Malassezia yeasts in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis

Australasian Journal of Dermatology

Volumn 45, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 199-207

  Aspres, Nicholas ^a   Anderson, Chris ^a  

^a LIVERPOOL HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Atopic eczema; Head and neck dermatitis; Pityrosporum orbiculare; Pityrosporum ovale

Indexed keywords

ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; HYDROCORTISONE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; MICONAZOLE;

ATOPIC DERMATITIS; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HEAD AND NECK INFECTION; HEREDITY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN PRODUCTION; MALASSEZIA; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; SKIN FLORA; T LYMPHOCYTE; YEAST;

EID: 8444233223     PISSN: 00048380     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2004.00097.x     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Leung DY. Pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1999; 104: S99-108.
2. MacLean JA, Eidelman FJ. The genetics of atopy and atopic eczema. Arch. Dermatol. 2001; 137: 1474-6.
3. Reitamo S, Ansel JC, Luger TA. Itch in atopic dermatitis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2001; 45: S55-6.
4. Morren M, Prybilla B, Bamelis M, Heykants B, Reynaers A, Degreef H. Atopic dermatitis: triggering factors. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1994; 31: 467-73.
5. Leung DYM, Eichenfield LF, Boguniewicz M. Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema). In: Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, Austen KF, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI (eds). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, Vol. 1, 6th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003; 1180-94.
6. Ring J, Darsow U, Behrendt H. Atopic eczema and allergy. Curr. Allergy Report 2001; 1: 39-43.
7. Lever R. The role of food in atopic eczema. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2001; 45: S57-60.
8. Svejgaard E. The role of microorganisms in atopic dermatitis. Semin. Dermatol. 1990; 9: 255-61.
9. Ring J, Abeck D, Neuber K. Atopic eczema: role of microorganisms on the skin surface. Allergy 1992; 47: 265-9.
10. Savolainen J, Lammintausta K, Kalimo K, Vlander M. Candida albicans and atopic dermatitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy 1993; 23: 332-9.
11. Brehler RB, Luger TA. Atopic dermatitis: the role of Pityrosporum ovale. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2001; 15: 5-6.
12. Faergemann J, Tjernlund U, Scheynius A, Bernander S. Antigenic similarities and differences in genus Pityrosporum. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1982; 78: 28-31.
13. Gueho E, Midgley G, Guillot J. The genus Malassezia with description of four new species. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1996; 69: 337-55.
14. Leeming J, Notman F, Holland K. The distribution and ecology of Malassezia furfur and cutaneous bacteria on human skin. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1989; 67: 47-52.
15. Roberts SOB. Pityrosporum orbiculare: incidence and distribution on clinically normal skin. Br. J. Dermatol. 1969; 81: 264-9.
16. Faergemann J, Fredriksson T. Age incidence of Pityrosporum orbiculare on human skin. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1980; 60: 531-3.
17. Faergemann J, Aly R, Maibach H. Quantitative variations in distribution of Pityrosporum orbiculare on clinically normal skin. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1983; 63: 346-8.
18. Gupta AK, Kohl Y, Summerbell RC, Faergemann J. Quantitative culture of Malassezia species from different body sites of individuals with or without dermatoses. Med. Mycol. 2001; 39: 243-51.
19. Bergbrant IM, Faergemann J. Variations of Pityrosporum orbiculare in middle-aged and elderly individuals. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1988; 68: 537-40.
20. Faergemann J. Pityrosporum infections. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1994; 31: S18-20.
21. Faergemann J. Lipophilic yeasts in skin disease. Semin. Dermatol. 1985; 4: 173-84.
22. Faergemann J. Pityrosporum yeasts-what's new? Mycoses 1997; 40: 29-32.
23. Faergemann J. Pityrosporum species as a cause of allergy and infection. Allergy 1999; 54: 413-19.
24. Waersted A, Hjorth N. Pityrosporum orbiculare-a pathogenic factor in atopic dermatitis of the face, scalp and neck? Acta Derm. Venereol. Suppl. (Stockh.) 1985; 114: 146-8.
25. Clemmensen O, Hjorth N. Treatment of dermatitis of the head and neck with ketoconazole in patients with type I sensitivity to Pityrosporum ovale. Semin. Dermatol. 1983; 2: 26-9.
26. Savolainen J, Lintu P, Kosonen J, Kortekangas-Savolainen O, Viander M, Pene J, Kalimo K, Terho EO, Bousquet J. Pityrosporum and Candida specific and non-specific humoral, cellular and cytokine responses in atopic dermatitis patients. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2001; 31: 125-34.
27. Tengvall Linder M, Johansson C, Scheynius A, Wahlgren C. Positive atopy patch test reactions to Pityrosporum orbiculare in atopic dermatitis patients. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2000; 30: 122-31.
28. Scalabrin DM, Bavbek S, Perzanowski MS, Wilson BB, Platts-Mills TA, Wheatley LM. Use of specific IgE in assessing the relevance of fungal and dust mite allergens to atopic dermatitis: a comparison with asthmatic and nonasthmatic control subjects. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1999; 104: 1273-9.
29. Kim TY, Jang IG, Park YM, Kim HO, Kim CW. Head and neck dermatitis: the role of Malassezia furfur, topical steroid use and environmental factors in its causation. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 1999; 24: 226-31.
30. Back O, Scheynius A, Johansson SG. Ketoconazole in atopic dermatitis: therapeutic response is correlated with decrease in serum IgE. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1995; 287: 448-51.
31. Young E, Koers WJ, Berrens L. Intracutaneous tests with Pityrosporum extract in atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm. Venereol. Suppl. (Stockh.) 1989; 144: 122-4.
32. Broberg A, Faergemann J, Johansson S, Johansson SG, Strannegard IL, Svejgaard E. Pityrosporum ovale and atopic dermatitis in children and young adults. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1992; 72: 187-92.
33. Lindgren L, Wahlgren CF, Johansson SG, Wiklund I, Nordvall SL. Occurrence and clinical features of sensitization to Pityrosporum orbiculare and other allergens in children with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1995; 75: 300-4.
34. Rokugo M, Tagami H, Usuba Y, Tomita Y. Contact sensitivity to Pityrosporum ovale in patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch. Dermatol. 1990; 126: 627-32.
35. Mukai H, Kaneko S, Saito N, Nagase A, Arai S, Hiramatsu M, Kato H. Clinical significance of Malassezia furfur specific IgE antibody in atopic dermatitis. Arerugi 1997; 46: 26-33. (In Japanese with abstract in English.)
36. Devos SA, van der Valk PG. The relevance of skin prick tests for Pityrosporum ovale in patients with head and neck dermatitis. Allergy 2000; 55: 1056-8.
37. Wessels MW, Doekes G, Van Ieperen-Van Kijk AG, Koers WJ, Young E. IgE antibodies to Pityrosporum ovale in atopic dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol. 1991; 125: 227-32.
38. Nissen D, Petersen LJ, Esch R, Svejgaard E, Skov PS, Poulsen LK, Nolle H. IgE-sensitization to cellular and culture filtrates of fungal extracts in patients with atopic dermatitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma. Immunol. 1998; 81: 247-55.
39. Kieffer M, Bergbrant IM, Faergemann J, Jemec GB, Ottevanger V, Stahl Skov P, Svejgaard E. Immune reactions to Pityrosporum ovale in adult patients with atopic and seborrheic dermatitis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1990; 22: 739-42.
40. Svejgaard E, Faergeman J, Jemec G, Kieffer M, Ottevanger V. Recent investigations on the relationship between fungal skin diseases and atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm. Venereol. Suppl. (Stockh.) 1989; 144: 140-2.
41. Broberg A, Faergemann J. Topical antimycotic treatment of atopic dermatitis in the head/neck area. A double-blind randomised study. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1995; 75: 46-9.
42. Mayser P, Gross A. IgE antibodies to Malassezia furfur, Malassezia sympodialis and Pityrosporum orbiculare in patients with atopic dermatitis, seborrhoeic eczema or pityriasis versicolor, and identification of respective allergens. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2000; 80: 357-61.
43. Tengvall Linder M, Johansson C, Zargari A, Bengtsson A, van der Ploeg I, Jones I, Harfast B, Scheynius A. Detection of Pityrosporum orbiculare reactive T cells from skin and blood in atopic dermatitis and characterization of their cytokine profiles. Clin. Exp. Allergy 1996; 26: 1286-97.
44. Kroger S, Neuber K, Gruseck E, Ring J, Abeck D. Pityrosporum ovale extracts increase interleukin-4, interleukin-10 and IgE synthesis in patients with atopic eczema. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1995; 75: 357-60.
45. Johansson C, Sandstrom MH, Bartosik J, Sarnhult T, Christiansen J, Zargari A et al. Atopy patch test reactions to Malassezia allergens differentiate subgroups of atopic dermatitis patients. Br. J. Dermatol. 2003; 148: 479-88.
46. Ring J, Darsow U, Gfesser M, Vieluf D. The atopy patch test in evaluating the role of aeroallergens in atopic eczema. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 1997; 113: 379-83.
47. Darsow U, Vieluf D, Ring R. Atopy patch test with different vehicles and allergen concentrations: an approach to standardisation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1995; 95: 677-84.
48. Wistokat-Wulfing A, Schmidt P, Darsow U, Ring J, Kapp A, Werfel T. Atopy patch test reactions are associated with T lymphocyte-mediated allergen-specific immune responses in atopic dermatitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy 1999; 29: 513-21.
49. Belew PW, Rosenberg EW, Jennings BR. Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by Malassezia ovalis (Pityrosporum ovale). Mycopathologia 1980; 70: 187-90.
50. Watanabe S, Kano R, Sato H, Nakamura Y, Hasegawa A. The effects of Malassezia yeasts on cytokine production by human keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2001; 116: 769-73.
51. Buentke E, Zargari A, Heffler LC, Avila-Carino J, Savolainen J, Scheynius A. Uptake of the yeast Malassezia furfur and its allergenic components by human immature CD1a+ dendritic cells. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2000; 30: 1759-70.
52. Buentke E, Heffler LC, Wallin RP, Lofman C, Ljunggren HG, Scheynius A. The allergenic yeast Malassezia furfur induces maturation of human dendritic cells. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2001; 31: 1583-93.
53. Clark RA. Cell-mediated and IgE-mediated immune responses in atopic dermatitis. Arch. Dermatol. 1989; 125: 413-16.
54. Bos JD, Wierenga EA, Sillevis Smitt JH, van der Heijden FL, Kapsenberg ML. Immune dysregulation in atopic eczema. Arch. Dermatol. 1992; 128: 1509-12.
55. Bruynzeel-Koomen C, van Wichen DF, Toonstra J, Berrens L, Bruynzeel PL. The presence of IgE molecules on epidermal Langerhans cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1986; 278: 199-205.
56. Nordvall SL, Johansson S. IgE antibodies to Pityrosporum orbiculare in children with atopic diseases. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 1990; 79: 343-8.
57. Kawano S, Nakagawa H. The correlation between the levels of anti-Malassezia furfur IgE antibodies and severities of face and neck dermatitis of patients with atopic dermatitis. Arerugi 1995; 44: 128-33. (In Japanese with abstract in English.)
58. Ito K, Sakamoto T, Kikuchi S, Hayashi Y, Torii S, Iguchi H, Ueda M, Tanaka A. Detection of IgE antibody to Pityrosporum orbiculare in patients with atopic dermatitis. Arerugi 1995; 44: 481-90. (In Japanese with abstract in English.)
59. Hay RJ. Antifungal drugs in dermatology. Semin. Dermatol. 1990; 9: 309-17.
60. Van Gerven F, Odds FC. The anti-Malassezia furfur activity in vitro and in experimental dermatitis of six imidazole antifungal agents: bifonazole, clotrimazole, flutrimazole, ketoconazole, miconazole and sertaconazole. Mycoses 1995; 38: 389-93.
61. Kolmer HL, Taketomi EA, Hazen KC, Hughs E, Wilson BB, Plattsmills TAE. Effect of combined antibacterial and antifungal treatment in severe atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1996; 98: 702-7.
62. Back O, Bartosik J. Systemic ketoconazole for yeast allergic patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2001; 15: 34-8.
63. Ruiz-Maldonado R, Lopez-Matinez R, Perez Chavarria EL, Rocio Castanon L, Tamayo L. Pityrosporum ovale in infantile seborrheic dermatitis. Pediatr. Dermatol. 1989; 6: 16-20.
64. Charman C, Williams H. Outcome measures of disease severity in atopic eczema. Arch. Dermatol. 2000; 136: 763-9.
65. Nakabayashi A, Sei Y, Guillot J. Identification of Malassezia species isolated from patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, pityriasis versicolor and normal subjects. Med. Mycol. 2000; 38: 337-41.
66. Sugita T, Kodama M, Tsuboi R, Nishikawa A. Description of a new yeast species, Malassezia japonica, and its detection in patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy subjects. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2003; 41: 4695-9.
67. Sugita T, Saito M, Ito T, Kato Y, Tsuboi R, Nishikawa A. Sequence diversity of the intergenic spacer region of the rRNA gene of Malassezia globosa colonising the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy individuals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2003; 41: 3022-7.
68. Gupta AK, Kohl Y, Li A, Faergemann J, Summerbell RC. In vitro susceptibility of the seven Malassezia species to ketoconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole and terbinafine. Br. J. Dermatol. 2000; 142: 758-65.
69. Johansson S, Karlstrom K. IgE-binding components in Pityrosporum orbiculare identified by an immunoblotting technique. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1991; 71: 11-16.
70. Zargari A, Emilson A, Hallden G, Johansson S, Scheynius A. Cell surface expression of two major allergens in the Pityrosporum genus. Clin. Exp. Allergy 1997; 27: 584-92.
71. Lintu P, Savolainen J, Kalimo K. IgE antibodies to protein and mannan antigens of Pityrosporum ovale in atopic dermatitis patients. Clin. Exp. Allergy 1997; 27: 87-95.
72. Jensen-Jarolim E, Poulsen LK, With H, Kieffer M, Ottevanger V, Stahl Skov P. Atopic dermatitis of the face, scalp, and neck: type I reaction to the yeast Pityrosporum ovale? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1992; 89: 44-51.
73. Koyama T, Kanbe T, Ishiguro A, Kikuchi A, Tomita Y. Isolation and characterization of a major antigenic component of Malassezia globosa to IgE antibodies in sera of patients with atopic dermatitis. Microbiol. Immunol. 2000; 44: 373-9.
74. Onishi Y, Kuroda M, Yasueda H, Saito A, Sono-Koyama E, Tunasawa S et al. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of Malassezia allergens for atopic dermatitis and isolation of Mal f4 homologs with mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. Eur. J. Biochem. 1999; 261: 148-54.
75. Yasueda H, Hashida-Okado T, Saito A, Uchida K, Kuroda M, Onishi Y, Takahashi K, Yamaguchi H, Takesako K, Akiyama K. Identification and cloning of two novel allergens from the lipophilic yeast, Malassezia furfur. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998; 248: 240-4.
76. Koyama T, Kanbe T, Ishiguro A, Kikuchi A, Tomita Y. Antigenic components of Malassezia species for immunoglobulin E antibodies in sera of patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2001; 26: 201-8.
77. Zargari AMG, Back O, Johansson SGO, Scheynius A. IgE-reactivity to seven Malassezia species. Allergy 2003; 58: 306-11.
78. Mari ASP, Wally V, Breitenbach M, Simon-Nobbe B. Sensitisation to fungi: epidemiology, comparative skin tests, and IgE reactivity of fungal extracts. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2003; 33: 1429-38.