Pathophysiology of traumatic injury in the developing brain: An introduction and short update

Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology

Volumn 56, Issue 1-2, 2004, Pages 65-73

  Bauer, Reinhard ^a   Fritz, Harald ^a  

^a JENA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Pathogenetic models; Pediatric TBI; Review

Indexed keywords

AMPA RECEPTOR; AQUAPORIN 4; CALCIUM ION; DOPAMINE; GLUTAMIC ACID; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; NEUROTRANSMITTER;

AGE; APOPTOSIS; BIOMECHANICS; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN EDEMA; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; BRAIN MATURATION; BRAIN WATER; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CONFERENCE PAPER; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; FLUID BALANCE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPEREMIA; INFANT DISEASE; INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

EID: 8444232860     PISSN: 09402993     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2004.04.002     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (86)

1. Adelson PD, Clyde B, Kochanek PM, et al. Cerebrovascular response in infants and young children following severe traumatic brain injury: a preliminary report. Pediatr Neurosurg 1997;26:200-7.
2. Adelson PD, Goldstein B. Introduction to the supplement to critical care medicine. Crit Care Med 2002;30:S383-384.
3. Adelson PD, Kochanek PM. Head injury in children. J Child Neurol 1998;13:2-15.
4. Aldrich EF, Eisenberg HM, Saydjari C, et al. Diffuse brain swelling in severely head-injured children. A report from the NIH Traumatic Coma data bank. J Neurosurg 1992;76:450-4.
5. Amiry-Moghaddam M, Otsuka T, Hurn PD, et al. An alpha-syntrophin- dependent pool of AQP4 in astroglial end-feet confers bidirectional water flow between blood and brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:2106-11.
6. Amiry-Moghaddam M, Ottersen OP. The molecular basis of water transport in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2003;4:991-1001.
7. Anderson VA, Catroppa C, Haritou F, et al. Predictors of acute child and family outcome following traumatic brain injury in children. Pediatr Neurosurg 2001;34:138-48.
8. Armstead WM. Role of endothelin-1 in age-dependent cerebrovascular hypotensive responses after brain injury. Am J Physiol 1999;277:H1884-94.
9. Armstead WM. Age-dependent cerebral hemodynamic effects of traumatic brain injury in newborn and juvenile pigs. Microcirculation 2000;7:225-35.
10. Armstead WM, Kurth CD. Different cerebral hemodynamic responses following fluid percussion brain injury in the newborn and juvenile pig. J Neurotrauma 1994;11:487-97.
11. Bauer R, Bergmann R, Walter B, et al. Regional distribution of cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow in newborn piglets-effect of hypoxia/hypercapnia. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1999;112:89-98.
12. Bayir H, Kagan VE, Tyurina YY, et al. Assessment of antioxidant reserves and oxidative stress in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children. Pediatr Res 2002;51:571-8.
13. Bayir H, Kochanek PM, Clark RS. Traumatic brain injury in infants and children: mechanisms of secondary damage and treatment in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin 2003;19:529-49.
14. Behring EA. Water exchange of central nervous system and cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurosurg 1952;9:275-87.
15. Berger MS, Pitts LH, Lovely M, et al. Outcome from severe head injury in children and adolescents. J Neurosurg 1985;62:194-9.
16. Biagas KV, Grundl PD, Kochanek PM, et al. Posttraumatic hyperemia in immature, mature, and aged rats: autoradiographic determination of cerebral blood flow. J Neurotrauma 1996;13:189-200.
17. Blomgren K, Zhu C, Hallin U, et al. Mitochondria and ischemic reperfusion damage in the adult and in the developing brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;304:551-9.
18. Bloom DR, Levin HS, Ewing-Cobbs L, et al. Lifetime and novel psychiatric disorders after pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40:572-9.
19. Bruce DA, Alavi A, Bilaniuk L, et al. Diffuse cerebral swelling following head injuries in children: the syndrome of malignant brain edema. J Neurosurg 1981;54:170-8.
20. Burnashev N, Schoepfer R, Monyer H, et al. Control by asparagine residues of calcium permeability and magnesium blockade in the NMDA receptor. Science 1992;257:1415-9.
21. Butt AM, Jones HC, Abbott NJ. Electrical resistance across the blood-brain barrier in anaesthetized rats: a developmental study. J Physiol 1990;429:47-62.
22. Dobbing J. The later development of the brain and its vulnerability. In: Davis JA, Dobbing J editors. Scientific foundations of paediatrics. London: Heinemann; 1981. p. 744-59.
23. Dodson RF, Chu LW, Welch KM, et al. Acute tissue response to cerebral ischemia in the gerbil. An ultrastructural study. J Neurol Sci 1977;33:161-70.
24. Dougherty DD, Bonab AA, Spencer TJ, et al. Dopamine transporter density in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 1999;354:2132-3.
25. Durham SR, Clancy RR, Leuthardt E, et al. CHOP Infant Coma Scale (Infant Face Scale): a novel coma scale for children less than two years of age. J Neurotrauma 2000;17:729-37.
26. Dziegielewska KM, Knott GW, Saunders NR. The nature and composition of the internal environment of the developing brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2000;20:41-56.
27. Eichelberger MR, Mangubat EA, Sacco WS, et al. Comparative outcomes of children and adults suffering blunt trauma. J Trauma 1988;28:430-4.
28. Emanuelson I, v Wendt L. Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents in south-western Sweden. Acta Paediatr 1997;86:730-5.
29. Ernst M, Zametkin AJ, Matochik JA, et al. High midbrain [18F]DOPA accumulation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiat 1999;156:1209-15.
30. Feher G, Schulte ML, Weigle CG, et al. Postnatal remodeling of the leptomeningeal vascular network as assessed by intravital fluorescence video-microscopy in the rat. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1996;91:209-17.
31. Feickert HJ, Drommer S, Heyer R. Severe head injury in children: impact of risk factors on outcome. J Trauma 1999;47:33-8.
32. Ferriero DM. Oxidant mechanisms in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Dev Neurosci 2001;23:198-202.
33. Feuerstein GZ, Wang X, Barone FC. Inflammatory gene expression in cerebral ischemia and trauma. Potential new therapeutic targets. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997;825:179-93.
34. Fullerton HJ, Ditelberg JS, Chen SF, et al. Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase transgenic brain accumulates hydrogen peroxide after perinatal hypoxia ischemia. Ann Neurol 1998;44:357-64.
35. Gennarelli TA. Mechanisms of brain injury. J Emerg Med 1993;11(Suppl 1):5-11.
36. Globus MY, Busto R, Dietrich WD, et al. Effect of ischemia on the in vivo release of striatal dopamine, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid studied by intracerebral microdialysis. J Neurochem 1988;51:1455-64.
37. Graham DI. Paediatric head injury. Brain 2001;124:1261-2.
38. Grundl PD, Biagas KV, Kochanek PM, et al. Early cerebrovascular response to head injury in immature and mature rats. J Neurotrauma 1994;11:135-48.
39. Haller Jr. JA. Pediatric trauma. The No. 1 killer of children. JAMA 1983;249:47.
40. Ikonomidou C, Bosch F, Miksa M, et al. Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Science 1999;283:70-4.
41. Jackson PS, Madsen JR. Identification of the volume-sensitive organic osmolyte/anion channel in human glial cells. Pediatr Neurosurg 1997;27:286-91.
42. Johnston MV, Trescher WH, Ishida A, et al. Neurobiology of hypoxic-ischemic injury in the developing brain. Pediatr Res 2001;49:735-41.
43. Jung JS, Bhat RV, Preston GM, et al. Molecular characterization of an aquaporin cDNA from brain: candidate osmoreceptor and regulator of water balance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:13052-6.
44. Kiening KL, van Landeghem FK, Schreiber S, et al. Decreased hemispheric Aquaporin-4 is linked to evolving brain edema following controlled cortical impact injury in rats. Neurosci Lett 2002;324:105-8.
45. Kimelberg HK. Current concepts of brain edema. Review of laboratory investigations. J Neurosurg 1995;83:1051-9.
46. Klatzo I. Presential address-Neuropathological aspects of brain edema. J Neuropath Exp Neurol 1967;26:114.
47. Kline AE, Massucci JL, Marion DW, et al. Attenuation of working memory and spatial acquisition deficits after a delayed and chronic bromocriptine treatment regimen in rats subjected to traumatic brain injury by controlled cortical impact. J Neurotrauma 2002;19:415-25.
48. Kline AE, Yan HQ, Bao J, et al. Chronic methylphenidate treatment enhances water maze performance following traumatic brain injury in rats. Neurosci Lett 2000;280:163-6.
49. Knott GW, Dziegielewska KM, Habgood MD, et al. Albumin transfer across the choroid plexus of South American opossum (Monodelphis domestica). J Physiol 1997;499(Pt 1):179-94.
50. Kochanek PM, Clark RS, Ruppel RA, et al. Cerebral resuscitation after traumatic brain injury and cardiopulmonary arrest in infants and children in the new millennium. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001;48:661-81.
51. Konrad K, Gauggel S, Manz A, et al. Inhibitory control in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Brain Inj 2000;14:859-75.
52. Kraus JF, Fife D, Conroy C. Pediatric brain injuries: the nature, clinical course, and early outcomes in a denned United States' population. Pediatrics 1987;79:501-7.
53. Krause KH, Dresel SH, Krause J, et al. Increased striatal dopamine transporter in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of methylphenidate as measured by single photon emission computed tomography. Neurosci Lett 2000;285:107-10.
54. Lehmenkuhler A, Sykova E, Svoboda J, et al. Extracellular space parameters in the rat neocortex and subcortical white matter during postnatal development determined by diffusion analysis. Neuroscience 1993;55:339-51.
55. Levi L, Guilburd JN, Linn S, et al. The association between skull fracture, intracranial pathology and outcome in pediatric head injury. Br J Neurosurg 1991;5:617-25.
56. Levin HS, Aldrich EF, Saydjari C, et al. Severe head injury in children: experience of the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Neurosurgery 1992;31:435-43.
57. Luerssen TG, Klauber MR, Marshall LF. Outcome from head injury related to patient's age. A longitudinal prospective study of adult and pediatric head injury. J Neurosurg 1988;68:409-16.
58. Maker HS, Weiss C, Silides DJ, et al. Coupling of dopamine oxidation (monoamine oxidase activity) to glutathione oxidation via the generation of hydrogen peroxide in rat brain homogenates. J Neurochem 1981;36:589-93.
59. Manley GT, Fujimura M, Ma T, et al. Aquaporin-4 deletion in mice reduces brain edema after acute water intoxication and ischemic stroke. Nat Med 2000;6:159-63.
60. Margulies SS, Thibault KL. Infant skull and suture properties: measurements and implications for mechanisms of pediatric brain injury. J Biomech Eng 2000;122:364-71.
61. Mazzola CA, Adelson PD. Critical care management of head trauma in children. Crit Care Med 2002;30:S393-401.
62. McDowell S, Whyte J, D'Esposito M. Differential effect of a dopaminergic agonist on prefrontal function in traumatic brain injury patients. Brain 1998;121(Pt 6):1155-64.
63. Nico B, Frigeri A, Nicchia GP, et al. Role of aquaporin-4 water channel in the development and integrity of the blood-brain barrier. J Cell Sci 2001;114:1297-307.
64. Nielsen S, Nagelhus EA, Amiry-Moghaddam M, et al. Specialized membrane domains for water transport in glial cells: high-resolution immunogold cytochemistry of aquaporin-4 in rat brain. J Neurosci 1997;17:171-80.
65. Pfenninger J, Santi A. Severe traumatic brain injury in children-are the results improving? Swiss Med Wkly 2002;132:116-20.
66. Reese TS, Karnovsky MJ. Fine structural localization of a blood-brain barrier to exogenous peroxidase. J Cell Biol 1967;34:207-17.
67. Rosenberg PA. Catecholamine toxicity in cerebral cortex in dissociated cell culture. J Neurosci 1988;8:2887-94.
68. Saunders NR, Knott GW, Dziegielewska KM. Barriers in the immature brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2000;20:29-40.
69. Schulze C, Firth JA. Interendothelial junctions during blood-brain barrier development in the rat: morphological changes at the level of individual tight junctional contacts. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1992;69:85-95.
70. Slivka A, Cohen G. Hydroxyl radical attack on dopamine. J Biol Chem 1985;260:15466-72.
71. Sternbach GL. The Glasgow coma scale. J Emerg Med 2000;19:67-71.
72. Sun MC, Honey CR, Berk C, et al. Regulation of aquaporin-4 in a traumatic brain injury model in rats. J Neurosurg 2003;98:565-9.
73. Tang YP, Noda Y, Nabeshima T. Involvement of activation of dopaminergic neuronal system in learning and memory deficits associated with experimental mild traumatic brain injury. Eur J Neurosci 1997;9:1720-7.
74. Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974;2:81-4.
75. Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment and prognosis of coma after head injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1976;34:45-55.
76. Thibault KL, Margulies SS. Age-dependent material properties of the porcine cerebrum: effect on pediatric inertial head injury criteria. J Biomech 1998;31:1119-26.
77. Tyurin VA, Tyurina YY, Borisenko GG, et al. Oxidative stress following traumatic brain injury in rats: quantitation of biomarkers and detection of free radical intermediates. J Neurochem 2000;75:2178-89.
78. Vies JS, Feron FJ, Hendriksen JG, et al. Methylphenidate down-regulates the dopamine receptor and transporter system in children with attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder (ADHD). Neuropediatrics 2003;34:77-80.
79. Walter B, Bauer R, Lindner S, et al. The developing piglet as a model of pediatric head injury. Pflügers Arch 2001;441(Supp 16):R111.
80. Walter B, Brust P, Füchtner F, et al. Age-dependent effects of severe traumatic brain injury on cerebral dopaminergic activity in newborn and juvenile pigs. J Neurotrauma 2004;21:1076-89.
81. Ward JD. Pediatric head injury: a further experience. Pediatr Neurosurg 1994;20:183-5.
82. Ward JD. Pediatric head injury. In: Narayan RK, Wilberger JE, Povlishock JT editors. Neurotrauma. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996. p. 859-67.
83. Wegman ME. Annual summary of vital statistics - 1981. Pediatrics 1982;70:835-43.
84. Wen H, Nagelhus EA, Amiry-Moghaddam M, et al. Ontogeny of water transport in rat brain: postnatal expression of the aquaporin-4 water channel. Eur J Neurosci 1999;11:935-45.
85. Whyte J, Polansky M, Cavallucci C, et al. Inattentive behavior after traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1996;2:274-81.
86. Whyte J, Vaccaro M, Grieb-Neff P, et al. Psychostimulant use in the rehabilitation of individuals with traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2002;17:284-99.