Review of Pi2 models

Space Science Reviews

Volumn 161, Issue 1-4, 2011, Pages 63-148

  Keiling, Andreas ^a   Takahashi, Kazue ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Magnetosphere; Pi2 pulsation; Substorm; ULF wave

Indexed keywords

INNER MAGNETOSPHERE; INTEGRAL PART; MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORMS; MAGNETOTAILS; NEW MODEL; NEW RESULTS; PI2 PULSATION; PLASMA SHEET; RECONNECTION SITES; SUBSTORM ONSET; SUBSTORMS; ULF WAVES;

COMPUTER SIMULATION; IONOSPHERE; IONOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT; PLASMA SHEATHS; RESEARCH;

MAGNETOSPHERE;

EID: 83555165172     PISSN: 00386308     EISSN: 15729672     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11214-011-9818-4     Document Type: Review

References (231)

1. W. Allan S.P. White E.M. Poulter 1986 Impulse-excited hydromagnetic cavity and field-line resonances in the magnetosphere Planet. Space Sci. 34 4 371 385 1986P&SS...34..371A
2. W. Allan E.M. Poulter S.P. White 1986 Hydromagnetic wave coupling in the magnetosphere-plasmapause effects on impulse-excited resonances Planet. Space Sci. 34 12 1189 1220 1986P&SS...34.1189A
3. W. Allan F.W. Menk B.J. Fraser Y. Li S.P. White 1996 Are low-latitude Pi2 pulsations cavity/waveguide modes? Geophys. Res. Lett. 23 7 765 768 1996GeoRL..23..765A
4. R.L. Arnoldy 1986 Fine structure and pitch angle dependence of synchronous orbit electron injections J. Geophys. Res. 91 13411 13421 1986JGR....9113411A
5. A. Åsnes, et al. 2004 Pi2-pulsations observed in energetic electron precipitation and magnetic field in association with a substorm surge Ann. Geophys. 22 2097 2105 2004AnGeo..22.2097A (Pubitemid 39000659)
6. L.N. Baranskiy P.A. Vinogradov O.M. Raspopov 1970 Polarization of geomagnetic pulsations of the Pi2 type Geomagn. Aeron. 10 743 745 1971Ge&Ae..10..743B
7. L.N. Baranskiy V.A. Troitskaya I.V. Sterlikova M.B. Gokhberg N.A. Ivanov I.P. Khartchenko J.W. Munch K. Wilhelm 1980 The analysis of simultaneous observations of nighttime Pi pulsations on an east-west profile J. Geophys. 48 1
8. W. Baumjohann K.-H. Glassmeier 1984 The transient response mechanism and Pi2 pulsations at substorm onset: Review and outlook Planet. Space Sci. 32 1361 1370 1984P&SS...32.1361B
9. T.M. Bauer W. Baumjohann R.A. Treumann 1995 Neutral sheet oscillations at substorm onset J. Geophys. Res. 100 23737 23742 10.1029/95JA02448 1995JGR...10023737B
10. F.T. Berkey Y. Kamide 1976 On the distribution of global auroras during intervals of magnetospheric quiet J. Geophys. Res. 81 4701 4714 1976JGR....81.4701B
11. A. Bhattacharjee Z.W. Ma X. Wang 1998 Ballooning instability of a thin current sheet in the high-Lundquist-number magnetotail Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 861 864 10.1029/98GL00412 1998GeoRL..25..861B (Pubitemid 128500451)
12. J.M. Birn, et al. 1999 Flow braking and the substorm current wedge J. Geophys. Res. 104 19895 1999JGR...10419895B
13. A. Björnsson O. Hillebrand H. Voelker 1971 First observational results of geomagnetic Pi2 and Pc5 pulsations on a north-south profile through Europe Z. Geophys. 37 1031 1042
14. D.L. Carpenter R.R. Anderson 1992 An ISEE/whistler model of equatorial electron density in the magnetosphere J. Geophys. Res. 97 A2 1097 1108 1992JGR....97.1097C
15. C.R. Chappell K.K. Harris G.W. Sharp 1970 A study of the influence of magnetic activity on the location of the plasmapause as measured by OGO 5 J. Geophys. Res. 75 1 50 56 1970JGR....75...50C
16. L. Chen A. Hasegawa 1974 A theory of long-period magnetic pulsations. 1. Steady state excitation of field line resonance J. Geophys. Res. 79 7 1024 1032 1974JGR....79.1024C
17. L. Chen A. Hasegawa 1974 A theory of long-period magnetic pulsations. 2. Impulsive excitation of surface eigenmode J. Geophys. Res. 79 7 1033 1037 1974JGR....79.1033C
18. C.C. Cheng J.K. Chao K. Yumoto 2000 Spectral power of low-latitude Pi2 pulsations at the 210° magnetic meridian stations and plasmaspheric cavity resonances Earth Planets Space 52 615 627 2000EP&S...52..615C
19. C.Z. Cheng 1991 A kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic model for low frequency phenomena J. Geophys. Res. 96 21159 21171 10.1029/91JA01981 1991JGR....9621159C
20. C.Z. Cheng A.T.Y. Lui 1998 Kinetic ballooning instability for substorm onset and current disruption observed by AMPTE/CCE Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 4091 4094 10.1029/1998GL900093 1998GeoRL..25.4091C (Pubitemid 29096584)
21. P.J. Chi, et al. 2001 Propagation of the preliminary reverse impulse of sudden commencements to low latitudes J. Geophys. Res. 106 18857 18864 2001JGR...10618857C (Pubitemid 33727374)
22. C.R. Clauer R.L. McPherron 1974 Mapping the local universal time development of magnetospheric substorms using mid-latitude magnetic observatories J. Geophys. Res. 79 2811 1974JGR....79.2811C
23. A.B. Collier A.R.W. Hughes L.G. Blomberg P.R. Sutcliffe 2006 Evidence of standing waves during a Pi2 pulsation event observed on Cluster Ann. Geophys. 24 2719 2733 2006AnGeo..24.2719C (Pubitemid 44770404)
24. C. Crabtree W. Horton H.V. Wong J.W. Van Dam 2003 Bounce-averaged stability of compressional modes in geotail flux tubes J. Geophys. Res. 108 A2 1084 10.1029/2002JA009555
25. R.E. Denton, D.H. Lee, K. Takahashi, J. Goldstein, R. Anderson, Quantitative test of the cavity resonance explanation of plasmaspheric Pi2 frequencies. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A7) (2002). doi: 10.1029/2001JA00272
26. R.E. Denton J. Goldstein D.H. Lee R.A. King Z.C. Dent D. Berube D.L. Gallagher K. Takahashi 2006 Realistic magnetospheric mass density model for 29 August 2000 J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 68 625 2006JATP...68..615D
27. D.W. Dungey, Electrodynamics of the outer atmosphere. Pennsylvania State University Science Report, No. 69, 1954
28. R.C. Elphic M.F. Thomsen J.E. Borovsky D.J. McComas 1999 Inner edge of the electron plasma sheet: Empirical models of boundary location J. Geophys. Res. 104 A10 22679 22693 1999JGR...10422679E
29. G.M. Erickson N.C. Maynard W.J. Burke G.R. Wilson M.A. Heinemann 2000 Electromagnetics of substorm onsets in the near-geosynchronous plasma sheet J. Geophys. Res. 105 A11 25265 25290 10.1029/1999JA000424 2000JGR...10525265E
30. B.J. Fraser J.L. Horwitz J.A. Slavin Z.C. Dent I.R. Mann 2005 Heavy ion mass loading of the geomagnetic field near the plasmapause and ULF wave implications Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 L04102 10.1029/2004GL021315 (Pubitemid 40746838)
31. S. Fujita M. Itonaga 2003 A plasmaspheric cavity resonance in a longitudinally non-uniform plasmasphere Earth Planets Space 55 219 222 2003EP&S...55..219F (Pubitemid 40836899)
32. S. Fujita V.L. Patel 1992 Eigenmode analysis of coupled magnetohydrodynamic oscillations in the magnetosphere J. Geophys. Res. 97 A9 13777 13788 1992JGR....9713777F
33. S. Fujita M. Itonaga H. Nakata 2000 Relationship between the Pi2 pulsations and the localized impulsive current associated with the current disruption in the magnetosphere Earth Planets Space 52 267 281 2000EP&S...52..267F
34. S. Fujita T. Mizuta M. Itonaga A. Yoshikawa H. Nakata 2001 Propagation property of transient MHD impulses in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system: The 2D model of the Pi2 pulsation Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 2161 2164 2001GeoRL..28.2161F (Pubitemid 32596228)
35. S. Fujita, H. Nakata, M. Itonaga, A. Yoshikawa, T. Mizuta, A numerical simulation of the Pi2 pulsations associated with the substorm current wedge. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A3) (2002). doi: 10.1209/2001JA900137
36. H. Fukunishi 1975 Polarization changes of geomagnetic Pi2 pulsations associated with the plasmapause J. Geophys. Res. 80 1 98 110 1975JGR....80...98F
37. C.W. Gelpi, et al. 1985 Mid-latitude Pi2 polarization pattern and synchronous orbit magnetic activity J. Geophys. Res. 90 6451 6458 1985JGR....90.6451G
38. C.W. Gelpi, et al. 1987 A comparison of magnetic signatures and DMSP auroral images at substorm onset: Three case studies J. Geophys. Res. 92 2447 2460 1987JGR....92.2447G
39. V. Genot, et al. 2004 Alfvén wave interaction with inhomogeneous plasmas: acceleration and energy cascade towards small-scales Ann. Geophys. 22 6 2081 2096 2004AnGeo..22.2081G (Pubitemid 39000658)
40. J.W. Gjerloev R.A. Greenwald C.L. Waters K. Takahashi D. Sibeck K. Oksavik R. Barnes J. Baker J.M. Ruohoniemi 2007 Observations of Pi2 pulsations by the Wallops HF radar in association with substorm expansion Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 L20103 10.1029/2007GL030492 2007GeoRL..3420103G (Pubitemid 350303239)
41. J. Goldstein M. Spasojević P.H. Reiff B.R. Sandel W.T. Forrester D.L. Gallagher B.W. Reinisch 2003 Identifying the plasmapause in IMAGE EUV data using IMAGE RPI in situ steep density gradients J. Geophys. Res. 108 A4 1147
42. A. Grocott S.W.H. Cowley J.B. Sigwarth 2003 Ionospheric flows and magnetic disturbance during extended intervals of northward but By-dominated IMF Ann. Geophys. 21 509 538 2003AnGeo..21..509G (Pubitemid 36715349)
43. E. Hameiri, et al. 1991 The ballooning instability in space plasmas J. Geophys. Res. 96 1513 1526 1991JGR....96.1513H
44. D.S. Han T. Iyemori M. Nosé H. McCreadie Y. Gao F. Yang S. Yamashita P. Stauning 2004 A comparative analysis of low-latitude Pi2 pulsations observed by ∅rsted and ground stations J. Geophys. Res. 109 A10209 10.1029/2004JA010576 2004JGRA..10910209H
45. D. Han T. Iyemori Y. Gao Y. Sano F. Yang W. Li M. Nosé 2003 Local time dependence of the frequency of Pi2 waves simultaneously observed at 5 low-latitude stations Earth Planets Space 55 601 612 2003EP&S...55..601H (Pubitemid 40836858)
46. A. Hasegawa K.H. Tsui A.S. Assis 1983 A theory of long-period magnetic pulsations. 3. Local field line oscillations Geophys. Res. Lett. 10 8 765 767 1983GeoRL..10..765H
47. B. Heilig H. Luhr M. Rother 2007 Comprehensive study of ULF upstream waves observed in the topside ionosphere by CHAMP and on the ground Ann. Geophys. 25 737 754 2007AnGeo..25..737H (Pubitemid 46514964)
48. M.G. Henderson, et al. 2006 Substorms during the 10-11 August 2000 sawtooth event J. Geophys. Res. 111 A06206 10.1029/2005JA011366
49. E.W. Hones 1979 Transient phenomena in the magnetotail and their relation to substorms Space Sci. Rev. 23 393 410 1979SSRv...23..393H
50. W. Horton, et al. 2001 Stability properties of high-pressure Geotail flux tubes J. Geophys. Res. 106 18803 18822 2001JGR...10618803H (Pubitemid 33727371)
51. W. Horton B.-Y. Xu H.V. Wong 2004 Firehose driven magnetic fluctuations in the magnetosphere Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 L06807 10.1029/2003GL018309
52. T.-S. Hsu R.L. McPherron 2007 A statistical study of the relation of Pi2 and plasma flows in the tail J. Geophys. Res. 112 A05209 10.1029/2006JA011782
53. W.J. Hughes H.J. Singer 1985 Mid-latitude Pi 2 pulsations, geosynchronous substorm onset signatures and auroral zone currents on March 22, 1979: CDAW 6 J. Geophys. Res. 90 A2 1297 1304 10.1029/JA090iA02p01297 1985JGR....90.1297H
54. M. Itonaga T.-I. Kitamura O. Saka H. Tachihara M. Shinohara A. Yoshikawa 1992 Discrete spectral structure of low-latitude and equatorial Pi2 pulsation J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 44 253 259
55. M. Itonaga A. Yoshikawa K. Yumoto 1997 One-dimensional transient response of the inner magnetosphere at the magnetic equator. 1. Transfer function and poles J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 49 21 48
56. M. Itonaga A. Yoshikawa K. Yumoto 1997 One-dimensional transient response of the inner magnetosphere at the magnetic equator. 2. Analysis of waveforms J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 49 49 68
57. J.A. Jacobs K. Sinno 1960 World-wide characteristics of geomagnetic micropulsations J. Geophys. Res. 3 333 352
58. G. Jadhav M. Rajaram R. Rajaram 2001 Modification of daytime compressional waves by the ionosphere: First results from OERSTED Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 1 103 106 2001GeoRL..28..103J
59. A. Keiling, et al. 2000 Large Alfvén wave power in the plasma sheet boundary layer during the expansion phase of substorms Geophys. Res. Lett. 27 3169 2000GeoRL..27.3169K
60. A. Keiling J.R. Wygant C. Cattell K.H. Kim C.T. Russell D.K. Milling M. Temerin F.S. Mozer C.A. Kletzing 2001 Pi2 pulsations observed with the polar satellite and ground stations: Coupling of trapped and propagating mode waves to a midlatitude field line resonance J. Geophys. Res. 106 25891 25904 2001JGR...10625891K (Pubitemid 33728457)
61. A. Keiling K.-H. Kim J.R. Wygant C. Cattell C.T. Russell C.A. Kletzing 2003 Electrodynamics of a substorm-related field line resonance observed by the Polar satellite in comparison with ground Pi2 pulsations J. Geophys. Res. 108 A7 1275 10.1029/2002JA009340
62. A. Keiling G.K. Parks J.R. Wygant J. Dombeck F.S. Mozer C.T. Russell A.V. Streltsov W. Lotko 2005 Some properties of Alfvén waves: Observations in the tail lobes and the plasma sheet boundary layer J. Geophys. Res. 110 A10S11 10.1029/2004JA010907
63. A. Keiling, et al. 2006 Association of Pi2 pulsations and pulsed reconnection: ground and Cluster observations in the tail lobe at 16RE Ann. Geophys. 24 3433 3449 2006AnGeo..24.3433K (Pubitemid 46031765)
64. A. Keiling, et al. 2008 Periodic traveling compression regions during quiet geomagnetic conditions and their association with ground Pi2 Ann. Geophys. 26 3341 3354 2008AnGeo..26.3341K
65. A. Keiling, et al. 2008 Correlation of substorm injections, auroral modulations, and ground Pi2 Geophys. Res. Lett. 35 L17S22 10.1029/2008GL033969
66. A. Keiling, et al. 2008 Multiple intensifications inside the auroral bulge and their association with plasma sheet activities J. Geophys. Res. 113 A12216 10.1029/2008JA013383 2008JGRA..11312216K
67. A. Keiling, Pi2 pulsations driven by ballooning instability (2011, submitted)
68. L. Kepko M. Kivelson 1999 Generation of Pi2 pulsations by bursty bulk flows J. Geophys. Res. 104 A11 25021 25034 1999JGR...10425021K
69. L. Kepko M.G. Kivelson K. Yumoto 2001 Flow bursts, braking, and Pi2 pulsations J. Geophys. Res. 106 A2 1903 1915 2001JGR...106.1903K
70. T. Kikuchi T. Araki 1979 Horizontal transmission of the polar electric field to the equator J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 41 927 936 1979JATP...41..927K
71. K.-H. Kim K. Takahashi D.H. Lee P. Sutcliffe K. Yumoto 2005 Pi2 pulsations associated with poleward boundary intensifications during the absence of substorms J. Geophys. Res. 110 A01217 10.1029/2004JA010780 (Pubitemid 44211641)
72. K.-H. Kim D.-H. Lee R.E. Denton K. Takahashi J. Goldstein Y.-J. Moon K. Yumoto Y.S. Pyo A. Keiling 2005 Pi2 pulsations in a small and strongly asymmetric plasmasphere J. Geophys. Res. 110 A10201 10.1029/2005JA011179 2005JGRA..11010201K (Pubitemid 44971555)
73. K.-H. Kim D.-H. Lee K. Takahashi C.T. Russell Y.-J. Moon K. Yumto 2005 Pi2 pulsations observed from the Polar satellite outside the plasmasphere Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 L18102 10.1029/2005GL023872 2005GeoRL..3218102K (Pubitemid 41582544)
74. K.-H. Kim K. Takahashi S. Ohtani S.-K. Sung 2007 Statistical analysis of the relationship between earthward flow bursts in the magnetotail and low-latitude Pi2 pulsations J. Geophys. Res. 112 A10211 10.1029/2007JA012521 2007JGRA..11210211K
75. K.-H. Kim, et al. 2010 Substorm and pseudo-substorm Pi2 pulsations observed during the interval of quasi-periodic magnetotail flow bursts: A case study Earth Planets Space 62 413 2010EP&S...62..413K
76. T. Kitamura O. Saka M. Shimoizumi H. Tachihara T. Oguti T. Araki N. Sato M. Ishituka O. Veliz J.B. Nyobe 1988 Global mode of Pi2 waves in the equatorial region-Difference of Pi2 mode between high and equatorial latitudes J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 40 621 634 1988JGG....40..621K
77. K. Kitamura H. Kawano S. Ohtani A. Yoshikawa K. Yumoto 2005 Local time distribution of low and middle latitude ground magnetic disturbances at sawtooth injections of 18-19 April 2002 J. Geophys. Res. 110 A07208 10.1029/2004JA010734 (Pubitemid 44116575)
78. M.G. Kivelson, ULF waves from the ionosphere to the outer planets, in AGU Geophysical Monograph, ed. by Takahashi et al. (2006)
79. M.G. Kivelson D.J. Southwood 1988 Hydromagnetic waves and the ionosphere Geophys. Res. Lett. 15 11 1271 1274 1988GeoRL..15.1271K
80. M.G. Kivelson J. Etcheto J.G. Trotignon 1984 Global compressional oscillations of the terrestrial magnetosphere: The evidence and a model J. Geophys. Res. 89 A11 9851 9856 1984JGR....89.9851K (Pubitemid 15423995)
81. K. Kosaka, et al. 2002 Local time dependence of the dominant frequency of Pi2 pulsations at mid- and low-latitudes Earth Planets Space 54 771 781 2002EP&S...54..771K (Pubitemid 40849478)
82. H. Laakso R. Pfaff P. Janhunen 2002 Polar observations of electron density distribution in the Earth's magnetosphere. 2. Density profiles Ann. Geophys. 20 1725 1735 2002AnGeo..20.1725L (Pubitemid 36087697)
83. L.J. Lanzerotti L.V. Medford 1984 Local night, impulsive (Pi2-type) hydromagnetic wave polarization at low latitudes Planet. Space Sci. 32 135 142 1984P&SS...32..135L
84. D.H. Lee 1996 Dynamics of MHD wave propagation in the low-latitude magnetosphere J. Geophys. Res. 101 A7 15371 15386 1996JGR...10115371L
85. D.H. Lee 1998 On the generation mechanism of Pi2 pulsations in the magnetosphere Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 5 583 586 1998GeoRL..25..583L
86. D.H. Lee K. Kim 1999 Compressional MHD waves in the magnetosphere: A new approach J. Geophys. Res. 104 A6 12379 12385 1999JGR...10412379L
87. D.H. Lee R.L. Lysak 1989 ULF wave coupling in the dipole model: the impulsive excitation J. Geophys. Res. 94 17097 17103 1989JGR....9417097L
88. D.H. Lee R.L. Lysak 1991 Monochromatic ULF wave excitation in the dipole magnetosphere J. Geophys. Res. 96 A4 5811 5817 1991JGR....96.5811L
89. D.H. Lee R.L. Lysak 1999 MHD waves in a three-dimensional dipolar magnetic field: A search for Pi2 pulsations J. Geophys. Res. 104 A12 28691 28699 1999JGR...10428691L
90. D.-H. Lee, K. Takahashi, MHD eigenmodes in the inner magnetosphere, in Magnetospheric ULF Waves: Synthesis and New Directions. Geophysical Monograph Series, vol. 169, ed. by T. Takahashi et al. (AGU, Washington, 2006), pp. 73-90
91. D.-H. Lee K.-H. Kim R.E. Denton K. Takahashi 2004 Effects of ionospheric damping on MHD wave mode structure Earth Planets Space 56 e33 e36 2004EP&S...56E..33L
92. M.R. Lessard, et al. 1999 Simultaneous satellite and ground-based observations of a discretely driven field line resonance J. Geophys. Res. 104 12361 12371 1999JGR...10412361L
93. M. Lester D. Orr 1983 Correlations between ground observations of Pi2 geomagnetic pulsations and satellite plasma density observations Planet. Space Sci. 31 143 160 1983P&SS...31..143L
94. M. Lester W.J. Hughes H.J. Singer 1983 Polarization patterns of Pi2 magnetic pulsations and the substorm current wedge J. Geophys. Res. 88 A10 7958 7966 1983JGR....88.7958L (Pubitemid 14452969)
95. M. Lester W.J. Hughes H.J. Singer 1984 Longitudinal structure in Pi2 pulsations and the substorm current wedge J. Geophys. Res. 89 5489 5494 1984JGR....89.5489L (Pubitemid 14605005)
96. M. Lester K.H. Glassmeier J. Behrens 1985 Pi2 pulsations and the eastward electrojet: a case study Planet. Space Sci. 33 351 364 1985P&SS...33..351L
97. Y. Li B.J. Fraser F.W. Menk D.J. Webster K. Yumoto 1998 Properties and sources of low and very low latitude Pi2 pulsations J. Geophys. Res. 103 2343 2358 1998JGR...103.2343L (Pubitemid 128665011)
98. Y. Li, K. Yumoto, M. Itonaga, M. Shinohara, T.I. Kitamura, S.K.Y. Kokubun, Equatorial Pi2 pulsations as indicators of substorms and the relation between dayside and nightside Pi2 pulsations, in Substorms-4: International Conference on Substorms-4, Lake Hamana, Japan, 9-13 March 1998, ed. by S. Kokubun, Y. Kamide. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 238 (Springer, Berlin, 1999), pp. 555-558
99. J. Liang W.W. Liu E.F. Donovan E. Spanswick 2009 In-situ observation of ULF wave activities associated with substorm expansion phase onset and current disruption Ann. Geophys. 27 2191 2204 2009AnGeo..27.2191L
100. C.C. Lin J.L.J. Cahill 1975 Pi2 pulsations in the magnetosphere Planet. Space Sci. 23 693 711 1975P&SS...23..693L
101. C.A. Lin L.C. Lee Y.J. Sun 1991 Observations of Pi2 pulsations at a very low latitude (L=1.06) station and magnetospheric cavity resonances J. Geophys. Res. 96 A12 21105 21113 1991JGR....9621105L
102. K. Liou C.I. Meng P.T. Newell K. Takahashi S.I. Ohtani A.T.Y. Lui M. Brittnacher G. Parks 2000 Evaluation of low-latitude Pi2 pulsations as indicators of substorm onset using Polar ultraviolet imagery J. Geophys. Res. 105 2495 2505 2000JGR...105.2495L
103. A.T.Y. Lui 1996 Current disruption in the Earth's magnetosphere: Observations and models J. Geophys. Res. 101 13067 1996JGR...10113067L
104. A.T.Y. Lui A.H. Najmi 1997 Time-frequency decomposition of signals in a current disruption event Geophys. Res. Lett. 24 24 3157 3160 10.1029/97GL03229 1997GeoRL..24.3157L
105. A.T.Y. Lui C.-L. Chang A. Mankofsky H.-K. Wong D. Winske 1991 A cross-field current instability for substorm expansions J. Geophys. Res. 96 A7 11389 11401 10.1029/91JA00892 1991JGR....9611389L
106. A.T.Y. Lui R.E. Lopez B.J. Anderson K. Takahashi L.J. Zanetti R.W. McEntire 1992 Current disruptions in the near-Earth neutral sheet region J. Geophys. Res. 97 1461 1480 1992JGR....97.1461L
107. L.R. Lyons T. Nagai G.T. Blanchard, et al. 1999 Associations between Geotail plasma flows and auroral poleward boundary intensifications observed by CANOPUS photometers J. Geophys. Res. 104 4485 4500 1999JGR...104.4485L
108. R.L. Lysak, et al. 2009 Propagation of Alfvén waves in the magnetotail during substorms Ann. Geophys. 27 2237 2009AnGeo..27.2237L
109. A.J. Mallinckrodt C.W. Carlson 1978 Relations between transverse electric fields and field-aligned currents J. Geophys. Res. 83 1426 1432 1978JGR....83.1426M
110. N.C. Maynard, et al. 1996 Dynamics of the inner magnetosphere near times of substorm onset J. Geophys. Res. 101 7705 1996JGR...101.7705M
111. R.L. McPherron 1991 Physical processes producing magnetospheric substorms and magnetic storms Geomagnetism 4 593 739 1991geom.conf..593M
112. R.L. McPherron, et al. 2008 Response of the Earth's magnetosphere to changes in the solar wind J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 70 303 315 (Pubitemid 351218224)
113. S.B. Mende C.W. Carlson H.U. Frey L.M. Peticolas N. Ostgaard 2003 FAST and IMAGE-FUV observations of a substorm onset J. Geophys. Res. 108 A9 1344 10.1029/2002JA009787
114. A. Miura 2004 Validity of the fluid description of critical β and Alfvén time scale of ballooning instability onset in the near-Earth collisionless high-β plasma J. Geophys. Res. 109 A02211 10.1029/2003JA009924
115. A. Miura S. Ohtani T. Tamao 1989 Ballooning instability and structure of diamagnetic hydromagnetic waves in a model magnetosphere J. Geophys. Res. 94 15231 15242 10.1029/JA094iA11p15231 1989JGR....9415231M
116. K.R. Murphy, A. Kale, I.J. Rae, I.R. Mann, Z.C. Dent, Pi2 pulsation periodicity and variations in magnetotail flows, in Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Substorms (ICS-8), ed. by M. Syrja Suo, E. Donovan (Univ. of Calgary, Calgary, 2006), pp. 191-196
117. K.R. Murphy, et al. 2011 The dependence of Pi2 waveforms on periodic velocity enhancements within bursty bulk flows Ann. Geophys. 29 493 509 2011AnGeo..29..493M
118. A.N. Namgaladze O.M. Raspopov V.K. Roldugin 1967 Relationship between Pi2 pulsations of the geomagnetic field and pulsations in the intensity of auroral luminescence Geomagn. Aeron. 7 302 304
119. T. Nagai M. Fujimoto Y. Saito S. Machida T. Terasawa R. Nakamura T. Yamamoto T. Mukai A. Nishida S. Kokubun 1998 Structure and dynamics of magnetic reconnection for substorm onsets with Geotail observations J. Geophys. Res. 103 A3 4419 4440 10.1029/97JA02190 1998JGR...103.4419N (Pubitemid 128665095)
120. R.S. Newton D.J. Southwood W.J. Hughes 1978 Damping of geomagnetic pulsations by the ionosphere Planet. Space Sci. 26 201 209 1978P&SS...26.. 201N
121. A. Nishida 1966 Formation of plasmapause, or magnetospheric plasma knee, by the combined action of magnetospheric convection and plasma escape from the tail J. Geophys. Res. 71 23 5669 5679 1966JGR....71.5669N
122. M. Nosé 1999 Automated detection of Pi2 pulsations using wavelet analysis: 2. An application for dayside Pi2 pulsations study Earth Planets Space 51 23 32 1999EP&S...51...23N (Pubitemid 29285884)
123. M. Nosé T. Iyemori S. Nakabe T. Nagai H. Matsumoto T. Goka 1998 ULF pulsations observed by the ETS-VI satellite: Substorm associated azimuthal Pc4 pulsations on the nightside Earth Planets Space 50 63 80 1998EP&S...50...63N (Pubitemid 28422832)
124. M. Nosé K. Takahashi T. Uozumi K. Yumoto Y. Miyoshi A. Morioka D.K. Milling P.R. Sutcliffe H. Matsumoto T. Goka 2003 Multipoint observations of a Pi2 pulsation on morning side: The September 20, 1995, event J. Geophys. Res. 108 A5 1219 10.1029/2003JA009847
125. M. Nosé K. Liou P.R. Sutcliffe 2006 Longitudinal dependence of characteristics of low-latitude Pi2 pulsations observed at Kakioka and Hermanus Earth Planets Space 58 775 783 2006EP&S...58..775N
126. T.P. O'Brien M.B. Moldwin 2003 Empirical plasmapause models from magnetic indices Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 4 1152 10.1029/2002GL016007 2003GeoRL..30.1152O
127. S. Ohtani 2001 Substorm trigger processes in the magnetotail: Recent observations and outstanding issues Space Sci. Rev. 95 347 359 2001SSRv...95..347O (Pubitemid 32114601)
128. S. Ohtani T. Tamao 1993 Does the ballooning instability trigger substorms in the near-Earth magnetotail? J. Geophys. Res. 98 19369 19379 10.1029/93JA01746 1993JGR....9819369O
129. S. Ohtani K. Takahashi L.J. Zanetti T.A. Potemra R.W. McEntire T. Iijima 1992 Initial signatures of magnetic field and energetic particle fluxes at tail reconfiguration: Explosive growth phase J. Geophys. Res. 97 A12 19311 19324 10.1029/92JA01832 1992JGR....9719311O
130. J.V. Olson 1999 Pi2 pulsations and substorm onsets: A review J. Geophys. Res. 104 17499 17520 1999JGR...10417499O
131. J.V. Olson G. Rostoker 1975 Pi2 pulsations and the auroral electrojet Planet. Space Sci. 23 1129 1139 1975P&SS...23.1129O
132. H. Osaki K. Yumoto K. Fukao K. Shiokawa F.W. Menk B.J. Fraser The 210° MM Magnetic Observation Group 1996 The 210° characteristics of low-latitude Pi2 pulsations along the 210° magnetic meridian J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 48 1421 1430 (Pubitemid 126778363)
133. H. Osaki K. Takahashi H. Fukunishi T. Nagatsuma H. Oya A. Matsuoka D.K. Milling 1998 Pi2 pulsations observed from the Akebono satellite in the plasmasphere J. Geophys. Res. 103 17605 17615 1998JGR...10317605O (Pubitemid 128664909)
134. A.B. Pashin O.M. Raspopov A.G. Iakhnin, et al. 1982 Pi2 magnetic pulsations, auroral break-ups and the substorm current wedge: A case study J. Geophys. Res. 51 223 233
135. S.M. Petrinec K. Yumoto H. Lühr D. Orr D.K. Milling H. Hayashi S. Kokubun T. Araki 1996 The CME event of February 21, 1994: Response of the magnetic field at the Earth's surface J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 48 1341 1379 (Pubitemid 126778360)
136. H. Pekrides A.D.M. Walker P.R. Sutcliffe 1997 Global modeling of Pi2 pulsations J. Geophys. Res. 102 14341 14343 1997JGR...10214343P
137. V. Pilipenko N. Mazur E. Fedorov T. Uozumi K. Yumoto 2005 Excitation of Alfvén impulse by the anomalous resistance onset on the auroral field lines Ann. Geophys. 23 1455 1465 2005AnGeo..23.1455P (Pubitemid 41122161)
138. S.V. Polyakov V.O. Rapoport 1981 The ionospheric Alfvén resonator Geomagn. Aeron. 21 816 1981Ge&Ae..21..816P
139. H.R. Radoski 1967 Highly asymmetric MHD resonances: the guided poloidal mode J. Geophys. Res. 72 15 4026 4027 1967JGR....72.4026R
140. G. Rostoker 1967 The frequency spectrum of Pi2 micropulsation activity and its relationship to planetary magnetic activity J. Geophys. Res. 72 2032 2039 1967JGR....72.2032R
141. G. Rostoker J.C. Samson 1981 Polarization characteristics of Pi2 pulsations and implications for their source mechanisms: location of source regions with respect to the auroral electrojets Planet. Space Sci. 29 225 247 1981P&SS...29..225R
142. G. Rostoker S.-I. Akasofu J. Foster R.A. Greenwald Y. Kamide K. Kawasaki A.T.Y. Lui R.L. Mcpherron C.T. Russell 1980 Magnetospheric substorms-Definition and signatures J. Geophys. Res. 85 1663 1668 1980JGR....85.1663R
143. P.L. Rothwell M.B. Silevitch L.P. Block 1986 Pi2 pulsations and the westward traveling surge J. Geophys. Res. 91 6921 6928 1986JGR....91.6921R
144. A. Roux S. Perraut P. Robert A. Morane A. Pedersen A. Korth G. Kremser B. Aparicio D. Rodgers R. Pellinen 1991 Plasma sheet instability related to the westward traveling surge J. Geophys. Res. 96 17697 17714 10.1029/91JA01106 1991JGR....9617697R
145. T. Saito 1961 Oscillation of geomagnetic field with the progress of pt-type pulsations Tohoku Geophys. J. 13 53
146. T. Saito 1969 Geomagnetic pulsations Space Sci. Rev. 10 319 412 1969SSRv...10..319S
147. T. Saito S. Matsushita 1968 Solar cycle effects on geomagnetic Pi2 pulsations J. Geophys. Res. 73 267 1968JGR....73..267S
148. T. Saito K. Yumoto Y. Koyama 1976 Magnetic pulsation Pi2 as a sensitive indicator of magnetospheric substorm Planet. Space Sci. 24 1025 1976P&SS...24.1025S
149. M.H. Saito Y. Miyashita M. Fujimoto I. Shinohara Y. Saito K. Liou T. Mukai 2008 Ballooning mode waves prior to substorm-associated dipolarizations: Geotail observations Geophys. Res. Lett. 35 L07103 10.1029/2008GL033269 (Pubitemid 351858616)
150. O. Saka, et al. 1996 Ground-satellite correlation of low-latitude Pi2 pulsations: A quasi-periodic field line oscillation in the magnetosphere J. Geophys. Res. 101 15433 44015 1996JGR...10115433S
151. O. Saka, et al. 1997 Pi2-associated particle flux and magnetic field modulations in geosynchronous altitudes J. Geophys. Res. 102 11363 11373 1997JGR...10211363S (Pubitemid 127694354)
152. O. Saka, et al. 1999 A slow mode wave as a possible source of Pi2 and associated particle precipitation: A case study Ann. Geophys. 17 674 1999AnGeo..17..674S
153. O. Saka H. Akaki D.N. Baker 2002 A satellite magnetometer observation of dusk-to-dawn current in the midnight magnetosphere at low latitude Pi2 onset Earth Planets Space 54 e1 e4 2002EP&S...54E...1S
154. O. Saka, et al. 2004 A Pi2-associated dusk-to-dawn current in the midnight sector as observed at L=6.6 during multiple Pi2 onsets Earth Planets Space 56 663 668 2004EP&S...56..663S (Pubitemid 40849597)
155. T. Sakurai R.L. McPherron 1983 Satellite observations of Pi2 activity at synchronous orbit J. Geophys. Res. 88 A9 7015 7027 1983JGR....88.7015S (Pubitemid 14471855)
156. J.C. Samson 1982 Pi2 pulsations: High latitude results Planet. Space Sci. 30 1239 1982P&SS...30.1239S
157. J.C. Samson 1985 Large-scale studies of Pi2's associated with auroral breakups J. Geophys. Res. 56 133 145
158. J.C. Samson B.G. Harrold 1983 Maps of the polarizations of high latitude Pi2 pulsations J. Geophys. Res. 88 5736 1983JGR....88.5736S
159. J.C. Samson G. Rostoker 1983 Polarization characteristic of Pi2 pulsations and implications for their source mechanisms: Influence of the westward traveling surge Planet. Space Sci. 31 435 458 1983P&SS...31..435S
160. J.C. Samson J. Jacobs G. Rostoker 1971 Latitude-dependent characteristics of long-period geomagnetic micropulsations J. Geophys. Res. 76 16 3675 3683 1971JGR....76.3675S
161. J.C. Samson B.G. Harrold K.L. Yeung 1985 Characteristic time constants and velocities of midlatitude Pi2's J. Geophys. Res. 90 3448 3456 1985JGR....90.3448S
162. J.C. Samson B.G. Harrold J.M. Ruohoniemi R.A. Greenwald A.D.M. Walker 1992 Field line resonance associated with MHD waveguides in the magnetosphere Geophys. Res. Lett. 19 441 444 1992GeoRL..19..441S
163. B.R. Sandel J. Goldstein D.L. Gallagher M. Spasojevic 2003 Extreme Ultraviolet Imager observations of the structure and dynamics of the plasmasphere Space Sci. Rev. 109 25 46 2003SSRv..109...25S
164. T.S. Sastry Y.S. Sarma S.V.S. Sarma P.V.S. Narayan 1983 Day-time Pi pulsations at equatorial latitudes J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 45 733 741 1983JATP...45..733S
165. V.S. Semenov T. Penz V.V. Ivanova V.A. Sergeev H.K. Biernat R. Nakamura M.F. Heyn I.V. Kubyshkin I.B. Ivanov 2005 Reconstruction of the reconnection rate from Cluster measurements: First results J. Geophys. Res. 110 A11217 10.1029/2005JA011181 2005JGRA..11011217S
166. V.A. Sergeev R.C. Elphic F.S. Mozer, et al. 1992 A two-satellite study of nightside flux transfer events in the plasma sheet Planet. Space Sci. 40 1551 1572 1992P&SS...40.1551S
167. C.E. Seyler 1990 A mathematical model of the structure and evolution of small-scale discrete auroral arcs J. Geophys. Res. 95 17199 17215 1990JGR....9517199S
168. K. Shiokawa W. Baumjohann G. Haerendel 1997 Braking of high-speed flows in the near-Earth tail Geophys. Res. Lett. 24 1179 1182 1997GeoRL..24.1179S (Pubitemid 127688717)
169. K. Shiokawa G. Haerendel W. Baumjohann 1998 Azimuthal pressure gradient as driving force of substorm currents Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 959 962 1998GeoRL..25..959S (Pubitemid 128497286)
170. M. Shinohara K. Yumoto A. Yoshikawa O. Saka S.I. Solovyev E.F. Vershinin N.B. Trivedi J.M. Da Costa 1997 M.M.M.O.G. The 210° Wave characteristics of daytime and nighttime Pi2 pulsations at the equatorial and low latitudes
171. M.D. Sciffer C.L. Waters F.W. Menk 2004 Propagation of ULF waves through the ionosphere: Inductive effect for oblique magnetic fields Ann. Geophys. 22 1155 1169 2004AnGeo..22.1155S (Pubitemid 38615935)
172. K. Sigsbee C.A. Cattell D. Fairfield K. Tsuruda S. Kokubun 2002 Geotail observations of low-frequency waves and high-speed earthward flows during substorm onsets in the near magnetotail from 10 to 13 RE J. Geophys. Res. 107 A7 1141
173. H.J. Singer, et al. 1983 The localization of Pi2 pulsations: Ground satellite observations J. Geophys. Res. 88 7029 7036 1983JGR....88.7029S
174. H.J. Singer W.J. Hughes C. Gelpi B.G. Ledley 1985 Magnetic disturbances in the vicinity of synchronous orbit and the substorm current wedge: a case study J. Geophys. Res. 90 9583 1985JGR....90.9583S
175. H.J. Singer E.W. Hones Jr. T.J. Rosenberg 1988 Multipoint measurements from substorm onset to recovery: The relation between magnetic pulsations and plasma sheet thickening Adv. Space Res. 8 9-10 443 446 1988AdSpR...8..443S
176. N. Singh G. Khazanov A. Mukhter 2007 Electrostatic wave generation and transverse ion acceleration by Alfvénic wave components of broadband extremely low frequency turbulence J. Geophys. Res. 112 A06210 10.1029/2006JA011933
177. J.A. Slavin I.E.J. Smith B.T. Tsurutani, et al. 1984 Substorm associated traveling compression regions in the distant tail: ISEE-3 geotail observations Geophys. Res. Lett. 11 657 660 1984GeoRL..11..657S (Pubitemid 15524610)
178. J.A. Slavin R.P. Lepping J. Gjerloev, et al. 2003 Geotail observations of magnetic flux ropes in the plasma sheet J. Geophys. Res. 108 A1 1015 10.1029/2002JA009557
179. J.A. Slavin E.I. Tanskanen M. Hesse, et al. 2005 Cluster observations of traveling compression regions in the near-tail J. Geophys. Res. 110 A06207 10.1029/2004JA010878 (Pubitemid 44228378)
180. K. Snekvik L. Juusola N. Ostgaard O. Amm 2009 Reconnection Hall current system observed in the magnetotail and in the ionosphere Geophys. Res. Lett. 36 L08104 10.1029/2009GL037239
181. S.I. Solovyev, et al. 2000 Pi2 magnetic pulsation as response on spatio-temporal oscillations of auroral arc current system Geophys. Res. Lett. 27 1839 1842 2000GeoRL..27.1839S (Pubitemid 32040414)
182. D.J. Southwood 1974 Some features of field line resonances in the magnetosphere Planet. Space Sci. 22 483 491 1974P&SS...22..483S
183. D.J. Southwood W.J. Hughes 1983 Theory of hydromagnetic waves in the magnetosphere Space Sci. Rev. 35 301 366 1983SSRv...35..301S
184. A.V. Streltsov W. Lotko 2004 Multiscale electrodynamics of the ionosphere-magnetosphere system J. Geophys. Res. 109 A09214 10.1029/2004JA010457
185. W.F. Stuart 1974 A mechanism of selective enhancement of Pi2's by the plasmasphere J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 36 851 859 1974JATP...36..851S
186. W.F. Stuart H.G. Barsczus 1980 Pi's observed in the daylight hemisphere at low latitudes J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 42 487 497 1980JATP...42..487S
187. W.F. Stuart P.M. Brett T.J. Harris 1979 Mid-latitude secondary resonance in Pi2's J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 41 65 75 1979JATP...41...65S
188. P.R. Sutcliffe 1975 The association of harmonics in Pi2 power spectra with the plasmapause Planet. Space Sci. 23 1581 1975P&SS...23.1581S
189. P.R. Sutcliffe 1981 Ellipticity variations in Pi2 pulsations at low latitudes Geophys. Res. Lett. 8 91 1981GeoRL...8...91S
190. P.R. Sutcliffe 1998 Observations of Pi2 pulsations in a near ground state magnetosphere Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 4067 4070 1998GeoRL..25.4067S (Pubitemid 29096579)
191. P.R. Sutcliffe 2010 Pi2 band activity at low latitudes during non-substorm intervals Geophys. Res. Lett. 37 L05101 10.1029/2009GL041661
192. P.R. Sutcliffe, H. Lühr, A comparison of Pi2 pulsations observed by CHAMP in low Earth orbit and on the ground at low latitudes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(21) (2003). doi: 10.1029/2003GL018270
193. P.R. Sutcliffe L.R. Lyons 2002 Association between quiettime Pi2 pulsations, poleward boundary intensification, and plasma sheet particle fluxes Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 4067 4070 10.1029/2001GL014430
194. P.R. Sutcliffe E. Nielsen 1990 STARE observations of Pi2 pulsations Geophys. Res. Lett. 17 5 603 606 1990GeoRL..17..603S
195. P.R. Sutcliffe E. Nielsen 1992 The ionospheric signature of Pi2 pulsations observed by STARE J. Geophys. Res. 97 A7 10621 10636 1992JGR....9710621S
196. P.R. Sutcliffe K. Yumoto 1989 Dayside Pi2 pulsations at low latitudes Geophys. Res. Lett. 16 887 890 1989GeoRL..16..887S
197. P.R. Sutcliffe K. Yumoto 1991 On the cavity mode nature of low-latitude Pi2 pulsations J. Geophys. Res. 96 A2 1543 1551 1991JGR....96.1543S
198. S. Taguchi J.A. Slavin M. Kiyohara, et al. 1998 Temporal relationship between midtail traveling compression regions and substorm onset: Evidence for near-Earth neutral line formation in the late growth phase J. Geophys. Res. 103 A11 26607 26612 1998JGR...10326607T (Pubitemid 128664948)
199. K. Takahashi K. Liou 2004 Longitudinal structure of low-latitude Pi2 pulsations and its dependence on aurora J. Geophys. Res. 109 A12206 10.1029/2004JA010580 2004JGRA..10912206T
200. K. Takahashi L.J. Zanetti R.E. Lopez R.W. McEntire T.A. Potemra K. Yumoto 1987 Disruption of the magnetotail current sheet observed by AMPTE/CCE Geophys. Res. Lett. 14 10 1019 1022 10.1029/GL014i010p01019 1987GeoRL..14.1019T
201. K. Takahashi S. Kokubun T. Sakurai R.W. McEntire T.A. Potemra R.E. Lopez 1988 AMPTE/CCE observations of substorm associated standing Alfvén waves in the midnight sector Geophys. Res. Lett. 15 11 1287 1290 10.1029/ GL015i011p01287 1988GeoRL..15.1287T
202. K. Takahashi S. Ohtani K. Yumoto 1992 AMPTE CCE observations of Pi2 pulsations in the inner magnetosphere Geophys. Res. Lett. 19 1447 1450 1992GeoRL..19.1447T
203. K. Takahashi S. Ohtani B.J. Anderson 1995 Statistical Analysis of Pi2 Pulsations Observed by the AMPTE CCE Spacecraft in the Inner Magnetosphere J. Geophys. Res. 100 21929 21941 1995JGR...10021929T
204. K. Takahashi B.J. Anderson S. Ohtani 1996 Multisatellite study of nightside transient toroidal waves J. Geophys. Res. 101 24815 24826 1996JGR...10124815T
205. K. Takahashi B.J. Anderson K. Yumoto 1999 Upper atmosphere research satellite observation of a Pi2 pulsation J. Geophys. Res. 104 A11 25035 25045 1999JGR...10425035T
206. K. Takahashi D.H. Lee M. Nosé R.R. Anderson W.J. Hughes 2003 CRRES electric field study of the radial mode structure of Pi2 pulsations J. Geophys. Res. 108 A5 1210 10.1029/2002JA009761
207. K. Takahashi R.R. Anderson W.J. Hughes 2003 Pi2 pulsations with second harmonic: CRRES observations in the plasmasphere J. Geophys. Res. 108 A5 1242 10.1029/2002JA009747
208. K. Takahashi R.E. Denton R.R. Anderson W.J. Hughes 2004 Frequencies of standing Alfvén wave harmonics and their implication for plasma mass distribution along geomagnetic field lines: Statistical analysis of CRRES data J. Geophys. Res. 109 A08202 10.1029/2003JA010345
209. K. Takahashi K. Liou K. Yumoto K. Kitamura M. Nosé F. Honary 2005 Source of Pc4 pulsations observed on the nightside J. Geophys. Res. 110 A12207 10.1029/2005JA011093 2005JGRA..11012207T (Pubitemid 44971484)
210. K. Takahashi D. Berube D.-H. Lee J. Goldstein H.J. Singer F. Honary 2009 Possible evidence of virtual resonance in the dayside magnetosphere J. Geophys. Res. 114 A05206 10.1029/2008JA013898
211. T. Tamao 1964 The structure of three-dimensional hydromagnetic waves in a uniform cold plasma J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 18 89 114
212. M. Teramoto M. Nosé P.R. Sutcliffe 2008 Statistical analysis of Pi2 pulsations inside and outside the plasmasphere observed by the polar orbiting DE-1 satellite J. Geophys. Res. 113 A07203 10.1029/2007JA012740
213. T. Tokunaga H. Kohta A. Yoshikawa T. Uozumi K. Yumoto 2007 Global features of Pi2 pulsations obtained by independent component analysis Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 L14106 10.1029/2007GL030174 2007GeoRL..3414106T (Pubitemid 47393951)
214. T. Uozumi K. Yumoto H. Kawano, et al. 2000 Characteristics of energy transfer of Pi2 magnetic pulsations: Latitudinal dependence Geophys. Res. Lett. 27 1619 1622 2000GeoRL..27.1619U (Pubitemid 32040500)
215. T. Uozumi, K. Yumoto, H. Kawano et al., Propagation characteristic of Pi2 magnetic pulsations observed at ground high latitudes. J. Geophys. Res. 109(A8) (2004). doi: 10.1029/2003JA009898
216. M. Volwerk R. Nakamura W. Baumjohann T. Uozumi K. Yumoto A. Balogh 2008 Tailward propagation of Pi2 waves in the Earth's magnetotaillobe Ann. Geophys. 26 4023 4030 10.5194/angeo-26-4023-2008 2008AnGeo..26.4023V
217. I. Voronkov R. Rankin P. Frycz V.T. Tikhonchuk J.C. Samson 1997 Coupling of shear flow and pressure gradient instabilities J. Geophys. Res. 102 A5 9639 9650 10.1029/97JA00386 1997JGR...102.9639V (Pubitemid 127694661)
218. I.O. Voronkov E.F. Donovan J.C. Samson 2003 Observations of the phases of the substorm J. Geophys. Res. 108 A2 1073 10.1029/2002JA009314
219. C.L. Waters F.W. Menk B.J. Fraser 1991 The resonance structure of low latitude Pc3 geomagnetic pulsations Geophys. Res. Lett. 18 12 2293 2296 1991GeoRL..18.2293W
220. D.J. Webster J.C. Samson G. Rostoker 1989 Eastward propagation of transient field-aligned currents and Pi2 pulsations at auroral latitudes J. Geophys. Res. 94 3619 3630 1989JGR....94.3619W
221. A.N. Wright W. Allan 2008 Simulations of Alfvén waves in the geomagnetic tail and their auroral signatures J. Geophys. Res. 113 A02206 10.1029/2007JA012464
222. R. Yamaguchi, et al. 2002 The timing relationship between bursty bulk flows and Pi2s at the geosynchronous orbit Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 6 1092 10.1029/2001GL013783 2002GeoRL..29.1092Y
223. K. Yanagihara N. Shimizu 1966 Equatorial enhancement of micropulsations Pi2 Mem. Kakioka Magn. Obs. 12 57 63
224. T.K. Yeoman D. Orr 1989 Phase and spectral power of mid-latitude Pi2 pulsations: Evidence for a plasmaspheric cavity resonance Planet. Space Sci. 37 11 1367 1383 1989P&SS...37.1367Y
225. T.K. Yeoman, et al. 1994 A comparison of midlatitude Pi2 pulsations and geostationary orbit particle injections as substorm indicators J. Geophys. Res. 99 4085 4093 1994JGR....99.4085Y
226. K. Yumoto 1986 Generation and propagation mechanisms of low-latitude magnetic pulsations-A review J. Geophys. 60 79 105
227. K. Yumoto K. Takahashi T. Sato F.W. Menk B.J. Frazer T.A. Potemra L.J. Zanetti 1989 Some aspects of the relation between Pi 1-2 magnetic pulsations observed at L=1.3-2.1 on the ground and substorm-associated magnetic field variations in the near-Earth magnetotail observed by AMPTE CCE J. Geophys. Res. 94 3611 3618 1989JGR....94.3611Y
228. K. Yumoto, et al. 1990 Multiple ground-based and satellite observations of global Pi2 magnetic pulsations J. Geophys. Res. 95 15175 15184 1990JGR....9515175Y
229. K. Yumoto, R. Yamaguchi, H. Kawano, Circumpan Pacific Magnetometer Network Group, Role of Pi2 pulsations in substorm process. Abstract Eu-024, 2001 Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint Meeting (95th Meeting of the Geodetic Society of Japan), Tokyo, 4-8 June 2001
230. X. Zhu M.G. Kivelson 1989 Global mode ULF pulsations in a magnetosphere with a nonmonotonic Alfvén velocity profile J. Geophys. Res. 94 A2 1479 1485 1989JGR....94.1479Z
231. P. Zhu J. Raeder K. Germaschewski C.C. Hegna 2009 Initiation of ballooning instability in the near-Earth plasma sheet prior to the 23 March 2007 THEMIS substorm expansion onset Ann. Geophys. 27 1129 1138 2009AnGeo..27.1129Z