Victims of rape show increased cortisol responses to trauma reminders: A study in individuals with war- and torture-related PTSD

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 213-220

  Gola, Hannah ^a   Engler, Harald ^b   Schauer, Maggie ^a   Adenauer, Hannah ^a   Riether, Carsten ^c   Kolassa, Stephan ^d   Elbert, Thomas ^a   Kolassa, Iris Tatjana ^a,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KONSTANZ   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ESSEN   (Germany)

^c ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^d Analysis and Forecasting AG   (Switzerland)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ULM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cortisol; Dissociation; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Rape; Tonic immobility; Trauma type

Indexed keywords

HYDROCORTISONE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; HORMONE RESPONSE; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE BLOOD LEVEL; HYDROCORTISONE SALIVA LEVEL; MALE; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAPE; SALIVA LEVEL; SURVIVOR; SYMPTOM; TORTURE; TORTURE SURVIVOR; VICTIM; WAR; WAR SURVIVOR;

ADULT; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; MALE; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; RAPE; REFUGEES; SALIVA; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; SURVIVORS; TORTURE; WAR;

EID: 83555166194     PISSN: 03064530     EISSN: 18733360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.06.005     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Alexander S.L., Irvine C.H. The effect of social stress on adrenal axis activity in horses: the importance of monitoring corticosteroid-binding globulin capacity. J. Endocrinol. 1998, 157:425-432.
2. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) 1994, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
3. Blake D.D., Weathers F.W., Nagy L.M., Kaloupek D.G., Gusman F.D., Charney D.S., Keane T.M. The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. J. Trauma. Stress 1995, 8:75-90.
4. Bremner J.D., Vythilingam M., Vermetten E., Adil J., Khan S., Nazeer A., Afzal N., McGlashan T., Elzinga B., Anderson G.M., Heninger G., Southwick S.M., Charney D.S. Cortisol response to a cognitive stress challenge in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to childhood abuse. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003, 28:733-750.
5. Burgess A.W., Holmstrom L.L. Coping behavior of the rape victim. Am. J. Psychiatry 1976, 133:413-418.
6. Burnham K.P., Anderson D.R. Model Selection and Multi-Model Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach 2002, Springer.
7. Burnham K.P., Anderson D.R. Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociol. Methods Res. 2004, 33:261-304.
8. de Kloet C.S., Vermetten E., Geuze E., Kavelaars A., Heijnen C.J., Westenberg H.G. Assessment of HPA-axis function in posttraumatic stress disorder: pharmacological and non-pharmacological challenge tests, a review. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2006, 40:550-567.
9. Dickerson S.S., Kemeny M.E. Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychol. Bull. 2004, 130:355-391.
10. Elzinga B.M., Schmahl C.G., Vermetten E., van Dyck R., Bremner J.D. Higher cortisol levels following exposure to traumatic reminders in abuse-related PTSD. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003, 28:1656-1665.
11. Engler H., Dawils L., Hoves S., Kurth S., Stevenson J.R., Schauenstein K., Stefanski V. Effects of social stress on blood leukocyte distribution: the role of alpha- and beta-adrenergic mechanisms. J. Neuroimmunol. 2004, 156:153-162.
12. Farabollini F., Facchinetti F., Lupo C., Carli G. Time-course of opioid and pituitary-adrenal hormone modifications during the immobility reaction in rabbits. Physiol. Behav. 1990, 47:337-341.
13. Foa E.B., Kozak M.J. Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information. Psychol. Bull. 1986, 99:20-35.
14. Foa E.B., Rothbaum B.O. Treating the Trauma of Rape: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for PTSD 1998, The Guilford Press, New York.
15. Fuse T., Forsyth J.P., Marx B., Gallup G.G., Weaver S. Factor structure of the Tonic Immobility Scale in female sexual assault survivors: an exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. J. Anxiety Disord. 2007, 21:265-283.
16. Galliano G., Noble L., Travis L.A., Puechl C. Victim reactions during rape/sexual assault: a preliminary study of the immobility response and its correlates. J. Interpers. Violence 1993, 8:109-114.
17. Griffin M.G., Resick P.A., Mechanic M.B. Objective assessment of peritraumatic dissociation: psychophysiological indicators. Am. J. Psychiatry 1997, 154:1081-1088.
18. Gruenewald T.L., Kemeny M.E., Aziz N., Fahey J.L. Acute threat to the social self: shame, social self-esteem, and cortisol activity. Psychosom. Med. 2004, 66:915-924.
19. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1960, 23:56-62.
20. Heidt J.M., Marx B.P., Forsyth J.P. Tonic immobility and childhood sexual abuse: a preliminary report evaluating the sequela of rape-induced paralysis. Behav. Res. Ther. 2005, 43:1157-1171.
21. Kaysen D., Morris M.K., Rizvi S.L., Resick P.A. Peritraumatic responses and their relationship to perceptions of threat in female crime victims. Violence Against Women 2005, 11:1515-1535.
22. Keane T.M., Zimering R.T., Caddell J.M. A behavioral formulation of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Behav. Ther. 1985, 8:9-12.
23. Kolassa I.T., Eckart C., Ruf M., Neuner F., de Quervain D.J., Elbert T. Lack of cortisol response in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) undergoing a diagnostic interview. BMC Psychiatry 2007, 7:54.
24. Korte S.M., Koolhaas J.M., Wingfield J.C., McEwen B.S. The Darwinian concept of stress: benefits of allostasis and costs of allostatic load and the trade-offs in health and disease. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2005, 29:3-38.
25. Lang P.J. A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology 1979, 16:495-512.
26. Lanius R.A., Bluhm R., Lanius U., Pain C. A review of neuroimaging studies in PTSD: heterogeneity of response to symptom provocation. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2006, 40:709-729.
27. Lanius R.A., Vermetten E., Loewenstein R.J., Brand B., Schmahl C., Bremner J.D., Spiegel D. Emotion modulation in PTSD: clinical and neurobiological evidence for a dissociative subtype. Am. J. Psychiatry 2010, 167:640-647.
28. Lanius R.A., Williamson P.C., Boksman K., Densmore M., Gupta M., Neufeld R.W., Gati J.S., Menon R.S. Brain activation during script-driven imagery induced dissociative responses in PTSD: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Biol. Psychiatry 2002, 52:305-311.
29. Leskela J., Dieperink M., Thuras P. Shame and posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Trauma. Stress 2002, 15:223-226.
30. Liberzon I., Abelson J.L., Flagel S.B., Raz J., Young E.A. Neuroendocrine and psychophysiologic responses in PTSD: a symptom provocation study. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999, 21:40-50.
31. Lindauer R.J., Olff M., van Meijel E.P., Carlier I.V., Gersons B.P. Cortisol, learning, memory, and attention in relation to smaller hippocampal volume in police officers with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 2006, 59:171-177.
32. Marx B.P., Forsyth J.P., Gallup G.G., Fusé T., Lexington J.M. Tonic immobility as an evolved predator defense: implications for sexual assault survivors. Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 2008, 15:74-90.
33. Meewisse M.L., Reitsma J.B., de Vries G.J., Gersons B.P., Olff M. Cortisol and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Psychiatry 2007, 191:387-392.
34. Miller G.E., Chen E., Zhou E.S. If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychol. Bull. 2007, 133:25-45.
35. Orr S.P., Roth W.T. Psychophysiological assessment: clinical applications for PTSD. J. Affect. Disord. 2000, 61:225-240.
36. Pole N. The psychophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 2007, 133:725-746.
37. Rief W., Hiller W. A new approach to the assessment of the treatment effects of somatoform disorders. Psychosomatics 2003, 44:492-498.
38. Schauer M., Elbert T. Dissociation following traumatic stress: etiology and treatment. Z. Psychol. 2010, 218:109-127.
39. Schauer M., Neuner F., Elbert T. Narrative Exposure Therapy 2011, Hogrefe & Huber, Göttingen, Germany. 2nd ed.
40. Sheehan D.V., Lecrubier Y., Sheehan K.H., Amorim P., Janavs J., Weiller E., Hergueta T., Baker R., Dunbar G.C. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1998, 59(Suppl 20):22-33.
41. Spencer R.L., Miller A.H., Moday H., McEwen B.S., Blanchard R.J., Blanchard D.C., Sakai R.R. Chronic social stress produces reductions in available splenic type II corticosteroid receptor binding and plasma corticosteroid binding globulin levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1996, 21:95-109.
42. Suarez S.D., Gallup G.G. Tonic immobility as a response to rape in humans: a theoretical note. Psychol. Rec. 1979, 29:315-320.
43. Tucker P., Ruwe W.D., Masters B., Parker D.E., Hossain A., Trautman R.P., Wyatt D.B. Neuroimmune and cortisol changes in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and placebo treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 2004, 56:121-128.
44. Wessa M., Rohleder N., Kirschbaum C., Flor H. Altered cortisol awakening response in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006, 31:209-215.
45. Yehuda R. Biology of posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2001, 62(Suppl. 17):41-46.
46. Yehuda R., Kahana B., Binder-Brynes K., Southwick S.M., Mason J.W., Giller E.L. Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 1995, 152:982-986.