Anterior and posterior cruciate ligament injuries

Primary Care - Clinics in Office Practice

Volumn 31, Issue 4 SPEC.ISS., 2004, Pages 925-956

  Brown, Jeffrey R ^a   Trojian, Thomas H ^a,b,c  

^a C   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

^c S Francis Hosp and Medical Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; ARTICULAR CARTILAGE; ATHLETE; BIOMECHANICS; COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME TYPE I; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; ECHOGRAPHY; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; GRAFT FAILURE; HUMAN; INFECTION; JOINT LAXITY; KNEE FUNCTION; KNEE INJURY; KNEE LIGAMENT; KNEE LIGAMENT INJURY; KNEE MENISCUS RUPTURE; KNEE PAIN; LIGAMENT SURGERY; MENISCECTOMY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATELLA FRACTURE; PEROPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIODIAGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TENDON RUPTURE;

EID: 8444251432     PISSN: 00954543     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2004.07.004     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. W.L. Calmbach, and M. Hutchens Evaluation of patients presenting with knee pain: part 1. History, physical examination, radiographs, and laboratory tests Am Fam Physician 68 5 2003 907 912
2. D.H. Solomon, D.L. Simel, D.W. Bates, J.N. Katz, and J.L. Schaffer Does this patient have a torn meniscus or ligament of the knee? Value of the physical examination JAMA 286 13 2001 1610 1620
3. R.A. Rosenblatt, D.C. Cherkin, R. Schneeweiss, and L.G. Hart The content of ambulatory medical care in the United States. An interspecialty comparison N Engl J Med 309 15 1983 892 897
4. P.P. Weitzel, J.C. Richmond, G.H. Altman, T. Calabro, and D.L. Kaplan Future direction of the treatment of ACL ruptures Orthop Clin North Am 33 4 2002 653 661
5. L.J. Huston, M.L. Greenfield, and E.M. Wojtys Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the female athlete: potential risk factors Clin Orthop 372 2002 50 63
6. L.Y. Griffin, J. Agel, M.J. Albohm, E.A. Arendt, R.W. Dick, and W.E. Garrett Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: risk factors and prevention strategies J Am Acad Orthop Surg 8 3 2000 141 150
7. C.D. Harner, and J. Hoher Evaluation and treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injuries Am J Sports Med 26 3 1998 471 482
8. J.T. Andrish Ligamentous injuries of the knee Prim Care 11 1 1984 77 88
9. M. Dienst, R.T. Burks, and P.E. Greis Anatomy and biomechanics of the anterior cruciate ligament Orthop Clin North Am 33 4 2002 605 620
10. B. Yu, D.T. Kirkendall, T.N. Taft, and W.E. Garrett Jr. Lower extremity motor control-related and other risk factors for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries Instr Course Lect 51 2002 315 324
11. B.P. Boden, G.S. Dean, J.A. Feagin Jr., and W.E. Garrett Jr. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury Orthopedics 23 6 2000 573 578
12. E. Arendt, and R. Dick Knee injury patterns among men and women in collegiate basketball and soccer Am J Sports Med 23 6 1995 694 701
13. E.A. Arendt Anterior cruciate ligament injuries Curr Womens Health Rep 1 3 2001 211 217
14. M.L. Ireland The female ACL: why is it more prone to injury? Orthop Clin North Am 33 2002 637 651
15. L.Y. Griffin Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: prevention strategies Instr Course Lect 51 2002 311 314
16. K.G. Harmon, and M.L. Ireland Gender differences in noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries Clin Sports Med 19 2 2000 287 302
17. G. Myklebust, S. Maehlum, L. Engebretsen, T. Strand, and E. Solheim Registration of cruciate ligament injuries in Norwegian top level team handball. A prospective study covering two seasons Scand J Med Sci Sports 7 5 1997 289 292
18. O. Olsen, G. Myklebust, L. Engebretsen, I. Holme, and R. Bahr Relationship between floor type and risk of ACL injury in team handball Scand J Med Sci Sports 13 5 2003 299 304
19. P.E. Scranton A review of selected noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the National Football League Foot Ankle Int 18 12 1997 772 776
20. R.B. Lambson, B.S. Barnhill, and R.W. Higgins Football cleat design and its effect on anterior cruciate ligament injuries Am J Sports Med 24 2 1996 155 159
21. J.K. Loudon, W. Jenkins, and K.L. Loudon The relationship between static posture and ACL injury in female athletes J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 24 2 1996 91 97
22. W.P. Charlton, T.A. St. John, M.G. Ciccotti, N. Harrison, and M. Schweitzer Differences in femoral notch anatomy between men and women: a magnetic resonance imaging study Am J Sports Med 30 3 2002 329 333
23. K.D. Shelbourne, and B. Kerr The relationship of femoral intercondylar notch width to height, weight, and sex in patients with intact anterior cruciate ligaments Am J Knee Surg 14 2 2001 92 96
24. K.D. Shelbourne, T.J. Davis, and T.E. Klootwyk The relationship between intercondylar notch width of the femur and the incidence of anterior ligament tears Am J Sports Med 26 3 1998 402 408
25. K.D. Shelbourne, W.A. Facibene, and J.J. Hunt Radiographic and intraoperative intercondylar notch width measurements in men and women with unilateral and bilateral anterior cruciate ligament tears Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 5 4 1997 229 233
26. M.L. Ireland, B.T. Ballantyne, K. Little, and I.S. McClay A radiographic analysis of the relationship between the size and shape of the intercondylar notch and anterior cruciate ligament injury Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 9 4 2001 200 205
27. R.F. LaPrade, and Q.M. Burnett Femoral intercondylar notch stenosis and correlation to anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a prospective study Am J Sports Med 22 2 1994 198 202
28. T.O. Souryal, and T.R. Freeman Intercondylar notch size and anterior cruciate ligament injuries in athletes. A prospective study Am J Sports Med 21 4 1993 535 539
29. J.M. Uhorchak, C.R. Scoville, and G.N. Williams Risk factors associated with noncontact injury of the anterior cruciate ligament: a prospective four-year evaluation of 859 West Point cadets Am J Sports Med 31 6 2003 831 842
30. M. Rizzo, S.B. Holler, and F.H. Bassett Comparison of males' and females' ratios of anterior-cruciate-ligament width to femoral-intercondylar-notch width: a cadaveric study Am J Orthop 30 8 2001 660 664
31. A.F. Anderson, D.C. Dome, S. Gautman, M.H. Awh, and G.W. Rennirt Correlation of anthropometric measurements, strength, anterior cruciate ligament size, and intercondylar notch characteristics to sex differences in anterior cruciate ligament tear rates Am J Sports Med 29 1 2001 58 66
32. T.J. Davis, K.D. Shelbourne, and T.E. Klootwyk Correlation of the intercondylar notch width of the femur to the width of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 7 4 1999 209 214
33. T. Muneta, K. Takakuda, and H. Yamamoto Intercondylar notch width and its relation to the configuration and cross-sectional area of the anterior cruciate ligament: a cadaveric knee study Am J Sports Med 25 1 1997 69 71
34. S.H. Liu Primary immunolocalization of estrogen and progesterone target cells in the human anterior cruciate ligament J Orthop Res 14 4 1996 526 533
35. S.H. Liu, R.A. Al-Shaikh, V. Panossian, G.A. Finerman, and J.M. Lane Estrogen affects the cellular metabolism of the anterior cruciate ligament: a potential explanation for female athletic injury Am J Sports Med 25 5 1997 704 709
36. J. Slauterbeck Estrogen level alters the failure load of the rabbit anterior cruciate ligament J Orthop Res 17 3 1999 405 408
37. W.D. Yu, S.H. Liu, and J.D. Hatch Effect of estrogen on cellular metabolism of the human anterior cruciate ligament Clin Orthop 366 1999 229 238
38. E.M. Wojtys, L.J. Huston, T.N. Lindenfeld, T.E. Hewett, and M.L. Greenfield Association between the menstrual cycle and anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes Am J Sports Med 26 5 1998 614 619
39. J.M. McShane, T. Balsbaugh, and Z. Simpson Association between the menstrual cycle and anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes [letter] Am J Sports Med 28 5 2000 131
40. E.M. Wojtys, L.J. Huston, and M.D. Boynton The effect of the menstrual cycle on anterior cruciate ligament injuries in women as determined by hormone levels Am J Sports Med 30 2 2002 182 188
41. G. Myklebust, S. Maehlum, I. Holm, and R. Bahr A prospective cohort study of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in elite Norwegian team handball Scand J Med Sci Sports 8 3 1998 149 153
42. E.A. Arendt, B. Bershadsky, and J. Agel Periodicity of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries during the menstrual cycle J Gend Specif Med 5 2 2002 19 26
43. W.P.H. Charlton, L.M. Coslett-Charlton, and M.G. Ciccotti Correlation of estradiol in pregnancy and anterior cruciate ligament laxity Clin Orthop 387 2001 165 170
44. W. Romani, J. Patrie, L.A. Curl, and J.A. Flaws The correlations between estradiol, estrone, estriol, progesterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin and anterior cruciate ligament stiffness in healthy, active females J Womens Health 12 3 2003 287 298
45. M.S. Heitz, P.A. Eisenmann, and C.L. Beck Hormonal changes throughout the menstrual cycle and increased anterior cruciate laxity in females J Athl Train 34 1999 144 149
46. M. Deie, Y. Sakamaki, Y. Sumen, Y. Urabe, and Y. Ikuta Anterior knee laxity in young women varies with their menstrual cycle Int Orthop 26 3 2002 154 156
47. T. Lloyd, S.J. Triantafyllou, E.R. Baker, P.S. Houts, J.A. Whiteside, and A. Kalenak Women athletes with menstrual irregularity have increased musculoskeletal injuries Med Sci Sports Exerc 18 4 1986 374 379
48. J. Moller-Nielsen, and M. Hammar Women's soccer injuries in relation to the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use Med Sci Sports Exerc 21 2 1989 126 129
49. J.D. Chappell, B. Yu, D.T. Kirkendall, and W.E. Garrett A comparison of knee kinetics between male and female recreational athletes in stop-jump tasks Am J Sports Med 30 2 2002 261 267
50. R.A. Malinzak, S.M. Cobby, D.T. Kirkendall, and B. Yu A comparison of knee motion patterns between men and women in selected athletic tasks Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 16 5 2001 438 445
51. S.M. Lephart, J.P. Abt, and C.M. Ferris Neuromuscular contributions to anterior cruciate ligament injuries in females Curr Opin Rheumatol 14 2 2002 168 173
52. J.C. Henry, and C. Kaeding Neuromuscular differences between male and female athletes Curr Womens Health Rep 1 3 2001 241 244
53. T.E. Hewett, G.D. Myer, and K.R. Ford Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries Curr Womens Health Rep 1 3 2001 218 224
54. M.W. Johnson Acute knee effusions: a systematic approach to diagnosis Am Fam Physician 61 2000 2391 2400
55. L.J. Johnson, A.L. Johnson, and J.A. Colquitt Is it possible to make an accurate diagnosis based only on a medical history? A pilot study on women's knee joints Arthroscopy 12 6 1996 709 714
56. G.L. Sternbach Evaluation of the knee J Emerg Med 4 2 1986 133 143
57. K.E. Dehaven Diagnosis of acute knee injuries with hemarthrosis Am J Sports Med 8 1 1980 9 14
58. N. Maffulli, P.M. Binfield, J.B. King, and C.J. Good Acute haemarthrosis of the knee in athletes. A prospective study of 106 cases J Bone Joint Surg Br 75 6 1993 945 949
59. D.M. Daniel, M.L. Stone, B.E. Dobson, D.C. Fithian, D.J. Rossman, and K.R. Kaufman Fate of the ACL-injured patient. A prospective outcome study Am J Sports Med 22 5 1994 632 644
60. D.C. Fithian, M.A. Paxton, and D.H. Goltz Fate of the anterior cruciate ligament-injured knee Orthop Clin North Am 33 2002 621 636
61. R.J. Scholten, W. Opstelten, and C.G. van der Plas Accuracy of physical diagnostic tests for assessing ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament: a meta-analysis J Fam Pract 52 9 2003 689 694
62. S.H. Liu, L. Osti, M. Henry, and L. Bocchi The diagnosis of acute tears of the anterior cruciate ligament: comparison of MRI, arthrometry, and clinical examination J Bone Joint Surg 77B 4 1995 586 588
63. A.F. Naderson, G.W. Rennirt, and W.C. Standeffer Clinical analysis of the pivot shift tests Am J Knee Surg 13 1 2000 19 24
64. K.J. O'Shea, K.P. Murphy, D. Heekin, and P.J. Herzwurm The diagnostic accuracy of history, physical examination, and radiographs in the evaluation of traumatic knee disorders Am J Sports Med 24 2 1996 164 167
65. Y.S. Yoon, J.H. Rah, and H.J. Park A prospective study of the accuracy of clinical examination valuated by arthroscopy of the knee Int Orthop 21 4 1997 223 227
66. N.E. Rose, and S.M. Gold A comparison of accuracy between clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of meniscal and anterior cruciate ligament tears Arthroscopy 12 4 1996 398 405
67. M.S. Kocher, J. DiCanzio, D. Zurakowski, and L.J. Micheli Diagnostic performance of clinical examination and selective magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of intraarticular knee disorders in children and adolescents Am J Sports Med 29 3 2001 292 296
68. S.L. Moore Imaging the anterior cruciate ligament Orthop Clin North Am 33 4 2002 663 674
69. H.B. Tandeter, P. Shvartzman, and M.A. Stevens Acute knee injuries: use of decision rules for selective radiograph ordering Am Fam Physician 60 9 1999 2599 2608
70. L.P. Larsen, and O.S. Rasmussen Diagnosis of acute rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee by sonography Eur J Ultrasound 12 2000 163 167
71. F.S. Falchook, S. Tigges, W.A. Carpenter, T.P. Branch, and R.G. Stiles Accuracy of direct signs of tears of the anterior cruciate ligament Can Assoc Radiol J 47 1996 114 120
72. M. Clatworthy, and A. Amendola The anterior cruciate ligament and arthritis Clin Sports Med 18 1 1999 173 198
73. T. Yanagawa, K. Shelbourne, F. Serpas, and M. Pandy Effect of hamstrings muscle action on stability of the ACL-deficient knee in isokinetic extension exercise Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 17 9-10 2002 705 712
74. A. Papadonikolakis, L. Cooper, N. Stergiou, A.D. Georgoulis, and P.N. Soucacos Compensatory mechanisms in anterior cruciate ligament deficiency Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 11 4 2003 235 243
75. S.C. Shoemaker, and K.L. Markolf The role of the meniscus in the anterior-posterior stability of the loaded anterior cruciate-deficient knee. Effects of partial versus total excision J Bone Joint Surg Am 68 1 1986 71 79
76. J.J. Elias The soleus muscle acts as an agonist for the anterior cruciate ligament. An in vitro experimental study Am J Sports Med 31 2 2003 241 246
77. J. Goldstein, and J.A. Bosco The ACL-deficient knee: natural history and treatment options Bull Hosp Jt Dis 60 3-4 2001-2002 173 178
78. G.W. Woods, and D.R. Chapman Repairable posterior menisco-capsular disruption in anterior cruciate ligament injuries Am J Sports Med 12 1984 381 385
79. P.A. Indelicato, and E.S. Bittar A perspective on lesions associated with ACL insufficiency of the knee. A review of 100 cases Clin Orthop 198 1985 77 80
80. A. Finsterbush, U. Frankl, Y. Matan, and G. Mann Secondary damage to the knee after isolated injury of the anterior cruciate ligament Am J Sports Med 18 5 1990 475 479
81. W.R. Shelton, G.R. Barrett, and M.S. Dukes Early season anterior cruciate ligament tears Am J Sports Med 25 5 1997 656 658
82. L. Engebretsen, and A. Tegnander Short-term results of the nonoperated anterior cruciate ligament tear J Orthop Trauma 4 4 1990 406 410
83. R.J. Hawkins, G.W. Misamore, and T.R. Merritt Followup of the acute nonoperated isolated anterior cruciate ligament tear Am J Sports Med 14 3 1986 205 210
84. C. Andersson, M. Odensten, L. Good, and J. Gillquist Surgical or non-surgical treatment of acute rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. A randomized study with long-term follow-up J Bone Joint Surg Am 71 7 1989 965 974
85. A. Meunier, C. Andersson, and L. Good Osteoarthritis after surgical or conservative treatment of the acutely torn anterior cruciate ligament - a randomized study with 15 years follow-up [abstract] Acta Orthop Scand 287 Suppl 1999 47 82
86. G.C. Keene, D. Bickerstaff, P.J. Rae, and R.S. Paterson The natural history of meniscal tears in anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency Am J Sports Med 21 5 1993 672 679
87. D.L. Johnson, D.P. Bealle, and J.C. Brand The effect of a geographic lateral bone bruise on knee inflammation after acute anterior cruciate ligament rupture Am J Sports Med 28 2 2000 152 155
88. E. Ageberg Consequences of a ligament injury on neuromuscular function and relevance to rehabilitation - using the anterior cruciate ligament-injured knee as model J Electromyogr Kinesiol 12 3 2002 205 212
89. T. Friden, D. Roberts, and E. Ageberg Review of knee proprioception and the relation to extremity function after an anterior cruciate ligament rupture J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 31 10 2001 567 576
90. T. Jarvela, T. Paakkala, P. Kannus, and M. Jarvinen The incidence of patellofemoral osteoarthritis and associated findings 7 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a bone-patellar-tendon-bone autograft Am J Sports Med 29 1 2001 18 24
91. P.A. Sloane, H. Brazier, A.W. Murphy, and T. Collins Evidence based medicine in clinical practice: how to advise patients on the influence of age on the outcome of surgical anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a review of the literature Br J Sports Med 36 2002 200 204
92. J.J. Irrgang, A.F. Anderson, A.L. Boland, C.D. Harner, and M. Kurosaka Development and validation of the International Knee Documentation Committee subjective knee form Am J Sports Med 29 5 2001 600 613
93. F. Hefti, W. Muller, R.P. Jakob, and H.U. Staubli Evaluation of knee ligament injuries with the IKDC form Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1 3-4 1993 226 234
94. T.E. Hewett, M.V. Paterno, and G.D. Myer Strategies for enhancing proprioception and neuromuscular control of the knee Clin Orthop 402 2002 76 94
95. B.D. Beynnon, L. Good, and M.A. Risberg The effect of bracing on proprioception of knees with anterior cruciate ligament injury J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 32 1 2002 11 15
96. M.J. Decker, M.R. Torry, and V. Rich The effects of a functional knee brace on the neuromuscular landing performance of ACL deficient subjects Med Sci Sports Exerc 33 5 Suppl 1 2001 S82
97. J. Jerosch, and M. Prymka Knee joint proprioception in normal volunteers and patients with anterior cruciate ligament tears, taking special account of the effect of a knee bandage Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 115 1996 162 166
98. D. Otto, L.A. Pinczewski, and A. Clingeleffer Five-year results of single-incision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft Am J Sports Med 26 2 1998 181 188
99. S.D. Barber-Westin, F.R. Noyes, and M. Andrews A rigorous comparison between the sexes of results and complications after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Am J Sports Med 25 4 1997 514 526
100. J.A. Fox, D.D. Nedeff, B.R. Bach, and K.P. Spindler Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft tendon Clin Orthop 1 402 2002 53 63
101. S.L. Miller, and J.N. Gladstone Graft selection in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Orthop Clin North Am 33 2002 675 683
102. L. Chen, V. Cooley, and T. Rosenberg ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendon Orthop Clin North Am 34 2003 9 18
103. I.A. Corry, J.M. Webb, A.J. Clingeleffer, and L.A. Pinczewski Arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament, a comparison of patella tendon autograft and four strand hamstring tendon autograft Am J Sports Med 27 4 1999 444 454
104. F.H. Fu, C.H. Bennett, C.B. Ma, J. Menetrey, and C. Lattermann Current trends in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Am J Sports Med 28 1 2000 124 130
105. S.M. Graham, and R.D. Parker Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendon grafts Clin Orthop 1 402 2002 64 75
106. M.J. Stuart The use of allografts in sports medicine Instr Course Lect 51 2002 521 525
107. S.M. Strickland, J.D. MacGillivray, and R.F. Warren Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with allograft tendons Orthop Clin North Am 43 2003 41 47
108. J.K. Sekiya, B.C. Ong, and J.P. Bradley Complications in anterior cruciate ligament surgery Orthop Clin North Am 34 2003 99 105
109. A.E. Pressman, R.M. Letts, and J.G. Jarvis Anterior cruciate ligament tears in children: an analysis of operative versus nonoperative treatment J Pediatr Orthop 17 4 1997 505 511
110. B.B. Phillips, and D.E. Haynes Complications of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Instr Course Lect 51 2002 329 333
111. G.A. Paletta Special considerations: anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the skeletally immature Orthop Clin North Am 34 2003 65 77
112. D.R. Johnston, T.J. Ganley, J.M. Flynn, and J.R. Gregg Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in skeletally immature patients Orthopedics 25 8 2002 864 873
113. K.D. Shelbourne, and P.A. Nitz Accelerated rehabilitation after anterior ligament reconstruction Am J Sports Med 18 1990 292 299
114. B.D. Beynnon, R.J. Johnson, and B.C. Fleming The science of anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation Clin Orthop 1 402 2002 9 20
115. K.E. Wilk, M.M. Reinold, and T.R. Hooks Recent advances in the rehabilitation of isolated and combined anterior cruciate ligament injuries Orthop Clin North Am 34 2003 107 137
116. L.Y. Griffin Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: prevention strategies Instr Course Lect 51 2002 311 314
117. A. Caraffa, G. Cerulli, M. Projetti, G. Aisa, and A. Rizzo Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer: a prospective controlled study of proprioceptive training Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 4 1996 19 21
118. T.E. Hewett, T.N. Lindenfeld, J.V. Riccobene, and F.R. Noyes The effect of neuromuscular training on the incidence of knee injury in female athletes Am J Sports Med 27 1999 699 706
119. T.E. Hewett, G.D. Myer, and K.R. Ford Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries Curr Womens Health Rep 1 3 2001 218 224
120. C.F. Ettlinger, R.J. Johnson, and J.E. Shealy A method to help reduce the risk of serious knee sprains incurred in alpine skiing Am J Sports Med 23 5 1995 531 537
121. A. Natri, B.D. Beynnon, C.F. Ettlinger, R.J. Johnson, and J.E. Shealy Alpine ski bindings and injuries: current findings Sports Med 28 1 1999 35 48
122. G. Mykelbust, L. Engebretsen, I. Braekken, A. Skjolberg, O. Olsen, and R. Bahr Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female team handball players: a prospective intervention study over three seasons Scand J Med Sci Sports 13 4 2003 272
123. F. Margheritini, J. Rihn, V. Musahl, P.P. Mariani, and C. Harner Posterior cruciate ligament injuries in the athlete Sports Med 32 6 2002 393 408
124. C.D. Harner, J.W. Xerogeanes, G.A. Livesay, G.J. Carlin, B.A. Smith, and T. Kusayama The human posterior cruciate ligament complex: an interdisciplinary study: ligament morphology and biomechanical evaluation Am J Sports Med 23 1995 736 745
125. C.R. Allen, L.D. Kaplan, D.J. Fluhme, and C.D. Harner Posterior cruciate ligament injuries Curr Opin Rheumatol 14 2 2002 142 149
126. P. St. Pierre, and M.D. Miller Posterior cruciate ligament injuries Clin Sports Med 18 1 1999 199 221
127. D.M. Veltri, and R.F. Warren Anatomy, biomechanics, and physical findings in posterolateral knee instability Clin Sports Med 13 3 1994 599 614
128. M.D. Miller, D.E. Cooper, G.C. Fanelli, C.D. Harner, and R.F. Laprade Posterior cruciate ligament: current concepts Instr Course Lect 51 2002 347 351
129. C.D. Harner, and J. Hoher Evaluation and treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injuries Am J Sports Med 26 3 1998 471 482
130. C.D. Harner, J. Hoher, T.M. Vogrin, G.J. Carlin, and S.L. Woo The effects of a popliteus muscle load on in situ forces in the posterior cruciate ligament and on knee kinematics Am J Sports Med 26 5 1998 669 673
131. R.F. LaPrade, and F. Wentorf Diagnosis and treatment of posterolateral knee injuries Clin Orthop Rel Res 402 2002 110 121
132. M.D. Miller, D.J. Johnson, C.D. Harner, and F.H. Fu Posterior cruciate ligament injuries Orthop Rev 22 11 1993 1201 1210
133. M.D. Miller, J.A. Bergfeld, P.J. Fowler, C.D. Harner, and F.R. Noyes The posterior cruciate ligament injured knee: principles of evaluation and treatment Instr Course Lect 48 1999 199 207
134. K.C. Miyasaka, D.M. Daniel, and M.L. Stone The incidence of knee injuries in the general population Am J Knee Surg 4 1991 3 8
135. G.C. Fanelli Posterior cruciate ligament injuries in trauma patients Arthroscopy 9 3 1993 291 294
136. G.C. Fanelli Posterior cruciate ligament injuries in trauma patients Part II. Arthroscopy 11 5 1995 526 529
137. J.M. Parolie, and J.A. Bergfeld Long-term results of nonoperative treatment of isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries in the athlete Am J Sports Med 14 1 1986 35 38
138. G.J. Jarret, J.F. Orwin, and R.W. Dick Injuries in collegiate wrestling Am J Sports Med 26 5 1998 674 680
139. P.J. Fowler, and S.S. Messieh Isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries in athletes Am J Sports Med 15 6 1987 553 557
140. R.A. Rubinstein, D. Shelbourne, J.R. McCarroll, C.D. VanMeter, and A.C. Rettig The accuracy of the clinical examination in the setting of posterior cruciate ligament injuries Am J Sports Med 22 4 1994 550 557
141. W.G. Clancy, K.D. Shelbourne, G.B. Zoellner, J.S. Keene, B. Reider, and T.D. Rosenberg Treatment of knee joint instability secondary to rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament: report of a new procedure J Bone Joint Surg Am 65 1983 310 322
142. M.D. Miller, D.J. Johnson, C.D. Harner, and F.H. Fu Posterior cruciate ligament injuries Orthop Rev 22 11 1993 1201 1210
143. G.T. Feltham, and J.P. Albright The diagnosis of PCL injury: literature review and introduction of two novel tests Iowa Orthop J 21 2001 36 42
144. T.E. Hewett, F.R. Noyes, and M.D. Lee Diagnosis of complete and partial posterior cruciate ligament ruptures: stress radiography compared with KT-1000 arthrometer and posterior drawer testing Am J Sports Med 25 5 1997 648 655
145. J.S. Grover, L.W. Bassett, M.L. Gross, L.L. Seeger, and G.A. Finerman Posterior cruciate ligament: MR imaging Radiology 174 2 1990 527 530
146. M.L. Gross, J.S. Grover, L.W. Bassett, L.L. Seeger, and G.A. Finerman Magnetic resonance imaging of the posterior cruciate ligament: clinical use to improve diagnostic accuracy Am J Sports Med 20 6 1992 732 737
147. J.S. Torg, T.M. Barton, H. Pavlov, and R. Stine Natural history of the posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee Clin Orthop Rel Res 246 1989 208 216
148. J.C. L'Insalata, and C.D. Harner Treatment of acute and chronic posterior cruciate ligament deficiency: new approaches Am J Knee Surg 9 4 1996 185 193
149. M.J. Skyhar, R.F. Warren, G.J. Ortiz, E. Schwartz, and J.C. Otis The effects of sectioning of the posterior cruciate ligament and the posterolateral complex on the articular contact pressures within the knee J Bone Joint Surg Am 75 1993 694 699
150. H. Dejour, G. Walch, and P. Peyrot The natural history of rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 74 1 1988 35 43
151. W.B. Geissler, and T.L. Whipple Intraarticular abnormalities in association with posterior cruciate ligament injuries Am J Sports Med 21 1993 846 849
152. F. Margheritini, J. Rihn, V. Musahl, P.P. Mariani, and C. Harner Posterior cruciate ligament injuries in the athlete Sports Med 32 6 2002 393 408
153. F.R. Noyes, and S.D. Barber-Westin Treatment of complex injuries involving the posterior cruciate and posterolateral ligaments of the knee Am J Knee Surg 9 1996 200 214
154. K. Shino, S. Horibe, K. Nakata, A. Maeda, M. Hamada, and N. Nakamura Conservative treatment of isolated injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament in athletes J Bone Joint Surg Br 77 6 1995 895 900
155. K.D. Shelbourne, T.J. Davis, and D.V. Patel The natural history of acute, isolated, nonoperatively treated posterior cruciate ligament injuries Am J Sports Med 27 3 1999 276 283
156. T. Akisue, M. Kurosaka, and S. Yoshiya Evaluation of healing of the injured posterior cruciate ligament: analysis of instability and magnetic resonance imaging Arthroscopy 17 2001 264 269
157. K.D. Shelbourne, R.W. Jennings, and T.N. Vahey Magnetic resonance imaging of posterior cruciate ligament injuries: assessment of healing Am J Knee Surg 12 1999 209 213
158. M.D. Miller, D.J. Johnson, C.D. Harner, and F.H. Fu Posterior cruciate ligament injuries Orthop Rev 22 11 1993 1201 1210