Best practices for the use of animals in toxicological research and testing

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1245, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 17-20

  Stokes, William S ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

Alternative methods; Animal models; Animal welfare; Toxicology

Indexed keywords

VACCINE;

ANIMAL TESTING ALTERNATIVE; ANIMAL TESTING REDUCTION; ANIMAL TESTING REFINEMENT; ANIMAL TESTING REPLACEMENT; ANIMAL USE; ANIMAL WELFARE; ANIMAL WELLBEING; ARTICLE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DISTRESS SYNDROME; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG SAFETY; NONHUMAN; PAIN; TOXICITY TESTING;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84855220654     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06334.x     Document Type: Article

References (10)

1. Stokes, W.S. 1997. Animal use alternatives in research and testing: obligation and opportunity. Lab. Animal 26: 28-32.
2. ICCVAM. 2010. ICCVAM Biennial Progress Report 2008-2009, NIH Publication No. 10-7612, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, October 2008. Available at:
3. Stokes, W.S. & L.M. Schechtman 2007. Validation and regulatory acceptance of new, revised, and alternative toxicological methods. In Principles and Methods of Toxicology. A.W. Hayes, Ed.: 1103-1128. Taylor and Francis. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
4. Stokes, W.S. & M. Wind 2010. Recent progress and future directions at NICEATM-ICCVAM: validation and regulatory acceptance of alternative test methods that reduce, refine, and replace animal use. ALTEX 27: 221-232.
5. Birnbaum, L. & W. Stokes 2010. Safety testing: moving toward alternative methods. Environ. Health Perspect. 118: A12-A13.
6. ICCVAM Authorization Act. 2000. 42 U.S.C. 2000. Public Law 106-545.
7. Stokes, W.S. 2002. Humane endpoints for laboratory animals used in regulatory testing. ILAR J. 43: S31-S38.
8. Stokes, W.S. & M. Wind 2010. Validation of innovative technologies and strategies for regulatory safety assessment methods: challenges and opportunities. ALTEX 27: 87-95.
9. NRC. 2007. Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy. National Academies Press. Washington, DC
10. Collins, F.S., G.M. Gray & J.R. Bucher 2008. Toxicology. Transforming environmental health protection. Science 319: 906-907.