Acute postoperative hypertension: A review of therapeutic options

American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy

Volumn 61, Issue 16, 2004, Pages 1661-1675

  Haas, Curtis E ^a   LeBlanc, Jaclyn M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; Clonidine; Esmolol; Fenoldopam; Hydralazine; Hypertension; Hypotensive agents; Labetalol; Nicardipine; Nitroglycerin; Sodium nitroprusside; Surgery; Toxicity; Vasodilating agents

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; CAPTOPRIL; CLONIDINE; CYANIDE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENALAPRILAT; ESMOLOL; FENOLDOPAM; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; HYDRALAZINE; LABETALOL; NICARDIPINE; NIFEDIPINE; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM; THIOCYANATE;

ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; ARTERIAL PRESSURE; BRADYCARDIA; BRONCHOSPASM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEPRESSION; DIZZINESS; EEG ABNORMALITY; FLUSHING; HEADACHE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTENSION; INTRAOCULAR HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; LUNG VENTILATION PERFUSION RATIO; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERFUSION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESTLESSNESS; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; TACHYCARDIA; TOXICITY;

EID: 8344244425     PISSN: 10792082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/61.16.1661     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Hogenson KD. Acute postoperative hypertension in the hypertensive patient. J Post Anesth Nurs. 1992; 7:38-44.
2. Bove EL, Fry WJ, Gross WS et al. Hypotension and hypertension as consequences of baroreceptor dysfunction following carotid endarterectomy. Surgery. 1979; 85:633-7.
3. McGuirt WF, May JS. Postoperative hypertension associated with radical neck dissection. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1987; 113:1098-100.
4. Gal TJ, Cooperman LH. Hypertension in the immediate postoperative period. Br J Anaesth. 1975; 47:70-4.
5. Lehv MS, Salzman EW, Silen W. Hypertension complicating carotid endarterectomy. Stroke. 1970; 1:307-13.
6. Hans SS, Glover JL. The relationship of cardiac and neurological complications to blood pressure changes following carotid endarterectomy. Am Surg. 1995; 61:356-9.
7. Towne JB, Bernhard VM. The relationship of postoperative hypertension to complications following carotid endar-terectomy. Surgery. 1980; 88:575-80.
8. Wallach R, Karp RB, Reves JG et al. Pathogenesis of paroxysmal hypertension developing during and after coronary artery bypass surgery: a study of hemodynamic and humoral factors. Am J Cardiol. 1980; 46:559-65.
9. Caplan LR, Skillman J, Ojemann R et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage following carotid endarterectomy: a hypertensive complication? Stroke. 1978; 9:457-60.
10. Towne JB, Bernhard VM. Neurologic deficit following carotid endarterectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1982; 154:849-52.
11. Asiddao CB, Donegan JH, Whitesell RC et al. Factors associated with perioperative complications during carotid endarterectomy. Anesth Analg. 1982; 61:631-7.
12. Piepgras DG, Morgan MK, Sundt TM et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage after carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg. 1988; 68:532-6.
13. Ille O, Woimant F, Pruna A et al. Hypertensive encephalopathy after bilateral carotid endarterectomy. Stroke. 1995; 26:488-91.
14. Skydell JL, Machleder HI, Baker JD et al. Incidence and mechanism of post-carotid endarterectomy hypertension. Arch Surg. 1987; 122:1153-5.
15. Wong JH, Findlay JM, Suarez-Almazor ME. Hemodynamic instability after carotid endarterectomy: risk factors and associations with operative complications. Neurosurgery. 1997; 41:35-43.
16. Basali A, Mascha EJ, Kalfas I et al. Relation between perioperative hypertension and intracranial hemorrhage after craniotomy. Anesthesiology. 2000; 93:48-54.
17. Fremes SE, Weisel RD, Baird RJ et al. Effects of postoperative hypertension and its treatment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983; 86:47-56.
18. Viljoen JF, Estafanous FG, Tarazi RC. Acute hypertension immediately after coronary artery surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1976; 71:548-50.
19. Cafferata HT, Merchant RF, DePalma RG. Avoidance of postcarotid endarterectomy hypertension. Ann Surg. 1982; 196:465-71.
20. Seltzer JL, Gerson JI, Grogono AW. Hypertension in perioperative period. N Y State J Med. 1980; Jan:29-31.
21. Benzel EC, Hoppens KD. Factors associated with postoperative hypertension complicating carotid endarterectomy. Acta Neurochir. 1991; 112:8-12.
22. Breslow MJ, Jordan DA, Christopherson R et al. Epidural morphine decreases postoperative hypertension by attenuating sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity. JAMA. 1989; 261:3577-81.
23. Weinstein GS, Zabetakis PM, Clavel A et al. The renin-angiotensin system is not responsible for hypertension following coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987; 43:74-7.
24. Cruise CJ, Skrobik Y, Webster RE et al. Intravenous labetalol versus sodium nitroprusside for treatment of hypertension postcoronary bypass surgery. Anesthesiology. 1989; 71:835-9.
25. Estafanous FG, Tarazi RC, Viljoen JF et al. Systemic hypertension following myocardial revascularization. Am Heart J. 1973; 85:732-8.
26. Roberts AJ, Niarchos AP, Subramanian VA et al. Systemic hypertension associated with coronary artery bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1977; 74:846-59.
27. Celikkanant S, Akyol MU, Koc C et al. Postoperative hypertension after radical neck dissection. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997; 117:91-2.
28. Muzzi DA, Black S, Losasso TJ et al. Labetalol and esmolol in the control of hypertension after intracranial surgery. Anesth Analg. 1990; 70:68-71.
29. Gibson BE, Black S, Maass L et al. Esmolol for the control of hypertension after neurologic surgery. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1988; 44:650-3.
30. Malsch E, Katonah J, Gratz I et al. The effectiveness of labetalol in treating post-operative hypertension. Nurse Anesth. 1991; 2:65-71.
31. Shah A, Asirvatham R. Hypertension after surgical release for flexion contractures of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1994; 76:274-7.
32. Kataja JH, Kaukinen S, Viinamaki OV et al. Hemodynamic and hormonal changes in patients pretreated with captopril for surgery of the abdominal aorta. J Cardiothorac Anesth. 1989; 3:425-32.
33. Olsen KS, Pedersen CB, Madsen JB et al. Vasoactive modulators during and after craniotomy: relation to postoperative hypertension. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2002; 14:171-9.
34. Sladen RN, Klamerus KJ, Swafford MW et al. Labetalol for the control of elevated blood pressure following coronary artery bypass grafting. J Cardiothorac Anesth. 1990; 4:210-21.
35. Estafanous FG, Tarazi RC. Systemic arterial hypertension associated with cardiac surgery. Am J Cardiol. 1980; 46:685-94.
36. Mecca RS. Postanesthesia recovery. In: Kirby RR, Gravenstein N, Lobato EB et al., eds. Clinical anesthesia practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2002:83-126.
37. Geniton DJ. A comparison of the hemodynamic effects of labetalol and sodium nitroprusside in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. J Am Assoc Nurse Anesth. 1990; 58:281-7.
38. Leslie JB, Kalayjian RW, Sirgo MA et al. Intravenous labetalol for treatment of postoperative hypertension. Anesthesiology. 1987; 67:413-6.
39. Orlowski JP, Vidt DG, Walker S et al. The hemodynamic effects of intravenous labetalol for postoperative hypertension. Cleve Clin J Med. 1989; 56:29-34.
40. Chauvin M, Deriaz H, Viars P. Continuous IV infusion of labetalol for postoperative hypertension. Br J Anaesth. 1987; 59:1250-6.
41. McCloskey G. Termination of cardiopulmonary bypass and postbypass hemodynamic management. In: Estafanous FG, Barash PG, Reves JG, eds. Cardiac anesthesia. Principles and clinical practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2001:447-64.
42. Paraviainen I, Ruokonen E, Takala J. Sodium nitroprusside after cardiac surgery: systemic and splanchnic blood flow and oxygen transport. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1996; 40:606-11.
43. Estafanous FG. Hypertension in the surgical patient: management of blood pressure and anesthesia. Cleve Clin J Med. 1989; 56:385-93.
44. Halpern NA, Goldberg M, Neely C et al. Postoperative hypertension: a multicenter, prospective, randomized comparison between intravenous nicardipine and sodium nitroprusside. Crit Care Med. 1992; 20:1637-43.
45. Oates JA, Brown NJ. Antihypertensive agents and the drug therapy of hypertension. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, eds. Goodman & Gillman's the pharmacologie basis of therapeutics. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001:871-900.
46. Van Wezel HB, Koolen JJ, Visser CA et al. Antihypertensive and anti-ischemic effects of nicardipine and nitroprusside in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol. 1989; 64:22H-7H.
47. Fremes SE, Weisel RD, Mickle DA et al. A comparison of nitroglycerin and nitroprusside: I. Treatment of postoperative hypertension. Ann Thorac Surg. 1985; 39:53-9.
48. Flaherty JT, Magee PA, Gardner TL et al. Comparison of intravenous nitroglycerin and sodium nitroprusside for treatment of acute hypertension developing after coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation. 1982; 65:1072-7.
49. Kieler-Jensen N, Houltz E, Milocco I et al. Central hemodynamics and right ventricular function after coronary artery bypass surgery. A comparison of prostacyclin, sodium nitroprusside and nitroglycerin for treatment of postcardiac surgery hypertension. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1993; 7:555-9.
50. Hill AJ, Reneck RO, Walesby RK. A comparison of fenoldopam and nitroprusside in the control of hypertension following coronary artery surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1993; 7:279-84.
51. Sterile Sodium Nitroprusside, USP, package insert. Cherry Hill, NJ: Elkins-Sinn; 1992 Mar.
52. Patel CB, Laboy V, Venus B et al. Use of sodium nitroprusside in post-coronary bypass surgery. A plea for conservatism. Chest. 1986; 89:663-7.
53. Rieves RD. Importance of symptoms in recognizing nitroprusside toxicity. South Med J. 1984; 77:1035-7.
54. Hall VA, Guest JM. Sodium nitroprusside-induced cyanide intoxication and prevention with sodium thiosulfate prophylaxis. Am J Crit Care. 1992; 1:19-27.
55. Schulz V. Clinical pharmacokinetics of nitroprusside, cyanide, thiosulphate and thiocyanate. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1984; 9:239-51.
56. Katzung BG, Chatterjee K. Vasodilators and the treatment of angina pectoris. In: Katzung BG, ed. Basic and clinical pharmacology. 7th ed. Hartford, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1998:179-96.
57. Hoffman BB. Catecholamines, sympathomimetic drugs, and adrenergic receptor antagonists. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, eds. Goodman & Gillman's the pharmacologic basis of therapeutics. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001:215-68.
58. Orlowski JP, Shiesley D, Vidt DG et al. Labetalol to control blood pressure after cerebrovascular surgery. Crit Care Med. 1988; 16:765-8.
59. Cosentino F, Vidt DG, Orlowski JP et al. The safety of cumulative doses of labetalol in perioperative hypertension. Cleve Clin J Med. 1989; 56:371-6.
60. Gray RJ, Bateman TM, Czer LS et al. Comparison of esmolol and nitroprusside for acute post-cardiac surgical hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1987; 59:887-91.
61. Pool J, Nestico P, Chelly J et al. The effect of intravenous nicardipine in postoperative hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1988; 43:179. Abstract.
62. IV Nicardipine Study Group. Efficacy and safety of intravenous nicardipine in the control of postoperative hypertension. Chest. 1991; 99:393-8.
63. Halpern NA, Sladen RN, Goldberg JS et al. Nicardipine infusion for postoperative hypertension after surgery of the head and neck. Crit Care Med. 1990; 18:950-5.
64. David D, Dubois C, Loria Y. Comparison of nicardipine and sodium nitroprusside in the treatment of paroxysmal hypertension following aortocoronary bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1991; 5:357-61.
65. Vecht RJ, Swanson KT, Nicolaides EP et al. Comparison of intravenous nicardipine and nitroglycerin to control systemic hypertension after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol. 1989; 64(suppl):19H-21H.
66. Vincent JL, Berlot G, Presiser JC et al. Intravenous nicardipine in the treatment of postoperative arterial hypertension. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1997; 11:160-4.
67. Goldberg ME, Clark S, Joseph J et al. Nicardipine versus placebo for the treatment of postoperative hypertension. Am Heart J. 1990; 119:446-50.
68. Casar G, Pool JL, Chelly JE et al. Intravenous nicardipine for treatment of post-operative hypertension. Anesthesiology. 1987; 67:141. Abstract.
69. Benowitz NL. Antihypertensive agents. In: Katzung BG, ed. Basic and clinical pharmacology. 7th ed. Hartford, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1998:153-78.
70. Kerins DM, Robertson RM, Robertson D. Drugs used for the treatment of myocardial ischemia. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, eds. Goodman & Gillman's the pharmacologic basis of therapeutics. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001:843-70.
71. Singh BN, Josephson MA. Clinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and hemodynamic effects of nicardipine. Am Heart J. 1990; 119:427-34.
72. Lambert CR, Pepine CJ. Acute antianginal hemodynamic effects of nicardipine in coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 1990; 119:457-62.
73. Leslie J, Brister N, Levy J et al. Treatment of postoperative hypertension after coronary artery bypass surgery. Double blind comparison of intravenous isradipine and sodium nitroprusside. Circulation. 1994; 90(suppl):II-256-61.
74. Brister NW, Barnette RE, Schartel SA et al. Isradipine for treatment of acute hypertension after myocardial revascularization. Crit Care Med. 1991; 19:334-8.
75. Leeman M, Degaute J. Invasive hemodynamic evaluation of sublingual captopril and nifedipine in patients with arterial hypertension after abdominal aortic surgery. Crit Care Med. 1995; 23:843-7.
76. Mullen JC, Miller DR, Weisel RD et al. Postoperative hypertension: a comparison of diltiazem, nifedipine, and nitroprusside. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988; 96:122-32.
77. Iyer VS, Russell WJ. Nifedipine for post-operative blood pressure control following coronary artery vein grafts. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1986; 68:73-5.
78. Godet G, Coriat P, Samama M et al. Treatment of post carotid endarterectomy hypertension with nifedipine: effects on hemodynamics and mixed venous oxygen saturation. Anesthesiology. 1986; 65:A75. Abstract.
79. Van Harten J, Burggraaf K, Danhof M et al. Negligible sublingual absorption of nifedipine. Lancet. 1987; 2:1363-5.
80. Grossman E, Messerli HF, Grodzicki T et al. Should a moratorium be placed on sublingual nifedipine capsules given for hypertensive emergencies and pseudoemergencies? JAMA. 1996; 276:1328-31.
81. Goldberg ME, Larijani GE. Perioperative hypertension. Pharmacotherapy. 1998; 18:911-4.
82. 1-receptor stimulation by fenoldopam in the treatment of postcardiac surgical hypertension. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1998; 42:834-40.
83. Goldberg ME, Cantillo J, Nemiroff MS et al. Fenoldopam infusion for the treatment of postoperative hypertension. J Clin Anesth. 1993; 5:386-91.
84. Murphy MB, Murray C, Shorten GD. Drug therapy: fenoldopam - a selective peripheral dopamine-receptor agonist for the treatment of severe hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345:1548-57.
85. Schusterman NH, Elliot WJ, White WB. Fenoldopam, but not nitroprusside, improves renal function in severely hypertensive patients with impaired renal function. Am J Med. 1993; 95:161-8.
86. White WB, Radford MJ, Gonzalez FM et al. Selective dopamine-1 agonist therapy in severe hypertension: effects of intravenous fenoldopam. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988; 11:1118-23.
87. Elliot WJ, Weber RR, Nelson KS et al. Renal and hemodynamic effects of intravenous fenoldopam versus nitroprusside in severe hypertension. Circulation. 1990; 81:970-7.
88. Jackson EK. Renin and angiotensin. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, eds. Goodman & Gillman's the pharmacologic basis of therapeutics. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001:809-41.
89. Tohmo H, Karanko M. Enalaprilat controls postoperative hypertension while maintaining cardiac function and systemic oxygenation after neurosurgery. Intensive Care Med. 1995; 21:651-6.
90. Niarchos AP, Roberts AJ, Case DB et al. Hemodynamic characteristics of hypertension after coronary bypass surgery and effects of the converting enzyme inhibitor. Am J Cardiol. 1979; 43:586-93.
91. Dorman T, Clarkson K, Rosenfeld B et al. Effects of clonidine on prolonged postoperative sympathetic response. Crit Care Med. 1997; 25:1147-52.
92. Abdelwahab W, Frishman W, Landau A. Management of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies. J Clin Pharmacol. 1995; 35:747-62.