Rationale for control of anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus to reduce eutrophication of inland waters

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 45, Issue 24, 2011, Pages 10300-10305

  Lewis, William M ^a   Wurtsbaugh, Wayne A ^b   Paerl, Hans W ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALGAL GROWTH; AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM; AQUATIC PLANTS; CONTROL STRATEGIES; DISSOLVED ORGANIC NITROGEN; DRAINAGE NETWORKS; DUAL CONTROL; EUROPEAN UNION; EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE; HUMAN ACTIVITIES; INLAND WATERS; NON-POINT SOURCE; TOTAL PHOSPHORUS;

ALGAE; AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS; EFFLUENTS; EUTROPHICATION; NUTRIENTS; PHOSPHORUS;

NITROGEN;

NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; SURFACE WATER;

ALGAL BLOOM; ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; AQUATIC PLANT; BIOAVAILABILITY; DISSOLVED ORGANIC NITROGEN; DRAINAGE; EUROPEAN UNION; EUTROPHICATION; NITROGEN; NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION; PHOSPHORUS; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT; POLLUTION CONTROL; POPULATION REGULATION; PRIORITIZATION; STRATEGIC APPROACH; WATER POLLUTION;

ALGAL GROWTH; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; ARTICLE; BIOAVAILABILITY; BIOMASS; EFFLUENT; EUTROPHICATION; LAKE; STREAM (RIVER);

AGRICULTURE; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; EUTROPHICATION; FRESH WATER; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL; WATER POLLUTION, CHEMICAL;

EUROPE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 83455262446     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es202401p     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Kalff, J. Limnology: Inland Water Ecosystems; Prentice Hall: NJ, 2002.
2. Lewis, W. M., Jr. Global primary production of lakes: 19th Baldi Memorial Lecture Inland Waters 2011, 1, 1-28
3. OECD. Eutrophication of Waters-monitoring, Assessment and Control; Paris, France: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1982.
4. North, R. L.; Guildford, S. J.; Smith, R. E. H.; Havens, S. M.; Twiss, M. R. Evidence for phosphorus, nitrogen, and iron colimitation of phytoplankton communities in Lake Erie Limnol. Oceanogr. 2007, 52, 315-328 (Pubitemid 46978074)
5. Wurtsbaugh, W. A.; Horne, A. J. Iron in eutrophic nitrogen fixation and growth Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1983, 41, 1419-1429
6. Welch, E. B.; Lindell, T. Ecological Effects of Wastewater: Applied Limnology and Pollutant Effects; E & FN Spon: London, England, 2000.
7. rd ed.; Taylor & Francis Group, LLC: London, 2005.
8. Abell, J. M.; Özkundakci, D.; Hamilton, D. P. Nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton growth in New Zealand Lakes: Implications for eutrophication control Ecosystems 2010, 13, 966-977
9. Hutchinson, G. E. Eutrophication: The scientific background of a contemporary practical problem Am. Sci. 1973, 61, 269-279
10. Sterner, R. W.; Elser, J. J. Ecological Stoichiometry: The Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere; Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, 2002.
11. Smith, V. H. The nitrogen and phosphorus dependency of algal biomass in lakes: An empirical and theoretical analysis Limnol. Oceanogr. 1982, 27, 1101-1112
12. Suttle, C. A.; Harrison, P. J. Ammonium and phosphate uptake rates, N:P ratios, and evidence for N and P limitation in some oligotrophic freshwater lakes Limnol. Oceanogr. 1988, 33, 186-202
13. Pick, F. R. Species specific phytoplankton responses to nutrient enrichment in limnetic enclosures Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 1989, 32, 177-187
14. Sterner, R. W.; Hessen, D. O. Algal nutrient limitation and the nutrition of aquatic herbivores Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1994, 25, 1-29 (Pubitemid 24986110)
15. Burger, D. F.; Hamilton, D. P.; Hall, J. A.; Ryan, E. F. Phytoplankton nutrient limitation in a polymictic eutrophic lake: Community versus species-specific responses Fund. Appl. Limnol. 2007, 169, 57-68 (Pubitemid 47507918)
16. Bergström, A.; Jansson, M. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition has caused nitrogen enrichment and eutrophication of lakes in the northern hemisphere Global Change Biol. 2006, 12, 635-643
17. Elser, J. J.; Andersen, T.; Baron, J. S.; Bergstrom, A.-K.; Jansson, M.; Kyle, M.; Nydick, K. R.; Steger, L.; Hessen, D. O. Shifts in lake N:P stoichiometry and nutrient limitation driven by atmospheric nitrogen deposition Science 2009, 326, 835-837
18. Elser, J. J.; Bracken, M. E. S.; Cleland, E. E.; Gruner, D. S.; Harpole, W. S.; Hillebrand, H.; Ngai, J. T.; Seabloom, E. W.; Shurin, J. B.; Smith, J. E. Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems Ecol. Lett. 2007, 10, 1135-1142 (Pubitemid 350060402)
19. Stoddard, J. L. Long-term changes in watershed retention of nitrogen - its causes and aquatic consequences Adv. Chem. Ser. 1994, 237, 223-284
20. Lewis, W. M., Jr.; Wurtsbaugh, W. W. Control of lacustrine phytoplankton by nutrients: Erosion of the phosphorus paradigm Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 2008, 93, 446-465
21. Stumm, W.; Morgan, J. J. Aquatic Chemistry, Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters, 3 rd ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996.
22. Golterman, H. L. Physiological Limnology. an Approach to the Physiology of Lake Ecosystems; Elsevier: New York, 1975.
23. Ryding, S. O.; Rast, W. The Control of Eutrophication of Lakes and Reservoirs, Man and the Biosphere series; Parthenon: New York, 1989; Vol. 1.
24. James, C.; Fisher, L. J.; Moss, B. Nitrogen driven lakes: The Shropshire and Cheshire meres? Arch. Hydrobiol. 2003, 158, 249-266 (Pubitemid 37399280)
25. Bunting, L.; Leavitt, P. R.; Hall, V.; Gibson, C. E.; McGee, E. J. Nitrogen degradation of water quality in a phosphorus-saturated catchment: The case of Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol. 2005, 29, 1005-1008
26. NRC. Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin: Causes of Decline and Strategies for Recovery; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, 2004.
27. Lewis, W. M., Jr.; Saunders, J. F., III; McCutchan, J. H., Jr. Application of a nutrient-saturation concept to the control of algal growth in lakes Lake Res. Manag. 2008, 24, 41-46
28. Elser, J. J.; Marzolf, E. R.; Goldman, C. R. Phosphorus and nitrogen limitation of phytoplankton growth in the freshwaters of North America: A review and critique of experimental enrichments Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1990, 47, 1468-1477
29. Schindler, D. W. Evolution of phosphorus limitation in lakes: Natural mechanisms compensate for deficiencies of nitrogen and carbon in eutrophied lakes Science 1977, 195, 260-262 (Pubitemid 8015328)
30. Howarth, R. W.; Marino, R.; Lane, J.; Cole, J. J. Nitrogen fixation in freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems: Rates and importance Limnol. Oceanogr. 1988, 33, 669-687
31. Scott, J. T.; McCarthy, M. J. Nitrogen fixation may not balance the nitrogen pool in lakes over timescales relevant to eutrophication management Limnol. Oceanogr. 2010, 55, 1265-1270
32. 2 fixation in natural waters Adv. Microb. Ecol. 1990, 11, 305-344
33. Paerl, H. W.; Xu, H.; McCarthy, M. J.; Zhu, G.; Qin, B.; Li, Y.; Gardner, W. S. Controlling harmful cyanobacterial blooms in a hyper-eutrophic lake (Lake Taihu, China): The need for a dual nutrient (N & P) management strategy Water. Res. 2011, 45, 1973-1983
34. Downing, J. A.; McCauley, E. The nitrogen: Phosphorus relationship in lakes Limnol. Oceanogr. 1992, 37, 936-945
35. Smith, V. H. Low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios favor dominance by blue-green algae in lake phytoplankton Science 1983, 221, 669-670
36. Reynolds, C. S. Ecology of Phytoplankton; Cambridge: New York, 2006.
37. Healey, F. P. Characteristics of phosphorus deficiency in Anabaena J. Phycol. 1973, 9, 383-394
38. Berman, T.; Chava, S. Algal growth on organic compounds as nitrogen sources J. Plankton Res. 1999, 21, 1423-1437 (Pubitemid 29390671)
39. Seitzinger, S. P.; Sanders, R. W.; Styles, R. Bioavailability of DON from natural and anthropogenic sources to estuarine plankton Limnol. Oceanogr. 2002, 47, 353-366 (Pubitemid 34290304)
40. Bronk, D. A.; See, J. H.; Bradley, P.; Killberg, L. DON as a source of bioavailable nitrogen for phytoplankton Biogeoscience 2007, 4, 283-296 (Pubitemid 46827590)
41. Finlay, K.; Patoine, A.; Donald, D. B.; Bogard, M. J.; Leavitt, P. R. Experimental evidence that pollution with urea can degrade water quality in phosphorus- rich lakes of the Northern Great Plains Limnol. Oceanogr. 2010, 55, 1213-1230
42. Bronk, D. A.; Steinberg, D. Nitrogen regeneration. In Nitrogen in the Marine Environment; Capone, D. G.; Bronk, D. A.; Mulholland, M.; Carpenter, E., Eds.; Elsevier: New York, 2008; pp 385-468.
43. Wiegner, T. N.; Seitzinger, S. P.; Gilbert, P. M.; Bronk, D. A. Bioavailability of dissolved organic nitrogen and carbon from nine rivers in the eastern United States Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2006, 43, 277-287 (Pubitemid 44265657)
44. Morris, D. P.; Lewis, W. M., Jr. Phytoplankton nutrient limitation in Colorado mountain lakes Freshwater Biol. 1988, 20, 315-327 (Pubitemid 19324717)
45. Wang, H. J.; Wang, H. Z. Mitigation of lake eutrophication: Loosen nitrogen control and focus on phosphorus abatement Prog. Nat. Sci. 2009, 19, 1445-1451
46. Schindler, D. W.; Hecky, R. E.; Findlay, D. L.; Stainton, M. P.; Parker, B. R.; Paterson, M. J.; Beaty, K. G.; Lyng, M.; Kasian, S. E. M. Eutrophication of lakes cannot be controlled by reducing nitrogen input: Results of a 37-year whole-ecosystem experiment Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2008, 105, 11254-11258
47. Holmgren, S. K. Experimental lake fertilization in the Kuokkel Area, Northern Sweden. Phytoplankton biomass and algal composition in natural and fertilized subarctic lakes Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. Hydrogr. 1984, 69, 781-817
48. Berman, T. The role of DON and the effect of N:P ratios on occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms: Implications from the outgrowth of Aphanizomenon in Lake Kinneret Limnol. Oceanogr. 2001, 46, 443-447 (Pubitemid 32281621)
49. Sterner, R. W. On the phosphorus limitation paradigm for lakes Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 2008, 93, 433-445
50. Conley, D. J.; Paerl, H. W.; Howarth, R. W.; Boesch, D. F.; Seitzinger, S. P.; Havens, K. E.; Lancelot, C.; Likens, G. E. Controlling eutrophication: Nitrogen and phosphorus Science 2009, 323, 1014-1015
51. Paerl, H. W. Controlling eutrophication along the freshwater-marine continuum: Dual nutrient (N and P) reductions are essential Estuarine Coasts 2009, 32, 593-601
52. Hammer, U. T. Saline Lake Ecosystems of the World; Junk Publishers: Dordrecht, 1986, P. 616.
53. Elmgren, R.; Larsson, U. Nitrogen and the Baltic Sea: Managing nitrogen in relation to phosphorus. In The Scientific World, Special edition; Balkema Publishers: 2001; Vol. 1 (S2), pp 371-377.
54. Paerl, H. W.; Valdes, L. M.; Piehler, M. F.; Lebo, M. E. Solving problems resulting from solutions: The evolution of a dual nutrient management strategy for the eutrophying Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 3068-3073 (Pubitemid 38691707)
55. Urgun-Demirtas, M.; Sattayatewa, C.; Pagilla, K. R. Bioavailablity of dissolved organic nitrogen in treated effluents Water Environ. Res. 2008, 80, 397-406 (Pubitemid 351846935)
56. Bronk, D. A.; Roberts, Q. N.; Sanderson, M. P.; Canuel, E. A.; Hatcher, P. G.; Mesfioui, R.; Filippino, K. C.; Mulholland, M. R.; Love, N. G. Effluent organic nitrogen (EON): Bioavailability and photochemical and salinity-mediated release Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 5830-5835
57. Filippino, K. C.; Mulholland, M. R.; Bernhardt, P. W.; Boneillo, G. E.; Morse, R. E.; Semcheski, M.; Marshall, H.; Love, N. G.; Roberts, Q.; Bronk, D. A. The bioavailability of effluent-derived organic nitrogen along an estuarine salinity gradient Estuarine Coasts 2011, 34, 269-280
58. Chen, J.; Gu, B.; LeBouef, E. J.; Pan, H.; Dai, S. Spectroscopic characterization of the structural and functional properties of natural organic matter fractions Chemosphere 2002, 48, 59-68 (Pubitemid 34601654)
59. Stedman, C. A.; Markager, S.; Bro, R. Tracing dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments using a new approach to fluorescence spectroscopy Mar. Chem. 2003, 82, 239-254 (Pubitemid 37029444)
60. Cory, R. M.; McKnight, D. M. Fluorescence spectroscopy reveals ubiquitous presence of oxidized and reduced quinines in dissolved organic matter Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 8142-8149 (Pubitemid 41572395)
61. Dodds, W. K.; Welch, E. B. Establishing nutrient criteria in streams J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 2000, 19, 186-196 (Pubitemid 30244578)
62. Tank, J. L.; Dodds, W. L. Nutrient limitation of epilithic and epixylic biofilms in ten North American streams Freshwater Biol. 2003, 48, 1031-1049 (Pubitemid 36708204)
63. Francoeur, S. N. Meta-analysis of lotic nutrient amendment experiments: Detecting and quantifying subtle responses J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 2001, 20, 358-368 (Pubitemid 32760527)
64. Lewis, W. M., Jr.; McCutchan, J. H., Jr. Ecological responses to nutrients in streams and rivers of the Colorado mountains and foothills Freshwater Biol. 2010, 55, 1973-1983
65. Dodds, W. K.; Lopez, A. J.; Bowden, W. B.; Gregory, S.; Grimm, N. B.; Hamilton, S. K.; Hershey, A. E.; Marti, E.; McDowell, W. H.; Meyer, J. L.; Morrall, D.; Mulholland, P. J.; Peterson, B. J.; Tank, J. L.; Valett, H. M.; Webster, J. R.; Wollheim, W. N uptake as a function of concentration in streams J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 2002, 21, 206-220 (Pubitemid 34623256)
66. 4 releases Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1990, 47, 2351-2357
67. 15N experiments across a broad gradient of nitrate concentrations Biogeochemistry 2007, 84, 31-49 (Pubitemid 47226572)
68. Lewis, W. M., Jr. Yield of nitrogen from minimally disturbed watersheds of the United States Biogeochem. 2002, 57/58, 375-385 (Pubitemid 34775877)
69. Meybeck, M. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus transport by world rivers Am. J. Sci. 1982, 282, 401-450 (Pubitemid 12083513)
70. Dodds, W. K.; Oakes, R. M. A technique for establishing reference nutrient concentrations across watersheds affected by humans Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods 2004, 2, 333-341 (Pubitemid 43723697)
71. Smith, R. A.; Alexander, R. B.; Schwarz, G. E. Natural background concentrations of nutrients in streams and rivers of the conterminous United States Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 3039-3046