Concussion in professional football: location and direction of helmet impacts-Part 2 Neurosurgery 53 1328 1341 14633299 10.1227/01.NEU.0000093499.20604.21 (Pubitemid 37484863)
24. EJ Pellman DC Viano C Withnall N Shewchenko CA Bir PD Halstead 2006 Concussion in professional football: helmet testing to assess impact performance-Part 11 Neurosurgery 58 1 78 96 16385332 10.1227/01.NEU.0000196265. 35238.7C (Pubitemid 43053710)
25. S Rowson G Brolinson M Goforth D Dietter S Duma 2009 Linear and angular head acceleration measurements in collegiate football J. Biomech. Eng. 131 6 610 616 10.1115/1.3130454
26. JS Torg SM Harris K Rogers GJ Stilwell 1999 Retrospective report on the effectiveness of a polyurethane football helmet cover on the repeated occurrence of cerebral concussions Am. J. Orthop. (Belle Mead NJ) 28 2 128 132 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7msFSnsg%3D%3D
27. JS Torg R Truex Jr TC Quedenfeld A Burstein A Spealman C Nichols 3rd 1979 The National Football Head and Neck Injury Registry. Report and conclusions 1978 JAMA 241 14 1477 1479 430685 10.1001/jama.1979.03290400037018 1:STN:280:DyaE1M7lsVehsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 9228490)
28. Viano, D. C., C. Withnall, and D. Halstead. Impact performance of modern football helmets. Ann. Biomed. Eng., 2011. doi: 10.1007/s10439-011-0384-4
29. DC Viano IR Casson EJ Pellman 2007 Concussion in professional football: Biomechanics of the Struck Player-Part 14 Neurosurgery 61 313 328 17762744 10.1227/01.NEU.0000279969.02685.D0
30. DC Viano EJ Pellman 2005 Concussion in professional football: Biomechanics of the striking player-Part 8 Neurosurgery 56 266 280 15670375 10.1227/01.NEU.0000150035.54230.3C (Pubitemid 40204948)
31. DC Viano EJ Pellman C Withnall N Shewchenko 2006 Concussion in professional football: Newer helmet performance in reconstructed NFL impacts-Part 13 Neurosurgery 59 591 606 16823324 10.1227/01.NEU.0000231851. 97287.C2