Factor Structure of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in OEF/OIF Veterans Presenting to a Polytrauma Clinic

Rehabilitation Psychology

Volumn 56, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 366-373

  Maestas, Kacey Little ^a,b   Benge, Jared F ^c   Pastorek, Nicholas J ^a,b   LeMaire, Ashley ^d   Darrow, Rachel ^e  

^a BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b MICHAEL E DEBAKEY VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d Department of Psychiatry   (United States)

^e RALPH H JOHNSON VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Factor analysis; Mild traumatic brain injury; Posttraumatic stress; Veterans

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; BATTLE INJURY; CHRONIC PAIN; COGNITION; DIZZINESS; DSM-IV; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HEADACHE; HUMAN; IRRITABILITY; LATENT STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEMORY DISORDER; MENTAL HEALTH; MOOD DISORDER; MULTIPLE TRAUMA; OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM VETERANS; OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM VETERANS; OUTPATIENT CARE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; SLEEP DISORDER; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; VETERAN;

ADULT; AFGHAN CAMPAIGN 2001-; AMBULATORY CARE FACILITIES; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; IRAQ WAR, 2003 -; MALE; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; UNITED STATES; VETERANS;

EID: 83155182876     PISSN: 00905550     EISSN: 19391544     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0025447     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Amdur R.L., Liberzon I. The structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in combat veterans: A confirmatory factor analysis of the impact of event scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2001, 15:345-357. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(01)00068-8.
2. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 2000, American Psychiatric Association, Author, Washington, DC. 4th ed., text revision.
3. DSM-5 Development Website 2001, American Psychiatric Association, Retrieved May 15, 2011, from http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevision/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=165.
4. Arbuckle J.A. AMOS 17 User's Guide 2008, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL.
5. Asmundson G.J., Stapleton J.A., Taylor S. Are avoidance and numbing distinct PTSD symptom clusters? Journal of Traumatic Stress 2004, 17:467-475. doi: 10.1007/s10960-004-5795-7.
6. Baschnagel J.S., O'Connor R.M., Colder C.R., Hawk L.W. Factor structure of posttraumatic stress among Western New York undergraduates following the September 11th terrorist attack on the World Trade Center. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2005, 18:677-684. doi: 10.1002/jts.20076.
7. Belanger H.G., Uomoto J.M., Vanderploeg R.D. The veterans health administration's (VHA's) polytrauma system of care for mild traumatic brain injury: Costs, benefits, and controversies. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2009, 24:4-13. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181957032.
8. Benge J.F., Pastorek N.J., Thornton G.M. Postconcussive symptoms in OEF-OIF veterans: Factor structure and impact of posttraumatic stress. Rehabilitation Psychology 2009, 54:270-278. doi: 10.1037/a0016736.
9. Bliese P.D., Wright K.M., Adler A.B., Cabrera O., Castro C.A., Hoge C.W. Validating the primary care posttraumatic stress disorder screen and the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist with soldiers returning from combat. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2008, 76:272-281. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.272.
10. Brenner L.A., Ivins B.J., Schwab K., Warden D., Nelson L.A., Jaffee M., Terrio H. Traumatic brain injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, and postconcussive symptom reporting among troops returning from iraq. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2010, 25:307-312. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181cada03.
11. Brenner L.A., Vanderploeg R.D., Terrio H. Assessment and diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other polytrauma conditions: Burden of adversity hypothesis. Rehabilitation Psychology 2009, 54:239-246. doi: 10.1037/a0016908.
12. Breslau N., Reboussin B.A., Anthony J.C., Storr C.L. The structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: Latent class analysis in 2 community samples. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62:1343-1351. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.12.1343.
13. Browne M.W., Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Testing structural equation models 1993, 136-162. Sage, Newbury Park, CA. K.A. Bollen, J.S. Long (Eds.).
14. Carlson K.F., Nelson D., Orazem R.J., Nugent S., Cifu D.X., Sayer N.A. Psychiatric diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans screened for deployment-related traumatic brain injury. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2010, 23:17-24.
15. Cooper D.B., Kennedy J.E., Cullen M.A., Critchfield E., Amador R.R., Bowles A.O. Association between combat stress and post-concussive symptom reporting in OEF/OIF service members with mild traumatic brain injuries. Brain Injury 2011, 25:1-7. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2010.531692.
16. Davidson J.R.T., Book S.W., Colket J.T., Tupler L.A. Assessment of a new self-rating scale for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine 1997, 27:153-160. doi: 10.1017/S0033291796004229.
17. VA/DoD Clinical practice guideline for management of post-traumatic stress 2010, Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense, Management of Post-Traumatic Stress Working Group, Retrieved from http://www.healthquality.va.gov/ptsd/ptsd-sum_2010a.pdf.
18. DuHamel K.N., Ostrof J., Ashman T., Winkel G., Mundy E.A., Keane T.M., Redd W. Construct validity of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist in cancer survivors: Analyses based on two samples. Psychological Assessment 2004, 16:255-266. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.16.3.255.
19. Felmingham K.L., Bryant R.A., Kendall C., Gordon E. Event-related potential dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder: The role of numbing. Psychiatry Research 2002, 109:171-179. doi: 10.1016/S0165-1781(02)00003-3.
20. Foa E.B., Zinbarg R., Rothbaum B.O. Uncontrollability and unpredictability in post-traumatic stress disorder: An animal model. Psychological Bulletin 1992, 112:218-238. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.112.2.218.
21. Friedman M.J., Resick P.A., Bryant R.A., Brewin C.R. Considering PTSD for DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety 2010, Advance online publication. doi: 10.1002/da.20767.
22. Ginzburg K., Ein-Dor T., Solomon Z. Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression: A 20-year longitudinal study of war veterans. Journal of Affective Disorders 2010, 123:249-257. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.08.006.
23. Gordon S.N., Fitzpatrick P.J., Hilsabeck R.C. No effect of PTSD and other psychiatric disorders on cognitive functioning in veterans with mild TBI. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 2011, 25:337-347. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2010.550634.
24. Hill J.J., Mobo B.H., Cullen M.R. Separating deployment-related traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans: Preliminary findings from the Veterans Affairs traumatic brain injury screening program. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2009, 88:605-614. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181ae0f83.
25. Hoge C.W., McGurk D., Thomas J.L., Cox A.L., Engel C.C., Castro C.A. Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. Soldiers returning from Iraq. The New England Journal of Medicine 2008, 358:453-463. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa072972.
26. Hu L., Bentler P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 1999, 6:1-55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118.
27. King D.W., Leskin G.A., King L.A., Weather F.W. Confirmatory factor analysis of the clinician-administered PTSD Scale: Evidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Assessment 1998, 10:90-96. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.90.
28. Lew H.L., Otis J.D., Tun C., Kerns R.D., Clark M.E., Cifu D.X. Prevalence of chronic pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, and persistent postconcussive symptoms in OIF/OEF veterans: Polytrauma clinical triad. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2009, 46:697-702. doi: 10.1682/JRRD.2009.01.0006.
29. Lew H.L., Pogoda T.K., Hsu P.T., Cohen S., Amick M.M., Baker E., Vanderploeg R.D. Impact of the " polytrauma clinical triad" on sleep disturbance in a Department of Veterans Affairs outpatient rehabilitation setting. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2010, 89:437-445. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181ddd301.
30. Lew H.L., Poole J.H., Alvarez S., Moore W. Soldiers with occult traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005, 84:393-398. doi: 10.1097/01.phm.0000163703.91647.a7.
31. Lintz B.T. Emotional numbing in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: A critical review and reformulation. Clinical Psychology Review 1992, 12:417-432. doi: 10.1016/0272-7358(92)90125-R.
32. Lippa S.M., Pastorek N.J., Benge J.F., Thornton G.M. Postconcussive symptoms after blast and nonblast-related mild traumatic brain injuries in Afghanistan and Iraq war veterans. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2010, 16:856-866. doi: 10.1017/S1355617710000743.
33. Mansfield A.J., Williams J., Hourani L.L., Babeu L.A. Measurement invariance of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among U.S. military personnel. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2010, 23:91-99.
34. Marshall G.N. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Checklist: Factor structure and English-Spanish measurement invariance. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2004, 17:223-230. doi: 10.1023/B:JOTS.0000029265.56982.86.
35. McDonald S.D., Beckham J.C., Morey R., Marx C., Tupler L.A., Calhoun P.S. Factorial invariance of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms across three veteran samples. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2008, 21:309-317. doi: 10.1002/jts.20344.
36. McDonald S.D., Calhoun P.S. The diagnostic accuracy of the PTSD checklist: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review 2010, 30:976-987. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.012.
37. Miller M., Wolf E., Harrington K., Brown T., Kaloupek D., Keane T. An evaluation of competing models for the structure of PTSD symptoms using external measures of comorbidity. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2010, 23:631-638.
38. Nampiaparampil D.E. Prevalence of chronic pain after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. The Journal of the American Medical Association 2008, 300:711-719. doi: 10.1001/jama.300.6.711.
39. Nelson L.A., Yoash-Gantz R.E., Pickett T.C., Campbell T.A. Relationship between processing speed and executive functioning performance among OEF/OIF veterans: implications for postdeployment rehabilitation. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2009, 24:32-40.
40. Palmieri P.A., Fitzgerald L.F. Confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms in sexually harassed women. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2005, 18:657-666. doi: 10.1002/jts.20074.
41. Schinka J.A., Brown L.M., Borenstein A.R., Mortimer J.A. Confirmatory factor analysis of the PTSD checklist in the elderly. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2007, 20:281-289. doi: 10.1002/jts.20202.
42. Schneiderman A.I., Braver E.R., Kang H.K. Understanding sequelae of injury mechanisms and mild traumatic brain injury incurred during the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan: Persistent postconcussive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Epidemiology 2008, 167:1446-1452. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwn068.
43. Shevlin M., McBride O., Armour C., Adamson G. Reconciling the differences between the King et al. (1998). and Simms et al. (2002). factor models of PTSD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2009, 23:995-1001. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.001.
44. Simms L.J., Watson D., Doebbeling B.N. Confirmatory factor analyses of posttraumatic stress symptoms in deployed and nondeployed veterans of the Gulf War. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2002, 111:637-647.
45. Smith T.C., Ryan M.A., Wingard D.L., Slymen D.J., Sallis J.F., Kritz-Silverstein D. New onset and persistent symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder self reported after deployment and combat exposures: Prospective population based US military cohort study. British Medical Journal 2008, 336:366-371. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39430.638241.AE.
46. Tanielian T., Jaycox L.H. Invisible wounds of war: Psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery 2008, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.
47. Taylor S., Fedoroff I.C., Koch W.J., Thordarson D.S., Fecteau G., Nicki R.M. Posttraumatic stress disorder arising after road traffic collisions: Patterns of response to cognitive-behavior therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2001, 69:541-551. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.69.3.541.
48. Taylor S., Kuch K., Koch W.J., Crockett D.J., Passey G. The structure of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1998, 107:154-160. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.107.1.154.
49. Taylor S., Thordarson D.S., Maxfield L., Fedoroff I.C., Lovell K., Ogrodniczuk J. Comparative efficacy, speed, and adverse effects of three PTSD treatments: Exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2003, 71:330-338. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.330.
50. Vasterling J.J., Verfaellie M., Sullivan K.D. Mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder in returning veterans: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience. Clinical Psychology Review 2009, 29:674-684. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.004.
51. Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993). The PTSD checklist (PCL); reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.