Family structure and posttraumatic stress reactions: A longitudinal study using multilevel analyses

BMC Psychiatry

Volumn 11, Issue , 2011, Pages

  Nygaard, Egil ^a   Wentzel Larsen, Tore ^a,b   Hussain, Ajmal ^a   Heir, Trond ^a  

^a Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies   (Norway)

^b ULLEVÅL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

Author keywords

Family structure; Multilevel analyses; Posttraumatic stress reactions; Ptsd; Tsunami

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; IMPACT OF EVENTS SCALE; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MARRIAGE; MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS; NORWAY; PARENTHOOD; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; SOUTHEAST ASIA; TOURISM; TSUNAMI; DISASTER; FAMILY; LIFE EVENT; PARENT; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE;

ADULT; DISASTERS; FAMILY; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MARRIAGE; MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS; NORWAY; PARENTS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; TSUNAMIS;

EID: 83455206273     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1471244X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-11-195     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. McFarlane AC. Family functioning and overprotection following a natural disaster: The longitudinal effects of post-traumatic morbidity. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1987, 21:210-218. 10.3109/00048678709160914, 3675454.
2. Norris FH, Uhl GA. Chronic stress as a mediator of acute stress: The case of Hurricane Hugo. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1993, 23(16):1263-1284.
3. Catapano F, Malafronte R, Lepre F, Cozzolino P, Arnone R, Lorenzo E, Tartaglia G, Starace F, Magliano L, Maj M. Psychological consequences of the 1998 landslide in Sarno, Italy: A community study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2001, 104(6):438-442. 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00512.x, 11782236.
4. Fullerton CS, Ursano RJ, Kao TC, Bharitya VR. Disaster-related bereavement: Acute symptoms and subsequent depression. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 1999, 70(9):902-909.
5. Wickrama KAS, Wickrama KAT. Family context of mental health risk in tsunami affected mothers: Findings from a pilot study in Sri Lanka. Social Science & Medicine 2008, 66(4):994-1007. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.012, 22210983.
6. Schwarz ED, Kowalski JM. Malignant memories. Effect of a shooting in the workplace on school personnel's attitudes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1993, 8(4):468-485.
7. Kaniasty K, Norris FH. Longitudinal linkages between perceived social support and posttraumatic stress symptoms: Sequential roles of social causation and social selection. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2008, 21(3):274-281. 10.1002/jts.20334, 18553415.
8. Solomon SD, Bravo M, Rubio-Stipec M, Canino G. Effect of family role on response to disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1993, 6(2):255-269.
9. Ursano RJ, Fullerton CS, Kao TC, Bhartiya VR. Longitudinal assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression after exposure to traumatic death. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1995, 183(1):36-42. 10.1097/00005053-199501000-00007, 7807068.
10. Wahlström L, Michelsen H, Schulman A, Backheden M. Different types of exposure to the 2004 tsunami are associated with different levels of psychological distress and posttraumatic stress. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2008, 21(5):463-470. 10.1002/jts.20360, 18956445.
11. Brooks N, McKinlay W. Mental health consequences of the Lockerbie disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1992, 5(4):527-543.
12. Ranasinghe PD, Levy BR. Prevalence of and sex disparities in posttraumatic stress disorder in an internally displaced Sri Lankan population 6 months after the 2004 Tsunami. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 2007, 1(1):34-41. 10.1097/DMP.0b013e318068fbb7, 18388601.
13. Hollifield M, Hewage C, Gunawardena CN, Kodituwakku P, Bopagoda K, Weerarathnege K. Symptoms and coping in Sri Lanka 20-21 months after the 2004 tsunami. British Journal of Psychiatry 2008, 192(1):39-44. 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.038422, 18174508.
14. Gleser GC, Green BL, Winget C. Prolonged psychosocial effects of disaster: A study of Buffalo Creek. 1981, New York, NY: Academic Press Inc.
15. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 1995, 52(12):1048-1060. 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012, 7492257.
16. Breslau N, Peterson EL, Poisson LM, Schultz LR, Lucia VC. Estimating post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: Lifetime perspective and the impact of typical traumatic events. Psychological Medicine 2004, 34(5):889-898. 10.1017/S0033291703001612, 15500309.
17. Weisæth L. Collective traumatic stress: Crisis and catastrophes. Stress in health and disease 2006, Weinheim, Germany: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Arnetz BB, Ekman R.
18. Lerner RM. Concepts and theories of human development. 1986, New York, NY: Newbery Award Records, Inc, 2.
19. Stern DN. The interpersonal world of the infant. A view from psychoanalysis and developmental psychology. 1985, New York, NY: Basic Books Inc.
20. Siegel DJ. The developing mind. Toward a neurobiology of interpersonal experience. 1999, New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
21. Berk LE. Child development. 2009, Boston, MA: Pearson, 8.
22. Bloch DA, Silber E, Perry SE. Some factors in the emotional reaction of children to disaster. American Journal of Psychiatry 1956, 113(5):416-422.
23. McFarlane AC. Posttraumatic phenomena in a longitudinal study of children following a natural disaster. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1987, 26(5):764-769. 10.1097/00004583-198709000-00025, 3667509.
24. Green BL, Korol M, Grace MC, Vary MJ, Leonard AC, Gleser EC, Smithson-Cohen S. Children and disaster: Age, gender and parental effects on PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1991, 30:945-951. 10.1097/00004583-199111000-00012, 22201151.
25. Catani C, Jacob N, Schauer E, Kohila M, Neuner F. Family violence, war, and natural disasters: A study of the effect of extreme stress on children's mental health in Sri Lanka. BMC Psychiatry 2008, 8:33-42. 10.1186/1471-244X-8-33, 2386780, 18454851.
26. Koplewicz HS, Vogel JM, Solanto MV, Morrissey RF, Alonso CM, Abikoff H, Gallagher R, Novick RM. Child and parent response to the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2002, 15(1):77-85. 10.1023/A:1014339513128, 11936725.
27. Gershoff ET, Aber JL, Ware A, Kotler JA. Exposure to 9/11 among youth and their mothers in new york city: enduring associations with mental health and sociopolitical attitudes. Child Dev 2010, 81(4):1142-1160. 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01459.x, 20636687.
28. Phillips D, Featherman DL, Jinyun L. Children as an evocative influence on adults' reactions in terrorism. Applied Developmental Science 2004, 8(4):195-210.
29. Kilmer RP, Gil-Rivas V. Responding to the needs of children and families after a disaster: Linkages between unmet needs and caregiver functioning. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2010, 80(1):135-142. 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01016.x, 2858329, 20397998.
30. Havenaar JM, Rumyantzeva GM, van den Brink W, Poelijoe NW, van den Bout J, van Engeland H, Koeter MW. Long-term mental health effects of the Chernobyl disaster: An epidemiologic survey in two former Soviet regions. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997, 154(11):1605-1607.
31. Stuber J, Fairbrother G, Galea S, Pfefferbaum B, Wilson-Genderson M, Vlahov D. Determinants of counseling for children in Manhattan after the September 11 attacks. Psychiatric Services 2002, 53(7):815-822. 10.1176/appi.ps.53.7.815, 12096163.
32. Stuber J, Resnick H, Galea S. Gender disparities in posttraumatic stress disorder after mass trauma. Gender Medicine 2006, 3(1):54-67. 10.1016/S1550-8579(06)80194-4, 16638601.
33. Vila G, Witkowski P, Tondini MC, Perez-Diaz F, Mouren-Simeoni MC, Jouvent R. A study of posttraumatic disorders in children who experienced an industrial disaster in the Briey region. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2001, 10(1):10-18. 10.1007/s007870170042, 22209427.
34. Kristensen P, Heir T, Herlofsen PH, Langsrud T, Weisæth L. Parental mental health after the accidental death of a son during military service: 23-year follow-up study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
35. Asarnow J, Glynn S, Pynoos RS, Nahum J, Guthrie D, Cantwell DP, Franklin B. When the earth stops shaking: Earthquake sequelae among children diagnosed for pre-earthquake psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1999, 38(8):1016-1023. 10.1097/00004583-199908000-00018, 22201151.
36. Nygaard E, Jensen TK, Dyb G. Posttraumatic stress reactions in siblings after mutual disaster: Relevance of family factors. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2010, 23(2):278-281.
37. Goldstein H. Multilevel mixed linear model analysis using iterative generalized least squares. Biometrika 1986, 73(1):43-56.
38. Norris FH. Disaster research methods: Past progress and future directions. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2006, 19(2):173-184. 10.1002/jts.20109, 16612819.
39. Dyb G, Jensen TK, Nygaard E. Children's and parents' posttraumatic stress reactions after the 2004 tsunami. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2011, 16(4):621-634. 10.1177/1359104510391048, 21565871.
40. Nomura Y, Chemtob CM. Effect of maternal psychopathology on behavioral problems in preschool children exposed to terrorism: Use of generalized estimating equations to integrate multiple informant reports. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicin 2009, 163(6):531-539. 10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.51, 22147783.
41. Heir T, Weisæth L. Acute disaster exposure and mental health complaints of Norwegian tsunami survivors six months post disaster. Psychiatry 2008, 71(3):266-276. 10.1521/psyc.2008.71.3.266, 18834277.
42. Heir T, Piatigorsky A, Weisæth L. Longitudinal changes in recalled perceived life threat after a natural disaster. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2009, 194(6):510-514. 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.056580, 19478289.
43. Heir T, Sandvik L, Weisæth L. Hallmarks of posttraumatic stress: Symptom Z-scores in a tsunami-affected tourist population. Psychopathology 2009, 42(3):157-164. 10.1159/000207457, 19276641.
44. Hussain A, Weisaeth L, Heir T. Nonresponse to a population-based postdisaster postal questionnaire study. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2009, 22(4):324-328. 10.1002/jts.20431, 19644976.
45. Weisæth L. The stressor-response relationship. Post-traumatic stress disorder 1996, 191-216. London: Bailliere Tindal, Giller EL, Weisæth L.
46. DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2000, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 4, text rev. edn, DSM-IV-TR.
47. Weiss DS, Marmar CR. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD 1997, 399-411. New York, NY: Guilford Press, Wilson JP, Keane TM.
48. Weiss DS. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD 2004, 168-189. New York, NY: The Guilford Press, Wilson JP, Keane TM.
49. Eid J, Larsson G, Johnsen BH, Laberg JC, Bartone PT, Carlstedt B. Psychometric properties of the Norwegian Impact of Event Scale-Revised in a non-clinical sample. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 2009, 1-7.
50. Schafer JL. Analysis of incomplete multivariate data. 1997, London, UK: Chapman & Hall.
51. Efron B, Tibshirani R. Bootstrap methods for standard errors, confidence intervals, and other measures of statistical accuracy. Statistical Science 1986, 1(1):54-77.
52. Ozer EJ, Best SR, Lipsey TL, Weiss DS. Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 2003, 129(1):52-73.
53. Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000, 68(5):748-766.
54. Sherif M. The psychology of social norms. 1936, New York, NY: Harper.
55. Asch SE. Social psychology. 1952, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
56. Nichols MP. Family therapy, concepts and methods. 2010, Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc, 9.
57. Salmon K, Bryant RA. Posttaumatic stress disorder in children: The influence of developmental factors. Clinical Psychology Review 2002, 22(2):163-188. 10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00086-1, 11806018.
58. Alisic E, Jongmans MJ, van Wesel F, Kleber RJ. Building child trauma theory from longitudinal studies: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review 2011, 31(5):736-747. 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.03.001, 21501581.
59. Neuner F, Schauer E, Catani C, Ruf M, Elbert T. Post-tsunami stress: A study of posttraumatic stress disorder in children living in three severely affected regions in Sri Lanka. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2006, 19(3):339-347. 10.1002/jts.20121, 16789000.