Severe crouch gait in spastic diplegia can be prevented: A population-based study

Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - Series B

Volumn 93 B, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 1670-1675

  Vuillermin, C ^a   Rodda, J ^a   Rutz, E ^a   Shore, B J ^a,b   Smith, K ^a,c   Graham, H K ^a  

^a ROYAL CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c MURDOCH CHILDREN'S RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CEREBRAL PALSY; CROUCH GAIT; DISEASE SEVERITY; GAIT DISORDER; HUMAN; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; PARALYSIS; PEDIATRIC SURGERY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPASTICITY; SURGICAL PATIENT;

ADOLESCENT; CEREBRAL PALSY; CHILD; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC; HUMANS; IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL; MALE; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; ORTHOPEDIC PROCEDURES; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 83455170738     PISSN: 0301620X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1302/0301-620X.93B12     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Rab GT. Diplegic gait: Is there more than spasticity? In: Sussman MD, ed. The diplegic child. Illinois: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1992:99-110.
2. Goldstein M, Harper DC. Management of cerebral palsy: equinus gait. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001;43:563-569. (Pubitemid 32743216)
3. Koman LA, Mooney JF 3rd, Smith B, Goodman A, Mulvaney T. Management of cerebral palsy with botulinum-A toxin: preliminary investigation. J Pediatr Orthop 1993;13:489-495. (Pubitemid 23174659)
4. Cosgrove AP, Corry IS, Graham HK. Botulinum toxin in the management of the lower limb in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1994;36:386-396. (Pubitemid 24114333)
5. Corry IS, Cosgrove AP, Duffy CM, et al. Botulinum toxin A compared with stretching casts in the treatment of spastic equinus: a randomised prospective trial. J Pediatr Orthop 1998;18:304-311. (Pubitemid 28212938)
6. Ounpuu S, Bell KJ, Davis RB 3rd, DeLuca PA. An evaluation of the posterior leaf spring orthosis using joint kinematics and kinetics. J Pediatr Orthop 1996;16:378-384.
7. Strayer LM Jr. Recession of the gastrocnemius: an operation to relieve spastic contracture of the calf muscles. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1950;32-A:671-676
8. Baker LD. Triceps surae syndrome in cerebral palsy. AMA Arch Surg 1954;63:216-221.
9. Graham HK, Fixsen JA. Lengthening of the calcaneal tendon in spastic hemiplegia by the White slide technique: a long-term review. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1988;70-B:472-475.
10. Rang M, Silver R, de la Garza J. Cerebral palsy. In: Lovell WW, Winter RB, eds. Pediatric orthopaedics. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1986:345-396.
11. Gage JR. The role of gait analysis in the treatment of cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 1994;14:701-702. (Pubitemid 24325124)
12. Saraph V, Zwick EB, Zwick G, et al. Multilevel surgery in spastic diplegia: evaluation by physical examination and gait analysis in 25 children. J Pediatr Orthop 2002;22:150-157. (Pubitemid 34297671)
13. Thomason P, Baker R, Dodd K, et al. Single-event multilevel surgery in children with spastic diplegia: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2011;93-A:451-460.
14. Saraph V, Zwick EB, Uitz C, Linhart W, Steinwender G. The Baumann procedure for fixed contracture of the gastrosoleus in cerebral palsy: evaluation of function of the ankle after multilevel surgery. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2000;82-B:535-540. (Pubitemid 30312817)
15. Thompson N, Stebbins J, Seniorou M, et al. The use of minimally invasive techniques in multi-level surgery for children with cerebral palsy: preliminary results. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2010;92-B:1442-1448.
16. Khan MA. Outcome of single-event multi-level surgery in untreated cerebral palsy in a developing country. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2007;89-B:1088-1091. (Pubitemid 47492807)
17. Borton DC, Walker K, Pirpiris M, Nattrass GR, Graham HK. Isolated calf lengthening in cerebral palsy: outcome analysis of risk factors. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2001;83-B:364-370. (Pubitemid 32390349)
18. Shore BJ, White N, Graham HK. Surgical correction of equinus deformity in childhood with cerebral palsy: a systematic review. J Child Orthop 2010;4:277-290.
19. Kay RM, Rethlefsen SA, Ryan JA, Wren TA. Outcome of gastrocnemius recession and tendo-achilles lengthening in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop B 2004;13:92-98. (Pubitemid 38380978)
20. Howard J, Soo B, Graham HK, et al. Cerebral palsy in Victoria: motor types, topography and gross motor function. J Pediatr Child Health 2005;41:479-483. (Pubitemid 43951229)
21. Bache CE, Selber P, Graham HK. Mini-Symposium: Cerebral palsy: the management of spastic diplegia. Current Orthopaedics 2003;17:88-104. (Pubitemid 36604264)
22. Sutherland DH, Davids JR. Common gait abnormalities of the knee in cerebral palsy. Clin Orthop 1993;288:139-147. (Pubitemid 23116923)
23. Rodda J, Graham HK. Classification of gait patterns in spastic hemiplegia and spastic diplegia: a basis for a management algorithm. Eur J Neurol 2001;8(Supp):98-108 (Pubitemid 33757695)
24. Rodda JM, Graham HK, Carson L, Galea MP, Wolfe R. Sagittal gait patterns in spastic diplegia. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2004;86-B:251-258. (Pubitemid 38386866)
25. Rodda JM, Graham HK, Galea MP, et al. Correction of severe crouch gait in spastic diplegia by multilevel orthopaedic surgery. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2006;88-A:2653-2664. (Pubitemid 44901953)
26. Stout JL, Gage JR, Schwartz MH, Novacheck TF. Distal femoral extension osteotomy and patellar tendon advancement to treat persistent crouch gait in cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2008;90-A:2470-2484.
27. Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Walter S, et al. Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1997;39:214-233.
28. Palisano RJ, Rosenbaum P, Bartlett D, Livingston MH. Content validity of the expanded and revised Gross Motor Function Classification System. Dev Med Child Neurol 2008;50:744-750.
29. Winters TF Jr, Gage JR, Hicks R. Gait patterns in spastic hemiplegia in children and young adults. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1987;69-A:437-441. (Pubitemid 17067963)
30. Soo B, Howard JJ, Boyd RN, et al. Hip displacement in cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2006;88-A:121-129. (Pubitemid 43062780)
31. Naidu K, Smith K, Sheedy M, et al. Systemic adverse events following botulinum toxin A therapy in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2010;52:139-144.
32. Hoke M. An operation for stabilizing paralytic feet. Am J Orthop Surg 1921;3:494-507.
33. Silfverskiöld N. Reduction of the uncrossed two-joints muscles of the leg to onejoint muscles in spastic conditions. Acta Chir Scand 1924;56:315-328.
34. Novacheck TF, Stout JL, Gage JR, Schwartz MH. Distal femoral extension osteotomy and patellar tendon advancement to treat persistent crouch gait in cerebral palsy: surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2009;91-A(Suppl):271- 286.
35. Gage JR. Orthopaedic treatment of long bone torsions. In: Gage JR, Schwartz MH, Koop SE, Novacheck TF, eds. The identification and treatment of gait problems in cerebral palsy. Second ed. London: MacKeith Press, 2009:473-91.