Is there an association between the use of heeled footwear and schizophrenia?

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 63, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 740-747

  Flensmark, Jarl ^a  

^a S 214 23   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; BASAL GANGLION; BRAIN FUNCTION; CLIMATE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COLD EXPOSURE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; HUMAN; IMMIGRATION; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SHOE; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA; THALAMOCORTICAL TRACT; TRICEPS SURAE MUSCLE; URBAN AREA; WALKING;

EID: 8444229627     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.05.014     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Weinberger D.R., McLure R. Neurotoxicity, neuroplasticity, and magnetic resonance imaging morphometry - what is happening in the schizophrenic brain? Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 59:2002;553-558
2. Andreasen N.C., Nopoulos P., O'Leary D.S., Miller D.D., Wassink T., Flaum M. Defining the phenotype of schizophrenia: cognitive dysmetria and its neural mechanisms. Biol. Psychiat. 46:1999;908-920
3. Stewart S.F. Footgear - its history; uses and abuses. Clin. Orthopaed. Rel. Res. 88:1972;119-130
4. Colp R. Jr. History of psychiatry. Sadock B.J., Sadock V.A. Kaplan and Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 7th ed.:2000;Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
5. Green V. The madness of kings. 1993;St Martin Press, New York
6. Torrey E.F. Schizophrenia and civilization. 1980;Jason Aronson, New York
7. Linder M., Saltzman C.L. A history of medical scientists on high heels. Int. J. Health Serv. 28:1998;201-225
8. Swann J. Shoemaking. Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire: Shire Publications; 1986
9. Hare E. Was insanity on the increase? Br. J. Psychiat. 142:1983;439-455
10. Torrey E.F., Miller J. The invisible plague - the rise of mental illness from 1750 to the present. 2002;Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ
11. Shorter E. A history of psychiatry. 1997;Wiley, New York. p. 50-62
12. Grob G.N. Mental institutions in America - social policy to 1875. 1973;Free Press, New York. p. 379-80
13. Commissioners in Lunacy. Annual Reports 1854-1913. London, HMSO; 1855-1914
14. Wilmanns K. Die Zunahme der anstaltsbedurftigen Geisteskranken in Baden und ihre Ursachen. Zfdg Neurologie u Psychiatrie. 4:1911;617-628
15. Sveriges officiella statistik. Bidrag till. K, Helso- och sjukvården. 2; 1853-1900. Stockholm; 1854-1902
16. Sveriges officiella statistik. K, Helso- och sjukvården. 2; 1901-1910. Stockholm; 1903-1912
17. Sveriges officiella statistik. Hälso- och sjukvård, Sinnessjukvård; 1911-1939. Stockholm; 1913-1941
18. Torrey E.F., Bowler A. Geographical distribution of insanity in America: evidence for an urban factor. Schizophr. Bull. 16:1990;591-604
19. White W.A. The geographical distribution of insanity in the United States. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 30:1903;257-279
20. Kraepelin E. Memoirs. 1987;Springer, Berlin. p. 43-4, 59-61, 65
21. Hare E. Schizophrenia as a recent disease. Br. J. Psychiat. 153:1988;521-531
22. Eaton W.W., Day R., Kramer M. The use of epidemiology for risk factor research in schizophrenia: an overview and methodological critique. Tsuang M.T., Simpson J.C. Handbook of schizophrenia. vol. 13:1988;Elsevier, Amsterdam
23. Jablensky A. Epidemiology of schizophrenia: the global burden of disease and disability. Eur. Arch. Psychiat. Clin. Neurosci. 250:2000;274-285
24. Böök J.A. A genetic and neuropsychiatric investigation of a North-Swedish population. Acta Genet. 4:1953;1-100
25. Böök J.A., Wetterberg L., Modrzewska K. Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900-1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry. Clin. Genet. 14:1978;373-394
26. Jablensky A. Epidemiology of schizophrenia: a European perspective. Seva A. The European handbook of psychiatry and mental health. 1991;Anthropos, Barcelona
27. Torrey E.F., McGuire M., O'Hare A., Walsh D., Spellman M.P. Endemic psychosis in Western Ireland. Am. J. Psychiat. 141:1984;966-969
28. Torrey E.F. Prevalence studies in schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiat. 150:1987;598-608
29. Crocetti G.M., Lemkau P.V., Kulcar Z., Kesic B. Selected aspects of the epidemiology of psychoses in Croatia, Yugoslavia. III. The cluster sample and the results of the pilot survey. Am. J. Epidemiol. 94:1971;126-134
30. Eaton J.W., Weil R.J. Culture and mental disorders: a comparative study of the hutterites and other populations. 1955;Free Press, Glencoe, IL
31. Torrey E.F. Prevalence of psychosis among the Hutterites: a reanalysis of the 1950-53 study. Schizophr. Res. 16:1995;167-170
32. Nimgaonkar V.L., Fujiwara T.M., Dutta M., et al. Low prevalence of psychosis among the Hutterites, an isolated religious community. Am. J. Psychiat. 157:2000;1065-1070
33. Egeland J.A., Hostetter A.M. Amish study, I: Affective disorders among the Amish, 1976-1980. Am. J. Psychiat. 140:1983;56-61
34. Sveriges officiella statistik. Folkräkningen den, 31 December; 1930. Del IV. Stockholm; 1936. p. 19-20
35. Andersen T. Physical and mental illness in a Lapp and a Norwegian population. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (Suppl. 263):1975;47-56
36. Bremer J. A social psychiatric investigation of a small community in Northern Norway. Acta Psychiat. Neurol. (Suppl. 62):1951
37. Lynge I., Mortensen P.B., Munk-Jorgensen P. Mental disorders in the Greenlandic population. A register study. Int. J. Circumpolar Health. 58:1999;188-197
38. Torrey E.F., Torrey B.B., Burton-Bradley B.G. The epidemiology of schizophrenia in Papua New Guinea. Am. J. Psychiat. 131:1974;567-573
39. Lin T. A study of the incidence of mental disorder in Chinese and other cultures. Psychiatry. 16:1953;313-336
40. Rin H., Lin T. Mental illness among Formosan Aborigines as compared with the Chinese in Taiwan. J. Ment. Sci. 108:1962;134-146
41. Odegaard O. Emigration and insanity. Acta. Psychiat. Neurol. (Suppl. 4):1932
42. Ödegard Ö. Die Epidemiologie der Psychosen. Nervenarzt. 42:1971;569-575
43. Sharpley M., Hutchinson G., McKenzie K., Murray R.M. Understanding the excess of psychosis among the African-Caribbean population in England. Br. J. Psychiat. 178(Suppl. 40):2001;60-68
44. McGovern D., Cope R.V. First psychiatric admission rates of first and second generation Afro Caribbeans. Soc. Psychiat. 22:1987;139-149
45. Sugarman P.A., Craufurd D. Schizophrenia in the Afro-Caribbean community. Br. J. Psychiat. 164:1994;474-480
46. Hutchinson G., Takei N., Fahy T.A., et al. Morbid risk of schizoprhenia in first-degree relatives of white and African-Caribbean patients with psychosis. Br. J. Psychiat. 169:1996;776-780
47. Selten J.P., Veen N., Feller W., et al. Incidence of psychotic disorders in immigrant groups to The Netherlands. Br. J. Psychiat. 178:2001;367-372
48. Zolkowska K., Cantor-Graae E., McNeil T. Increased rates of psychosis among immigrants to Sweden: is migration a risk factor for psychosis? Psychol. Med. 31:2001;669-678
49. Jablensky A., Sartorius N., Ernberg G., et al. Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten-country study. Psychol. Med. Monograph. (Suppl. 20):1992
50. Day B.L., Riescher H., Struppler A., Rothwell J.C., Marsden C.D. Changes in the response to magnetic and electrical stimulation of the motor cortex following muscle stretch in man. J. Physiol. (London). 433:1991;41-57
51. Molinari M., Filippini V., Leggio M.G. Neuronal plasticity of interrelated cerebellar and cortical networks. Neuroscience. 111:2002;863-870
52. Stephan K.E., Magnotta V.A., White T., et al. Effects of olanzapin on cerebellar functional connectivity in schizophrenia measured by fMRI during a simple motor task. Psychol. Med. 31:2001;1065-1078
53. Mukaetova-Ladinska E.B., Hurt J., Honer W.G., Harrington C.R., Wischik C.M. Loss of synaptic but not cytoskeletal proteins in the cerebellum of chronic schizophrenics. Neurosci. Lett. 317:2002;161-165
54. Eichhammer P., Wiegand R., Kharraz A., Langguth B., Binder H., Hajak G. Cortical excitability in neuroleptic-naive first episode schizophrenic patients. Schizophr. Res. 67:2004;253-259
55. Menon V., Anagnoson R.T., Glover G.H., Pfefferbaum A. Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for disrupted basal ganglia function in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat. 158:2001;646-649
56. Middleton F.A., Strick P.L. Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: motor and cognitive circuits. Brain Res. Rev. 31:2000;236-250
57. Tekin S., Cummings J.L. Frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits and clinical neuropsychiatry. An update. J. Psychosom. Res. 53:2002;647-654
58. Tsai G., Coyle J.T. Glutamatergic mechanisms in schizophrenia. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 42:2002;165-179
59. Heath R.G. Modulation of emotion with a brain pacemaker. Treatment for intractable psychiatric illness. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 165:1977;300-317
60. Northoff G. Catatonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome: psychopathology and pathophysiology. J. Neural. Transm. 109:2002;1453-1467
61. Shergill S.S., Brammer M.J., Williams S.C.R., Murray R.M., McGuire P.K. Mapping auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 57:2000;1033-1038
62. Menon V., Anagnoson R.T., Mathalon D.H., Glover G.H., Pfefferbaum A. Functional neuroanatomy of auditory working memory in schizophrenia: relation to positive and negative symptoms. NeuroImage. 13:2001;433-446
63. O'Driscoll G.A., Wolff A.-L.V., Benkelfat C., Florencio P.S., Lal S., Evans A.C. Functional neuroanatomy of smooth pursuit and predictive saccades. NeuroReport. 11:2000;1335-1340
64. Ojeda N., Ortuno F., Arbizu J., et al. Functional neuroanatomy of sustained attention in schizophrenia: contribution of parietal cortices. Hum. Brain Mapp. 17:2002;116-130
65. Harrison P.J. The neuropathology of schizophrenia. A critical review of the data and their interpretation. Brain. 122:1999;593-624
66. Harrison P.J., Owen M.J. Genes for schizophrenia? Recent findings and their pathophysiological implications. Lancet. 361:2003;417-419
67. Ledebt A., Bril B., Brenière Y. The build-up of anticipatory behaviour. An analysis of the development of gait initiation. Exp. Brain Res. 120:1998;9-17
68. Stanitski D.F., Nietert P.J., Stanitski C.L., Nadjarian R.K., Barfield W. Relationship of factors affecting age of onset of independent ambulation. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 20:2000;686-688
69. Grantham-Gregor S.M., Back E.H. Gross motor development in Jamaican infants. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 13:1971;79-87
70. Weiss J., De Jong A., Packer E., Bonanni L. Purchasing infant shoes: attitudes of parents, pediatricians, and store managers. Pediatrics. 6:1981;718-720
71. Jacobson M. Developmental neurobiology. third ed.:1991;Plenum Press, New York. Section 10, Development of the cerebellum
72. Pedersen C.B., Mortensen P.B. Family history, place and season of birth as risk factors for schizophrenia in Denmark: a replication analysis. Br. J. Psychiat. 179:2001;46-52
73. Torrey E.F., Miller J., Rawlings R., Yolken R.H. Seasonality of births in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. Schizophr. Res. 28:1997;1-38
74. Jones P., Rodgers B., Murray R., Marmot M. Child developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet. 344:1994;1398-1402
75. Isohanni M., Jones P.B., Moilanen K., et al. Early developmental milestones in adult schizophrenia and other psychoses. A 31-year follow-up of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. Schizophr. Res. 52:2001;1-19
76. Luna B., Thulborn K.R., Munoz D.P., et al. Maturation of widely distributed brain function subserves cognitive development. NeuroImage. 13:2001;786-793
77. Stevens J.R. Schizophrenia: reproductive hormones and the brain. Am. J. Psychiat. 159:2002;713-719