Chemical characterization and source apportionment of fine and coarse particulate matter inside the refectory of santa maria delle grazie church, home of Leonardo da Vincis "last supper"

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 45, Issue 24, 2011, Pages 10344-10353

  Daher, Nancy ^a   Ruprecht, Ario ^b   Invernizzi, Giovanni ^b   De Marco, Cinzia ^b   Miller Schulze, Justin ^c   Heo, Jong Bae ^c   Shafer, Martin M ^c   Schauer, James J ^c   Sioutas, Constantinos ^a  

^a University of Southern California ^*  (United States)

^b LARS Laboratorio di Ricerca Ambientale SIMG/ISDE   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANNUAL AVERAGE; CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION; CHEMICAL MASS BALANCE MODEL; COARSE PARTICULATE MATTER; CONCENTRATION RATIO; CULTURAL ASSETS; GASOLINE VEHICLE; GOOD CORRELATIONS; INDOOR PARTICLES; INDOOR SOURCES; INDOOR-TO-OUTDOOR; INFILTRATION FACTOR; PARTICULATE MATTER; SAMPLING CAMPAIGNS; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; SQUALANE; URBAN SOILS; VENTILATION SYSTEMS;

FATTY ACIDS; ORGANIC CARBON; PAINT; PARTICLES (PARTICULATE MATTER); SOILS; VENTILATION;

INDOOR AIR POLLUTION;

FATTY ACID; GASOLINE; ORGANIC CARBON; ORGANIC MATTER;

AIR QUALITY; AIR SAMPLING; ART; ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHEMICAL MASS BALANCE; CULTURAL HERITAGE; DAMAGE; FATTY ACID; INDOOR AIR; MUSEUM; ORGANIC CARBON; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; POLLUTANT SOURCE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SMOKE; TRAFFIC EMISSION; VENTILATION; WORLD HERITAGE SITE;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; EUROPE; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; PAINTING; PARTICULATE MATTER; RELIGION; SMOKE; SOIL; VENTILATOR;

AIR POLLUTANTS; AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; ART; CATHOLICISM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER;

ITALY; LOMBARDY; MILAN; MILANO [LOMBARDY];

EID: 83455255746     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es202736a     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Camuffo, D.; Van Grieken, R.; Busse, H.-J.; Sturaro, G.; Valentino, A.; Bernardi, A.; Blades, N.; Shooter, D.; Gysels, K.; Deutsch, F.; Wieser, M.; Kim, O.; Ulrych, U. Environmental monitoring in four European museums Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35 (Supplement 1) S127-S140
2. Brimblecombe, P. The composition of museum atmospheres Atmos. Environ., Part B 1990, 24 (1) 1-8
3. Nazaroff, W. W.; Cass, G. R. Protecting museum collections from soiling due to the deposition of airborne particles Atmos. Environ., Part A 1991, 25 (5-6) 841-852
4. Alexandra, S.; Tunga, S.; Watts, S. F., Indoor pollutants in the museum environment. In Organic Indoor Air Pollutants, 2 nd ed.; Salthammer, T.; Uhde, E., Eds.; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, 2009; p 281.
5. Meng, Q. Y.; Turpin, B. J.; Korn, L.; Weisel, C. P.; Morandi, M.; Colome, S.; Zhang, J. J.; Stock, T.; Spektor, D.; Winer, A.; Zhang, L.; Lee, J. H.; Giovanetti, R.; Cui, W.; Kwon, J.; Alimokhtari, S.; Shendell, D.; Jones, J.; Farrar, C.; Maberti, S. Influence of ambient (outdoor) sources on residential indoor and personal PM2.5 concentrations: Analyses of RIOPA data J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2005, 15 (1) 17-28 (Pubitemid 40170980)
6. Wallace, L. Indoor particles: A review J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 1996, 46 (2) 98-126 (Pubitemid 26048394)
7. Salmon, L. G.; Nazaroff, W. W.; Ligocki, M. P.; Jones, M. C.; Cass, G. R. Nitric acid concentrations in southern California museums Environ. Sci. Technol. 1990, 24 (7) 1004-1013 (Pubitemid 20381840)
8. Nazaroff, W. W. Indoor particle dynamics Indoor Air 2004, 14 (Suppl 7) 175-183 (Pubitemid 39237242)
9. Putaud, J.-P.; Raes, F.; Van Dingenen, R.; Brüggemann, E.; Facchini, M. C.; Decesari, S.; Fuzzi, S.; Gehrig, R.; Hüglin, C.; Laj, P.; Lorbeer, G.; Maenhaut, W.; Mihalopoulos, N.; Müller, K.; Querol, X.; Rodriguez, S.; Schneider, J.; Spindler, G.; Brink, H. t.; Tørseth, K.; Wiedensohler, A. A European aerosol phenomenology-2: Chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38 (16) 2579-2595 (Pubitemid 38490275)
10. 2.5 in Milan (Italy) Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39 (10) 1925-1934
11. Misra, C.; Singh, M.; Shen, S.; Sioutas, C.; Hall, P. M. Development and evaluation of a personal cascade impactor sampler (PCIS) J. Aerosol Sci. 2002, 33 (7) 1027-1047 (Pubitemid 34621346)
12. Camuffo, D.; Bernardi, A. The Microclimate of Leonardos "Last Supper Joint Edition European Cultural Heritage Newsletter on Research and Bollettino Geofisico, Special Issue 1991, 14 (3) 1-123
13. Nazaroff, W. W.; Cass, G. R. Mass-transport aspects of pollutant removal at indoor surfaces Environ. Int. 1989, 15 (1-6) 567-584 (Pubitemid 19279942)
14. Birch, M. E.; Cary, R. A. Elemental carbon-based method for occupational monitoring of particulate diesel exhaust: Methodology and exposure issues The Analyst 1996, 121 (9) 1183-1190 (Pubitemid 26318972)
15. Stone, E. A.; Hedman, C. J.; Sheesley, R. J.; Shafer, M. M.; Schauer, J. J. Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43 (27) 4205-4213
16. Zhang, Y.; Schauer, J. J.; Shafer, M. M.; Hannigan, M. P.; Dutton, S. J. Source apportionment of in vitro reactive oxygen species bioassay activity from atmospheric particulate matter Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (19) 7502-7509
17. Watson, J. G. Overview of receptor model principles Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1984, 34 (6) 619
18. Schauer, J. J.; Rogge, W. F.; Hildemann, L. M.; Mazurek, M. A.; Cass, G. R.; Simoneit, B. R. T. Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30 (22) 3837-3855
19. Fine, P. M.; Cass, G. R.; Simoneit, B. R. T. Chemical characterization of fine particle emissions from the fireplace combustion of wood types grown in the Midwestern and Western United States Environ. Eng. Sci. 2004, 21 (3) 387-409 (Pubitemid 38579844)
20. Sheesley, R. J.; Schauer, J. J.; Zheng, M.; Wang, B. Sensitivity of molecular marker-based CMB models to biomass burning source profiles Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41 (39) 9050-9063
21. Lough, G. C.; Christensen, C. G.; Schauer, J. J.; Tortorelli, J.; Mani, E.; Lawson, D. R.; Clark, N. N.; Gabele, P. A. Development of molecular marker source profiles for emissions from on-road gasoline and diesel vehicle fleets J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2007, 57 (10) 1190-1199 (Pubitemid 350032822)
22. Kleindienst, T. E.; Jaoui, M.; Lewandowski, M.; Offenberg, J. H.; Lewis, C. W.; Bhave, P. V.; Edney, E. O. Estimates of the contributions of biogenic and anthropogenic hydrocarbons to secondary organic aerosol at a southeastern US location Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41 (37) 8288-8300 (Pubitemid 350101314)
23. Rutter, A. P.; Snyder, D. C.; Schauer, J. J.; Sheesley, R. J.; Olson, M. R.; DeMinter, J. Contributions of resuspended soil and road dust to organic carbon in fine particulate matter in the Midwestern US Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45 (2) 514-518
24. American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries. In Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Applications; ASHRAE: Atlanta, 2011; Chapter 23.
25. Tétreault, J., Airborne Polluants in Museums, Galleries and Archives: Risk Assessment, Control Strategies and Preservation Management; Canadian Conservation Institute: Ottawa, 2003.
26. Turpin, B. J.; Lim, H. J. Species Contributions to PM2.5 Mass Concentrations: Revisiting Common Assumptions for Estimating Organic Mass Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 602-610 (Pubitemid 32606003)
27. Russell, L. M. Aerosol Organic-Mass-to-Organic-Carbon Ratio Measurements Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37 (13) 2982-2987 (Pubitemid 36799092)
28. Sheesley, R. J.; Schauer, J. J.; Bean, E.; Kenski, D. Trends in secondary organic aerosol at a remote site in Michigans upper peninsula Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38 (24) 6491-6500
29. Jones, N. Indoor/outdoor relationships of particulate matter in domestic homes with roadside, urban and rural locations Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34 (16) 2603-2612 (Pubitemid 30198188)
30. Sarnat, J. A.; Long, C. M.; Koutrakis, P.; Coull, B. A.; Schwartz, J.; Suh, H. H. Using sulfur as a tracer of outdoor fine particulate matter Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36 (24) 5305-5314 (Pubitemid 35469143)
31. Na, K.; Cockeriii, D. Organic and elemental carbon concentrations in fine particulate matter in residences, schoolrooms, and outdoor air in Mira Loma, California Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39 (18) 3325-3333 (Pubitemid 40732805)
32. Thatcher, T. L.; Layton, D. W. Deposition, resuspension, and penetration of particles within a residence Atmos. Environ. 1995, 29 (13) 1487-1497 (Pubitemid 26436811)
33. Abt, E.; Suh, H. H.; Catalano, P.; Koutrakis, P. Relative contribution of outdoor and indoor particle sources to indoor concentrations Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34 (17) 3579-3587
34. Weber, R. J.; Sullivan, A. P.; Peltier, R. E.; Russell, A.; Yan, B.; Zheng, M.; Gouw, J. d.; Warneke, C.; Brock, C.; Holloway, J. S.; Atlas, E. L.; Edgerton, E. A study of secondary organic aerosol formation in the anthropogenic-influenced southeastern United States J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112, 13 PP-13 PP
35. Schauer, J. J. Evaluation of elemental carbon as a marker for diesel particulate matter J. Expo Anal Environ. Epidemiol. 2003, 13 (6) 443-453 (Pubitemid 37509855)
36. 2.5 particulate matter in the ambient air of Milan (Italy) Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35 (27) 4639-4650
37. Cass, G. R.; McRae, G. J. Source-receptor reconciliation of routine air monitoring data for trace metals: An emission inventory assisted approach Environ. Sci. Technol. 1983, 17 (3) 129-139 (Pubitemid 13153073)
38. Singh, M.; Jaques, P. A.; Sioutas, C. Size distribution and diurnal characteristics of particle-bound metals in source and receptor sites of the Los Angeles Basin Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36 (10) 1675-1689 (Pubitemid 34275393)
39. Kim, N.; Fergusson, J. Concentrations and sources of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in house dust in Christchurch, New Zealand Sci. The Total Environ. 1993, 138 (1-3) 1-21
40. Butte, W., Reference values of environmental pollutants in house dust. In Indoor Environment: Airborne Particles and Settled Dust; Morawska, L.; Salthammer, T., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim: 2003; p 416.
41. Oros, D. R.; Simoneit, B. R. T. Identification and emission rates of molecular tracers in coal smoke particulate matter Fuel 2000, 79 (5) 515-536 (Pubitemid 30542290)
42. Manchester-Neesvig, J. B.; Schauer, J. J.; Cass, G. R., The distribution of particle-phase organic compounds in the atmosphere and their use for source apportionment during the Southern California Childrens Health Study. (Technical Paper). J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2003, pp 1065(15)-1065(15).
43. Schauer, J. J.; Fraser, M. P.; Cass, G. R.; Simoneit, B. R. T. Source reconciliation of atmospheric gas-phase and particle-phase pollutants during a severe photochemical smog episode Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36 (17) 3806-3814 (Pubitemid 35006335)
44. Simoneit, B. Characterization of organic constituents in aerosols in relation to their origin and transport: A review Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1986, 23 (3) 207-237
45. Rogge, W. F.; Mazurek, M. A.; Hildemann, L. M.; Cass, G. R.; Simoneit, B. R. T. Quantification of urban organic aerosols at a molecular level: Identification, abundance and seasonal variation Atmos. Environ.,Part A 1993, 27 (8) 1309-1330
46. Parente, M. E.; Gámbaro, A.; Solana, G. Study of sensory properties of emollients used in cosmetics and their correlation with physicochemical properties J.Cosmet.Sci. 2005, 56 (3) 175-182 (Pubitemid 41116941)
47. Kato, S.; Aoshima, H.; Saitoh, Y.; Miwa, N. Biological safety of LipoFullerene composed of squalane and fullerene-C60 upon mutagenesis, photocytotoxicity, and permeability into the human skin tissue Basic Clinical Pharmacol.Toxicol. 2009, 104 (6) 483-487
48. Nicolaides, N. Skin lipids: Their biochemical uniqueness Science 1974, 186 (4158) 19-26
49. Naik, D. V.; Weschler, C. J.; Shields, H. C., Indoor and outdoor concentrations of organic compounds associated with airborne particles: Results using a novel solvent system. In Indoor Air Pollution: Radon, Bioaerosols & VOCs; Kay, J. G.; Keller, G. E.; Miller, J. F., Eds.; Lewis Publishers: MI, 1991; p 67.
50. Mannucci, E.; Zerbi, G., Art and spectroscopy: Looking to paints and parchments. In GNSR 2001: State of Art and Future Development in Raman Spectroscopy and Related Techniques; Messina, G.; Santangelo, S., Eds.; IOS press: Amsterdam, 2002.
51. Robinson, A. L.; Subramanian, R.; Donahue, N. M.; Bernardo-Bricker, A.; Rogge, W. F. Source apportionment of molecular markers and organic aerosol. 3. Food cooking emissions Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40 (24) 7820-7827 (Pubitemid 46012581)
52. Nazaroff, W. W.; Weschler, C. J. Cleaning products and air fresheners: Exposure to primary and secondary air pollutants Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38 (18) 2841-2865 (Pubitemid 38692313)
53. Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4 th ed.; Wiley: New York, 1998.
54. Ayoko, G. A.; Uhde, E., Organic compounds adsorbed on particles and settled house dust. In Indoor Environment: Airborne Particles and Settled Dust; Morawska, L.; Salthammer, T., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim: 2003; p 150.
55. Otake, T.; Yoshinaga, J.; Yanagisawa, Y. Exposure to phthalate esters from indoor environment J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2004, 14, 524-528 (Pubitemid 39658227)
56. Kawamura, K.; Kasukabe, H.; Barrie, L. A. Source and reaction pathways of dicarboxylic acids, ketoacids and dicarbonyls in arctic aerosols: One year of observations Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30 (10-11) 1709-1722
57. Simoneit, B. R. T.; Schauer, J. J.; Nolte, C. G.; Oros, D. R.; Elias, V. O.; Fraser, M. P.; Rogge, W. F.; Cass, G. R. Levoglucosan, a tracer for cellulose in biomass burning and atmospheric particles Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33 (2) 173-182 (Pubitemid 28561853)
58. Sannigrahi, P.; Sullivan, A. P.; Weber, R. J.; Ingall, E. D. Characterization of water-soluble organic carbon in urban atmospheric aerosols using solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40 (3) 666-672 (Pubitemid 43222146)
59. Ayoko, G. A.; Uhde, E., Organic compounds adsorbed on particles and settled house dust. In Indoor Environment: Airborne Particles and Settled Dust; Morawska, L.; Salthammer, T., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2003; p 159.