The safety profile of exogenous insulin in people with type 2 diabetes: Justification for concern

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-4

  Currie, C J ^a   Johnson, J A ^b  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Insulin; Pharmacovigilance; Review; Safety; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

HEMOGLOBIN A1C; INSULIN; INSULIN GLARGINE; METFORMIN; SULFONYLUREA;

ADULT; CANCER RISK; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; COLORECTAL CANCER; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN TREATMENT; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 83655161341     PISSN: 14628902     EISSN: 14631326     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01469.x     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. Hollemann F, Gale EAM. Nice insulins, pity about the evidence. Diabetologia 2007; 50: 1783-1790.
2. Hauber A, Gale EA. The market in diabetes. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 247-252.
3. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB et al. Medical management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 17-30.
4. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2011. Diabetes Care 2011; 34(Suppl. 1): S11-S61.
5. Riddle MC, Rosenstock J, Gerich J, Insulin Glargine 4002 Study Investigators. The treat-to-target trial: randomized addition of glargine or human NPH insulin to oral therapy of type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 3080-3086.
6. Holman RR, Farmer AJ, Davies MJ, 4-T Study Group et al. Three-year efficacy of complex insulin regimens in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1736-1747.
7. Yudkin JS, Richter B, Gale EA. Intensified glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes: time for a reappraisal. Diabetologia 2010; 53: 2079-2085.
8. Montori VM, Fernández-Balsells M. Glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: time for an evidence-based about-face? Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 803-808.
9. Johnston SS, Conner C, Aagren M, Smith DM, Bouchard J, Brett J. Evidence linking hypoglycemic events to an increased risk of acute cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 1164-1170.
10. Reaven GM. Insulin resistance: from bit player to centre stage. CMAJ 2011; 183: 536-537.
11. Reaven GM. The kidney: an unwilling accomplice in syndrome X. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 30: 928-931.
12. Pollak M. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling in neoplasia. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8: 915-928.
13. Draznin B. Mitogenic action of insulin: friend, foe or "frenemy'? Diabetologia 2010; 53: 229-233.
14. Abraira C, Colwell J, Nuttall F et al. Cardiovascular events and correlates in the Veterans Affairs diabetes feasibility trial-Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on gylcemic control and complications in type II diabetes. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 181-188.
15. Gamble JM, Simpson SH, Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, Johnson JA. Insulin use and increased risk of mortality in type 2 diabetes: a cohort study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12: 47-53.
16. Currie CJ, Peters JR, Tynan A et al. Survival as a function of HbA1c in people with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2010; 375: 481-489.
17. Mellbin LG, Malmberg K, Norhammar A, Wedel H, Ryden L, for the DIGAMI 2 Investigators. Prognostic implications of glucose-lowering treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction and diabetes: experiences from an extended follow-up of the Diabetes Mellitus Insulin-Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (DIGAMI) 2 Study. Diabetologia 2011; 54: 1308-1317.
18. Colayco DC, Niu F, McCombs JS, Cheetham TC. A1C and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a nested case-control study. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 77-83.
19. Anselmino M, Ohrvik J, Malmberg K, Standl E, Rydén L, Euro Heart Survey Investigators. Glucose lowering treatment in patients with coronary artery disease is prognostically important not only in established but also in newly detected diabetes mellitus: a report from the Euro Heart Survey on Diabetes and the Heart. Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 177-184.
20. Smooke S, Horwich TB, Fonarow GC. Insulin-treated diabetes is associated with a marked increase in mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. Am Heart J 2005; 149: 168-174.
21. Yang YX, Hennessy S, Lewis JD. Insulin therapy and colorectal cancer risk among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: 1044-1050.
22. Donadon V, Balbi M, Zanette G. Hyperinsulinemia and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 3: 465-467.
23. Bonelli L, Aste H, Bovo P et al. Exocrine pancreatic cancer, cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus: a case-control study in Northern Italy. Pancreas 2003; 27: 143-149.
24. Li D, Yeung SC, Hassan MM, Konopleva M, Abbruzzese JL. Antidiabetic therapies affect risk of pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 482-488.
25. Wang F, Gupta S, Holly EA. Diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer in a population-based case-control study in the San Francisco Bay Area, California. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 1458-1463.
26. Currie CJ, Poole CD, Gale EAM. The influence of glucose-lowering therapies on cancer risk in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 1766-1777.
27. Bowker SL, Yasui Y, Veugelers P, Johnson JA. Glucose-lowering agents and cancer mortality rates in type 2 diabetes: assessing effects of time-varying exposure. Diabetologia 2010; 53: 1631-1637.
28. UK Prospective Diabetes Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352: 837-853.
29. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1577-1589.
30. Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V et al. Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus-progressive requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49). JAMA 1999; 281: 2005-2012.
31. UK Prospective Diabetes Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 1998; 352: 854-865.
32. ORIGIN Trial Investigators, Gerstein H, Yusuf S, Riddle MC. Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics for a large international trial of cardiovascular disease prevention in people with dysglycemia: the ORIGIN Trial (Outcome Reduction with an Initial Glargine Intervention). Am Heart J 2008; 155: 26-32.
33. Turnbull FM, Abraira C, Anderson RJ et al. Intensive glucose control and macrovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 2288-2298.
34. Johnson JA, Bowker SL. Intensive glycemic control and cancer risk in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of major trials. Diabetologia 2011; 54: 25-31.
35. Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Seshasai SR, Kaptoge S, Thompson A et al. Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of cause-specific death. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 829-841.
36. Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR et al. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet 2010; 375: 2215-2222.
37. Gallagher EJ, LeRoith D. The proliferating role of insulin and insulin-like growth factors in cancer. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 2010; 21: 610-618.
38. Cao W, Ning J, Yang X, Liu Z. Excess exposure to insulin is the primary cause of insulin resistance and its associated atherosclerosis. Current Molecular Pharmacology 2011; 4: 154-166.
39. Rensing KL, Reuwer AQ, Arsenault BJ et al. Reducing cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes and concomitant macrovascular disease: can insulin be too much of a good thing? Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13: 1073-1087.
40. Nandish S, Bailon O, Wyatt J et al. Vasculotoxic effects of insulin and its role in atherosclerosis: what is the evidence? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2011; 13: 123-128.
41. Lebovitz HE. Insulin: potential negative consequences of early routine use in persons with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34(Suppl 2): S225-S230.