Methodology and technical requirements of the galectin-3 test for the preoperative characterization of thyroid nodules

Applied Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Morphology

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 2-7

  Bartolazzi, Armando ^a,b   Bellotti, Carlo ^c   Sciacchitano, Salvatore ^b,d  

^a KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^b SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^c University Campus Bio Medico di Roma   (Italy)

^d FATEBENEFRATELLI HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

cellblock procedures; galectin 3; immunocytochemistry; thyroid cancer; thyroid FNA cytology

Indexed keywords

CALCITONIN; CYTOKERATIN; CYTOKERATIN 19; GALECTIN 3; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; PROTEIN P16; THROMBOPLASTIN; VIMENTIN;

ANTIBODY AFFINITY; ASPIRATION BIOPSY; CELL PROLIFERATION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CYTOPATHOLOGY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; MACROPHAGE; METHODOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PREOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PURIFICATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; STANDARDIZATION; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; THYROID CELL; THYROID NODULE; THYROID SURGERY; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

BIOPSY, FINE-NEEDLE; GALECTIN 3; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; HUMANS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MULTICENTER STUDIES AS TOPIC; PREOPERATIVE CARE; THYROID NODULE; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 83655192057     PISSN: 15412016     EISSN: 15334058     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/PAI.0b013e31821ee9bb     Document Type: Review

References (39)

1. Rosai J, Carcangiu ML, De Lellis RA. Atlas of Tumor Pathology: Tumors of the Thyroid Gland. 3rd Series, Fascicle 5.Washington DC: Armed Force Institute of Pathology; 1992:1-343.
2. Tan GH, Gharib H. Thyroid incidentalomas: Management approaches to no palpable nodules discovered incidentally on thyroid imaging. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:226-231. (Pubitemid 27061578)
3. Kini SR. Thyroid. In: Kline TS, ed. Guide to Clinical Aspiration Biopsy Volume 3. New York: Igaku Shoin; 1987.
4. Alexander EK. Approach to the patient with cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodule. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2008;93:4175-4182. (Pubitemid 352789508)
5. Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, et al. Revised American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2009;19:1167-1214.
6. Baloch ZW, Sack MJ, Yu GH, et al. Fine-needle aspiration of thyroid: an institutional experience. Thyroid. 1998;8:565-569. (Pubitemid 28354907)
7. Hall TL, Layfield LJ, Philippe A, et al. Sources of diagnostic error in fine needle aspiration of the thyroid. Cancer. 1989;63:718-725. (Pubitemid 19050276)
8. Gharib H. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules: advantages, limitations and effects. Mayo Clin Proc. 1994;69:44-50.
9. Bartolazzi A. Improving accuracy of cytology for nodular thyroid lesions. The Lancet. 2000;355:1661-1662. (Pubitemid 30248474)
10. Chiu CG, Strugnell SS, Griffith OL, et al. Diagnostic utility of Galectin-3 in thyroid cancer. Am J Pathol. 2010;176:2067-2081.
11. Orlandi F, Saggiorato E, Pivano G, et al. Galectin-3 is a presurgical marker of human thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1998;58:301-310.
12. Inohara H, Honjo Y, Yoshii T, et al. Expression of galectin-3 in fine-needle aspirates as a diagnostic marker differentiating benign from malignant thyroid neoplasms. Cancer. 1999;85:2475-2484. (Pubitemid 29244859)
13. Gasbarri A, Martegani MP, Del Prete F, et al. Galectin-3 and CD44v6 isoforms in the preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:3494-3502. (Pubitemid 29517920)
14. Bartolazzi A, Gasbarri A, Papotti M, et al. Application of an immunodiagnostic method for improving preoperative diagnosis of nodular thyroid lesions. The Lancet. 2001;357:1644-1650. (Pubitemid 32568236)
15. Saggiorato E, De Pompa R, Volante M, et al. Characterization of thyroid "follicular neoplasms" in fine-needle aspiration cytological specimens using a panel of immunohistochemical markers: a proposal for clinical application. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2005;12: 305-317. (Pubitemid 40896449)
16. Carpi A, Naccarato AG, Iervasi G, et al. Large needle aspiration biopsy and galectin-3 determination in selected thyroid nodules with indeterminate FNA-cytology. Br J Cancer. 2006;95:204-209. (Pubitemid 44050920)
17. Bartolazzi A, Orlandi F, Saggiorato E, et al. Galectin 3-expression analysis in the surgical selection of follicular thyroid nodules with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration cytology: a prospective multicentre study. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9:543-549.
18. Wiseman SM, Meick A, Masoudi H, et al. Molecular phenotyping of thyroid tumors identifies a marker panel for differentiated thyroid cancer diagnosis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:2811-2826.
19. Takenaka Y, Inohara H, Yoshii T, et al.Malignant transformation of thyroid follicular cells by galectin-3. Cancer Lett. 2003;30:111-119. (Pubitemid 36588986)
20. Yoshii T, Inohara H, Takenaka Y, et al. Galectin-3 maintains the transformed phenotype of thyroid papillary carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol. 2001;18:787-792.
21. Honjo Y, Nangia-Makker P, Inohara H, et al. Down regulation of galectin-3 suppresses tumorigenicity of human breast carcinoma cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7:661-668. (Pubitemid 32707992)
22. Akahani S, Nangia-Makker P, Inohara H, et al. Galectin-3: a novel antiapoptotic molecule with a functional BH1 (NWGR) domain of Bcl-2 family. Cancer Res. 1997;57:5272-5276. (Pubitemid 27516362)
23. Cecchinelli B, Lavra L, Rinaldo C, et al. Repression of the antiapoptotic molecule galectin-3 by homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2-activated p53 is required for p53-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol. 2006;26:4746-4757. (Pubitemid 43877589)
24. Herrmann MF, LiVolsi VA, Pasha TL, et al. Immunohistochemical expression of galectin-3 in benign and malignant thyroid lesions. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002;126:710-713. (Pubitemid 34602574)
25. Bartolazzi A, Bussolati G. Galectin-3 does not reliably distinguish benign from malignant thyroid neoplasms. Histopathology. 2006;48:212-213.
26. Bartolazzi A, Papotti M, Orlandi F. Methodological considerations regarding the use of galectin-3 expression analysis in preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003; 88:950.
27. Furtado JS. The fibrin clot: a medium for supporting loose cells and delicate structures during processing for microscopy. Stain Technol. 1970;45:19-23.
28. Mehorotra P, Okpokam A, Bouhaidar R, et al. Galectin-3 does not reliably distinguish benign from malignant thyroid neoplasms. Histopathology. 2004;45:493-500. (Pubitemid 39524324)
29. De-Leon-Mazariegos R, Canedo-Patzi M, Perez-Enriquez B, et al. Low galectin-3 capacity to discriminate thyroid lesions. Rev Invest Clin. 2004;56: 623-628.
30. Aron M, Kapila K, Verma K. Utility of galectin-3 expression in thyroid aspirates as a diagnostic marker in differentiating benign from malignant thyroid nodules. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2006;49: 376-380. (Pubitemid 44422282)
31. Cvejic D, Savin S, Paunovic I, et al. Immunohistochemical localization of galectin-3 in malignant and benign human thyroid tissues. Anticancer Res. 1998;18:2637-2641. (Pubitemid 28386560)
32. Matesa N, Samija I, Kusic Z. Galectin-3 and CD44v6 positivity by RT-PCR method in fine needle aspirates of benign thyroid lesions. Cytopathology. 2007;18:112-116. (Pubitemid 46496708)
33. Buchs AE, Zehavi S, Sher O, et al. Heparanase, galectin-3 and tissue factor mRNA are expressed in benign nodules of the thyroid. Endocrine. 2003;22:81-84.
34. Pineda P, Rojas P, Liberman C, et al. Detection of malignancy markers in thyroid nodules by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Rev Med Chil. 2003;131:965-972.
35. Niedziela M, Maceluch J, Korman E, et al. Galectin-Galecti 3 is not an universal marker of malignancy in thyroid nodular disease in children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2002;87: 4411-4415.
36. Martins L, Matsuo SE, Ebina KN, et al. Galectin-3 messenger ribonucleic acid and protein are expressed in benign thyroid tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:4806-4810. (Pubitemid 35247079)
37. Bernet VJ, Anderson J, Vaishnav Y, et al. Determination of galectin-3 messenger ribonucleic acid overexpression in papillary thyroid cancer by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:4792-4796. (Pubitemid 35247077)
38. Takano T, Miyauchi A, Matsuzuka F, et al. Ubiquitous expression of galectin-3 mRNA in benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Cancer Lett. 2003;199:69-73. (Pubitemid 37088140)
39. Feilchenfeldt J, Totsch M, Sheu SY, et al. Expression of galectin-3 in normal and malignant thyroid tissues by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Mod Pathol. 2003;16:1117-1123. (Pubitemid 37414206)